AP Psychology 5 Score Must-Know Core Concepts Summary | AP心理学5分必备核心知识点汇总

📚 AP Psychology 5 Score Must-Know Core Concepts Summary | AP心理学5分必备核心知识点汇总

Preparing for the AP Psychology exam requires a solid grasp of fundamental concepts across multiple psychological domains. This guide distills the essential knowledge into a bilingual revision resource, pairing each key point in English with its Chinese translation to reinforce understanding and ensure you are exam-ready.

备考AP心理学考试需要扎实掌握多个心理学领域的基本概念。本指南将核心知识浓缩为中英双语复习资源，每一个关键要点均以英文和中文配对呈现，帮助巩固理解，确保你做好应试准备。

1. Research Methods and Scientific Foundations | 研究方法与科学基础

The scientific method involves forming a hypothesis, designing a study, collecting data, and drawing conclusions.

科学方法包括形成假设、设计研究、收集数据和得出结论。

The independent variable (IV) is manipulated by the researcher, and the dependent variable (DV) is measured as the outcome.

自变量 (IV) 由研究者操控，因变量 (DV) 是被测量的结果。

A confounding variable is an extraneous factor that could influence the DV and make results ambiguous.

混淆变量是一种外来因素，可能影响因变量并使结果模棱两可。

Random assignment controls for confounding variables by giving every participant an equal chance of being in any condition.

随机分配通过让每个参与者有同等机会进入任意实验条件，帮助控制混淆变量。

Correlational research examines relationships between variables but does not imply causation.

相关研究考察变量之间的关系，但不意味着因果关系。

The correlation coefficient r ranges from −1.00 to +1.00, indicating strength and direction of a linear relationship.

相关系数 r 范围从 -1.00 到 +1.00，表示线性关系的强度和方向。

Ethical guidelines for human research include informed consent, confidentiality, debriefing, and protection from harm.

人类研究的伦理准则包括知情同意、保密、事后解释和免受伤害。

An Institutional Review Board (IRB) must approve all studies involving human participants.

所有涉及人类参与者的研究必须获得机构审查委员会 (IRB) 的批准。

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2. Biological Bases of Behavior | 行为的生物学基础

Neurons communicate via electrical impulses and neurotransmitters across synapses.

神经元通过电冲动和神经递质在突触间进行交流。

The action potential is an all-or-none electrical signal that travels down the axon.

动作电位是全或无的电信号，沿轴突传导。

Major neurotransmitters and their functions are summarised below.

主要神经递质及其功能总结如下。

Neurotransmitter	Primary Function	中文功能
Dopamine	Reward, movement	奖赏、运动
Serotonin	Mood, sleep	情绪、睡眠
Acetylcholine	Muscle action, memory	肌肉动作、记忆
GABA	Inhibition	抑制
Glutamate	Excitation	兴奋
Norepinephrine	Alertness	警觉

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord; the peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the body.

中枢神经系统 (CNS) 包括脑和脊髓；外周神经系统 (PNS) 连接中枢神经系统与身体。

Key brain structures: hippocampus (memory), amygdala (emotion), hypothalamus (homeostasis, drives), cerebral cortex (higher functions), corpus callosum (connects hemispheres).

关键脑结构：海马（记忆），杏仁核（情绪），下丘脑（稳态、驱力），大脑皮层（高级功能），胼胝体（连接两半球）。

Split‑brain research shows that the left hemisphere specialises in language while the right excels in spatial tasks.

裂脑研究表明左半球专司语言，右半球擅长空间任务。

The endocrine system releases hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol that influence stress responses and long‑term behaviour.

内分泌系统释放诸如肾上腺素和皮质醇等激素，影响应激反应和长期行为。

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3. Sensation and Perception | 感觉与知觉

Sensation is the detection of physical energy by sense organs; perception is the brain’s interpretation of sensory input.

