📚 IB Science: End-of-Term Revision Guide | IB 科学：期末复习提纲
As you prepare for your end-of-term assessment in IB MYP Sciences, a structured revision plan can help you draw connections across biology, chemistry, physics, and earth science while strengthening your inquiry and data-handling skills. This guide covers the key framework elements, core disciplinary knowledge, practical investigation criteria, and common exam pitfalls to watch out for.
在准备 IB 中学项目科学期末评估时，一份条理清晰的复习提纲能帮助你打通生物、化学、物理和地球科学之间的联系，同时强化探究与数据处理能力。本提纲涵盖关键框架要素、核心学科知识、实验探究评估标准以及需要警惕的常见考试陷阱。
1. Understanding the MYP Sciences Framework | 理解 MYP 科学框架
The MYP Sciences course is built on four assessment criteria: A – Knowing and Understanding, B – Inquiring and Designing, C – Processing and Evaluating, and D – Reflecting on the Impacts of Science. Each criterion carries equal weight in your final grade, so you must revise not only facts but also how to design experiments, process data, and discuss ethical implications.
MYP 科学课程建立在四项评估标准之上：A——知识理解、B——探究与设计、C——处理与评价、D——反思科学的影响。每个标准在最终成绩中权重相等，因此复习时不仅要掌握事实知识，还要关注如何设计实验、处理数据以及讨论伦理影响。
The course encourages you to see science as a collaborative, evidence-based discipline that addresses real-world problems through global contexts such as identities and relationships, fairness and development, or globalization and sustainability.
这门课程鼓励你将科学视为一门协作、基于证据的学科，它通过身份与关系、公平与发展、全球化与可持续发展等全球背景来解决现实世界的问题。
2. Key Concepts in Science | 科学中的关键概念
MYP Sciences organizes learning around 16 key concepts, of which the most frequently explored are Change, Relationships, and Systems. For example, the concept of Change can be applied to chemical reactions, phase transitions, and genetic mutations, while Systems helps you analyse ecosystems, the human body, and electrical circuits.
MYP 科学围绕 16 个关键概念组织学习，其中最常探究的是变化、关系和系统。例如，变化这一概念可用于分析化学反应、相变和基因突变，而系统帮助你研究生态系统、人体和电路。
When revising, try to identify which key concept underpins each topic you have studied. This will help you write stronger responses in Criterion A questions that ask you to apply scientific knowledge to unfamiliar situations.
复习时，尝试识别每个学习主题背后的关键概念。这将有助于你在要求将科学知识应用于陌生情境的 A 标准问题中写出更有力的答案。
- Change: How do organisms adapt over time? How does energy transfer alter a system?
- 变化：生物如何随时间适应？能量传递如何改变系统？
- Relationships: How do predator and prey populations interact? How does molecular structure determine properties?
- 关系：捕食者与被捕食者种群如何互动？分子结构如何决定性质？
- Systems: How do inputs and outputs maintain a stable ecosystem or a balanced chemical equation?
- 系统：输入和输出如何维持生态系统的稳定或化学方程的平衡？
3. Related Concepts & Global Contexts | 相关概念与全球背景
Each unit also features related concepts such as Energy, Form, Function, Patterns, and Evidence. For instance, in a physics unit on forces, related concepts might be Movement and Interaction. In biology, Form and Function are central when studying the adaptation of leaves for photosynthesis.
每个单元还涉及相关概念，例如能量、形式、功能、模式和证据。例如，在关于力的物理单元中，相关概念可能是运动与相互作用。在生物学中，研究叶片适应光合作用的结构时，形式与功能至关重要。
Linking your revision to global contexts makes your understanding more relevant. If you studied pollution, connect it to Globalization and Sustainability; if you studied nutrition, relate it to Identities and Relationships. Examiners look for these connections in Criterion D reflections.
将复习与全球背景联系起来能让你的理解更具实际意义。如果你学习了污染，请将其与全球化与可持续发展联系起来；如果你学习了营养，请与身份与关系联系起来。考官在 D 标准反思中看重这些联结。
4. Scientific Inquiry & ATL Skills | 科学探究与学习方法技能
Approaches to Learning (ATL) skills are woven into scientific inquiry. Communication skills help you write clear lab reports; research skills support literature reviews; and self-management skills keep your investigations on track. Revise the steps of the scientific method: observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, data collection, analysis, conclusion, and evaluation.
