IGCSE CCEA Chemistry Formula Handbook | IGCSE CCEA 化学：公式汇总手册

📚 IGCSE CCEA Chemistry Formula Handbook | IGCSE CCEA 化学：公式汇总手册

This bilingual handbook brings together all the essential formulae needed for IGCSE CCEA Chemistry. Each section presents a key concept with its equation, followed by clear explanations in both English and Chinese to help you master calculations in quantitative chemistry, kinetics, equilibria, and energetics.

这份双语手册汇总了IGCSE CCEA化学课程所必需的全部关键公式。每个部分展示一个核心概念的方程，并以中英文对照解释，帮助你掌握定量化学、动力学、平衡和能量学中的计算。

1. Relative Atomic / Molecular Mass | 相对原子质量与相对分子质量

Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) is the average mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12 of the mass of one ¹²C atom. It has no units.

相对原子质量（Aᵣ）是一个元素的原子平均质量与一个碳-12原子质量的1/12的比值，没有单位。

Aᵣ = (average mass of one atom) / (1/12 × mass of one ¹²C atom)

Relative molecular mass (Mᵣ) is the sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms in the formula unit. For ionic compounds, the term relative formula mass is used, but the calculation is identical.

相对分子质量（Mᵣ）是化学式中所有原子的相对原子质量之和。对于离子化合物，使用“相对式量”这一术语，但计算方式完全相同。

Mᵣ = Σ (Aᵣ × number of atoms)

2. The Mole & Avogadro’s Constant | 摩尔与阿伏伽德罗常数

The mole (mol) is the unit for amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.02214076 × 10²³ elementary entities; for IGCSE purposes we use 6.02 × 10²³ (Avogadro’s constant, Nₐ).

摩尔（mol）是物质的量的单位。1 mol 精确含有 6.02214076 × 10²³ 个基本单元；在IGCSE中我们取 6.02 × 10²³（阿伏伽德罗常数，Nₐ）。

number of particles = n × Nₐ

Molar mass (M) is the mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in g/mol. Numerically, it equals the relative atomic or molecular mass (Aᵣ or Mᵣ).

摩尔质量（M）是一摩尔物质的质量，单位为 g/mol。其数值等于相对原子质量（Aᵣ）或相对分子质量（Mᵣ）。

M = m / n

3. Mass–Mole Calculations | 质量–摩尔计算

Use the relationship below to switch between mass (in grams) and amount in moles.

使用以下关系在质量（克）和摩尔数之间切换。

n = m / M

where m = mass (g), n = amount (mol), M = molar mass (g/mol). Rearranged, m = n × M.

其中 m 为质量（g），n 为物质的量（mol），M 为摩尔质量（g/mol）。移项得 m = n × M。

Example: Find the mass of 0.50 mol of CO₂. M(CO₂) = 12 + (2×16) = 44 g/mol, so m = 0.50 × 44 = 22 g.

示例：计算0.50 mol CO₂的质量。CO₂的M = 12 + (2×16) = 44 g/mol，因此 m = 0.50 × 44 = 22 g。

For converting mass of a substance to number of particles, combine steps: number of particles = (m / M) × Nₐ.

若要由质量求粒子数，可组合步骤：粒子数 = (m / M) × Nₐ。

4. Molar Volume of Gas | 气体摩尔体积

At room temperature and pressure (RTP, 20 °C and 1 atm), one mole of any gas occupies 24 dm³ (24 000 cm³). At standard temperature and pressure (STP, 0 °C and 1 atm), the molar volume is 22.4 dm³. Always check which condition a question specifies.

在室温常压（RTP，20 °C，1 atm）下，1 mol 任何气体的体积为 24 dm³（24 000 cm³）。在标准状况（STP，0 °C，1 atm）下，气体摩尔体积为 22.4 dm³。解题时务必确认题目采用的条件。

V(gas) = n × Vₘ

where Vₘ = 24 dm³/mol (RTP) or 22.4 dm³/mol (STP) as appropriate.

其中 Vₘ 在 RTP 下取 24 dm³/mol，在 STP 下取 22.4 dm³/mol。

5. Concentration & Titration | 浓度与滴定

Concentration can be expressed as molar concentration (mol/dm³) or mass concentration (g/dm³).

浓度可用摩尔浓度（mol/dm³）或质量浓度（g/dm³）表示。

c (mol/dm³) = n / V (dm³)

mass concentration (g/dm³) = mass (g) / volume (dm³)

To interconvert: c (mol/dm³) = (mass concentration in g/dm³) / M (g/mol).

相互转换：c (mol/dm³) = (质量浓度 g/dm³) ÷ M (g/mol)。

In a titration, the reacting solutions obey this relationship at the end point:

在滴定达到终点时，参与反应的溶液满足以下关系：

c₁V₁ / n₁ = c₂V₂ / n₂

where c₁, V₁ are the concentration and volume of the titrant, n₁ its coefficient in the equation; c₂, V₂, n₂ refer to the analyte.

其中 c₁、V₁ 为标准液的浓度与体积，n₁ 为其在方程式中的系数；c₂、V₂、n₂ 为待测液的对应量。

6. Stoichiometric Relationships | 化学计量关系

Stoichiometry uses the balanced equation to link the moles of reactants and products. The coefficients give the mole ratio directly.

化学计量利用配平的方程式关联反应物与产物的物质的量（mol）。方程式的系数直接给出摩尔比。

n(target) = n(known) × (coefficient of target / coefficient of known)

General steps: 1) write a balanced equation; 2) convert given data (mass, gas volume, concentration) to moles; 3) apply the mole ratio; 4) convert moles of the required substance into the desired unit.Published by TutorHao | IGCSE Chemistry Revision Series | aleveler.com

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IGCSE CCEA Chemistry Formula Handbook | IGCSE CCEA 化学：公式汇总手册