学习方法技能融入了科学探究之中。沟通技能帮助你撰写清晰的实验报告；研究技能支持文献综述；自我管理技能让探究按计划进行。复习科学方法的步骤：观察、提问、假设、实验、数据收集、分析、结论和评价。
Be ready to design an investigation in Criterion B. This means you must formulate a testable hypothesis, identify independent, dependent, and controlled variables, list apparatus, and write a step-by-step method that another student could follow without ambiguity.
准备好为 B 标准设计一项探究。这意味着你必须提出可检验的假设，识别自变量、因变量和控制变量，列出仪器设备，并写出其他学生可以清晰遵循的逐步实验步骤。
5. Biology Essentials: Cells to Ecosystems | 生物学要点：从细胞到生态系统
Begin with cell theory: all living things are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells. Know the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and be able to label organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and chloroplasts.
从细胞学说开始：所有生物都由细胞构成，细胞是生命的基本单位，所有细胞都来自已有的细胞。了解原核细胞和真核细胞的区别，并能标出细胞核、线粒体、核糖体和叶绿体等细胞器。
Photosynthesis and respiration are key biochemical processes. Recall the word equations and the roles of chlorophyll and ATP.
Photosynthesis: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen (light energy)
光合作用：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气 (光能)
In ecology, revise food chains, food webs, energy pyramids, and nutrient cycles (carbon and nitrogen). Understand how abiotic factors like temperature and pH affect community structure.
在生态学中，复习食物链、食物网、能量金字塔和物质循环（碳循环和氮循环）。理解温度、pH 等非生物因素如何影响群落结构。
6. Chemistry Essentials: Matter & Reactions | 化学要点：物质与反应
States of matter and the particle model explain melting, boiling, condensation, and sublimation. Use the kinetic theory to describe how temperature affects particle motion and pressure in gases.
物态和粒子模型解释了熔化、沸腾、凝结和升华。用分子动理论描述温度如何影响气体粒子的运动和压强。
The periodic table organizes elements by atomic number. Recognise trends in groups (e.g., alkali metals reactivity) and periods. Be able to write and balance chemical equations using correct state symbols.
2Na(s) + 2H₂O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H₂(g)
2Na(固) + 2H₂O(液) → 2NaOH(溶液) + H₂(气)
Revise types of reactions: synthesis, decomposition, combustion, neutralization, and displacement. Acid-base chemistry is essential—know the pH scale, indicators, and the general equation for neutralization.
复习反应类型：化合、分解、燃烧、中和和置换反应。酸碱化学很重要——掌握 pH 标度、指示剂以及中和反应的通式。
7. Physics Essentials: Forces & Energy | 物理要点：力与能量
Newton’s three laws of motion describe the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration. Use free-body diagrams to represent forces acting on an object and apply the formula for weight and for resultant force.
F = ma , W = mg
牛顿三大运动定律描述了力、质量和加速度的关系。使用受力图表示作用在物体上的力，并应用重力和合力的公式。
Energy exists in many forms—kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, nuclear—and is conserved during transfers. Understand conduction, convection, and radiation, and calculate efficiency using output and input energy.
能量以多种形式存在——动能、势能、热能、化学能、核能——在传递过程中守恒。理解传导、对流和辐射，并利用输出和输入能量计算效率。
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Compare transverse and longitudinal waves, and practise using the wave equation: v = fλ, where v is speed, f is frequency, and λ is wavelength.
波传递能量而不传递物质。比较横波和纵波，并练习使用波动方程：v = fλ，其中 v 是波速，f 是频率，λ 是波长。
8. Earth Science: Systems & Resources | 地球科学：系统与资源
Earth science topics often cover the rock cycle, plate tectonics, weather, climate change, and resource management. Link these to the key concept of Systems: the Earth is a closed system for matter but an open system for energy.
地球科学主题通常包括岩石循环、板块构造、天气、气候变化和资源管理。将这些与系统这一关键概念联系起来：地球是一个物质上的封闭系统，但能量上是开放系统。
Understand the greenhouse effect and how human activities enhance it through carbon dioxide and methane emissions. Be able to interpret climate graphs and discuss mitigation strategies such as renewable energy and carbon capture.
理解温室效应以及人类活动如何通过排放二氧化碳和甲烷加剧这一效应。能够解读气候图表，并讨论可再生能源、碳捕集等减缓策略。
9. Conducting Investigations: Design & Variables | 开展探究：设计与变量
For Criterion B, you must frame a research question such as “How does the concentration of salt solution (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) affect the mass of a potato cylinder after 24 hours?” Clearly identify: independent variable (salt concentration), dependent variable (change in mass), and at least three controlled variables (temperature, volume of solution, type of potato).
对于 B 标准，你需要提出类似这样的研究问题：”盐溶液浓度（0%、5%、10%、15%）如何影响马铃薯圆柱体 24 小时后的质量？” 明确识别：自变量（盐浓度）、因变量（质量变化），以及至少三个控制变量（温度、溶液体积、马铃薯品种）。
Give a detailed method with numbered steps. State how you will measure each variable, what equipment you need, and how you will ensure safety and reliability. Always include a risk assessment and explain why you chose a particular range or number of trials.
提供带编号的详细步骤。说明如何测量每个变量、需要什么设备，以及如何确保安全性和可靠性。务必包含风险评估，并解释为何选择特定的范围或试验次数。
10. Data Analysis & Evaluation | 数据分析与评价
In Criterion C, you collect raw data in a clear table with headings that include units, then process it—calculating averages, plotting graphs, and interpreting trends. Use the correct number of significant figures and decimal places consistent with your measuring instruments.
在 C 标准中，你在清晰的表格中收集带单位的原始数据，然后进行处理——计算平均值、绘制图表并解释趋势。使用与测量仪器精度相符的有效数字和小数位数。
When drawing a graph, label axes with quantity and unit, choose an appropriate scale, and draw a best-fit line or curve. For a straight-line graph, you might calculate the gradient and explain its physical meaning.
绘制图表时，用物理量和单位标注坐标轴，选择合适的刻度，并画出最佳拟合线或曲线。对于直线图，你可以计算斜率并解释其物理意义。
| Type of variable | Axes | 变量类型 | 坐标轴 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Independent | x-axis | 自变量 | x轴 |
| Dependent | y-axis | 因变量 | y轴 |
Evaluation involves identifying outliers, commenting on the precision and accuracy of results, and suggesting realistic improvements. Never say there were no errors—always propose how to reduce random error (more trials) and systematic error (better calibration).
评价包括识别异常值，评论结果的精确性和准确性，并提出切实可行的改进建议。永远不要说没有误差——始终提出如何减少随机误差（增加试验次数）和系统误差（更好的校准）。
11. Reflecting on the Impacts of Science | 反思科学的影响
Criterion D asks you to explore how science solves problems and the ethical, social, economic, or environmental implications. For example, the development of CRISPR gene editing offers potential cures for genetic diseases but raises concerns about designer babies and biodiversity.
D 标准要求你探讨科学如何解决问题及其伦理、社会、经济或环境影响。例如，CRISPR 基因编辑的发展为遗传病提供了潜在疗法，但也引起了对设计婴儿和生物多样性的担忧。
Structure your reflection using the claim–evidence–reasoning framework. Describe the scientific issue, cite specific evidence from your learning, and argue the pros and cons. End with a justified personal stance.
使用主张—证据—推理框架来组织你的反思。描述科学问题，引用学习中的具体证据，并论证利弊。最后以一个有理有据的个人立场作结。
Common topics for reflection include plastic pollution, nuclear energy, vaccination programmes, and artificial intelligence in medicine. Revise by creating one-page summaries that link each topic to global contexts and scientific principles.
常见的反思主题包括塑料污染、核能、疫苗接种计划和医学中的人工智能。通过制作一页式的摘要来复习，将每个主题联系到全球背景和科学原理。
12. Exam Tips & Common Pitfalls | 考试技巧与常见误区
Read command terms carefully: ‘Describe’ means give a detailed account; ‘Explain’ requires reasons or mechanisms; ‘Evaluate’ asks you to weigh evidence and give a judgement. Marks are often lost when students only describe when they were asked to explain.
仔细阅读指令词：‘描述’意味着给出详细的叙述；‘解释’需要给出原因或机制；‘评价’要求你权衡证据并做出判断。当学生被要求解释却只进行了描述时常常丢分。
Always link your answers to key and related concepts. In data-based questions, quote numbers or percentages from the stimulus material to support your statements.
始终将答案与关键概念及相关概念联系起来。在数据类问题中，引用题目材料中的数字或百分比来支持你的陈述。
Manage your time: allocate roughly 1 minute per mark and leave 5 minutes at the end to check for missing units, incorrect graph scales, and spelling errors in scientific terms.
管理好时间：大约按 1 分钟 1 分分配时间，最后留出 5 分钟检查是否缺少单位、图表刻度错误以及科学术语拼写错误。
- Don’t confuse independent and dependent variables when designing.
- 设计时不要混淆自变量和因变量。
- Avoid vague conclusions like “it worked”—be quantitative.
- 避免模糊的结论，如“它起作用了”——要给出定量的结论。
- Ensure you refer to the hypothesis when concluding.
- 确保在得出结论时提及假设。
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