感觉是感觉器官对物理能量的探测；知觉是大脑对感觉输入的解释。

The absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.

绝对阈限是50%的次数能察觉到刺激的最小刺激量。

The difference threshold (just noticeable difference) follows Weber’s law: the change needed is proportional to the original intensity.

差别阈限（最小可觉差）遵循韦伯定律：所需变化与原强度成正比。

In the eye, rods handle low‑light vision and cones handle colour and detail; feature detectors in the visual cortex respond to edges and motion.

在眼睛中，视杆细胞负责弱光视觉，视锥细胞负责颜色和细节；视觉皮层中的特征探测器对边缘和运动作出反应。

Trichromatic theory explains colour vision through three types of cones (red, green, blue); opponent‑process theory explains afterimages using opposing colour pairs (red‑green, blue‑yellow, black‑white).

三色说通过三种视锥细胞（红、绿、蓝）解释颜色视觉；对立过程说用对立颜色对（红‑绿、蓝‑黄、黑‑白）解释后像。

Gestalt principles of perceptual organisation include figure‑ground, proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure.

格式塔知觉组织原则包括图形背景、接近性、相似性、连续性和闭合性。

Binocular depth cues are retinal disparity and convergence; monocular cues include linear perspective, relative size, and interposition.

双眼深度线索为视网膜像差和辐合；单眼线索包括线条透视、相对大小和遮挡。

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4. Learning | 学习

In classical conditioning (Pavlov), a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (US), producing a conditioned response (CR).

在经典条件作用（巴甫洛夫）中，中性刺激经与无条件刺激反复配对后变成条件刺激 (CS)，引发条件反应 (CR)。

Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalisation, and discrimination are key processes.

习得、消退、自发恢复、刺激泛化和分化是其中的关键过程。

Operant conditioning (Skinner) asserts that behaviours are shaped by consequences: reinforcement increases behaviour, punishment decreases it.

操作性条件作用（斯金纳）主张行为由后果塑造：强化增加行为，惩罚减少行为。

Positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus; negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus; both increase the likelihood of the behaviour recurring.

正强化添加愉快刺激；负强化移除厌恶刺激；二者都提高行为再次出现的可能性。

Schedules of reinforcement strongly influence response patterns. Variable‑ratio schedules produce high, steady responding and are most resistant to extinction.

强化程式强有力地影响反应模式。变动比率程式产生高而稳定的反应率，且最不易消退。

Observational learning (Bandura) occurs by watching others. The Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children imitate modelled aggressive behaviour.

观察学习（班杜拉）通过观察他人而发生。波波玩偶实验证明儿童会模仿榜样表现出的攻击行为。

Latent learning (Tolman) shows that learning can occur without immediate reinforcement and be expressed later when a reward is introduced.

潜伏学习（托尔曼）表明，学习可在没有即时强化的情况下发生，引入奖赏时才会显现。

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5. Cognitive Psychology: Memory, Thinking, and Intelligence | 认知心理学：记忆、思维与智力

Memory involves three stages: encoding (processing information), storage (retaining it), and retrieval (getting it out).

记忆包含三个阶段：编码（加工信息）、存储（保持信息）和提取（取出信息）。

The Atkinson–Shiffrin model describes sensory memory, short‑term (working) memory, and long‑term memory.

阿特金森‑谢夫林模型描述了感觉记忆、短时（工作）记忆和长时记忆。

Working memory comprises the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer.

工作记忆由中央执行系统、语音回路、视空间画板和情景缓冲器组成。

Long‑term memory is divided into explicit (declarative) memory – semantic and episodic – and implicit (nondeclarative) memory, including procedural skills and priming.

长时记忆分为外显（陈述性）记忆——语义记忆和情景记忆——以及内隐（非陈述性）记忆，包括程序性技能和启动。

Forgetting can result from encoding failure, retrieval failure, proactive interference (old disrupts new), retroactive interference (new disrupts old), and motivated forgetting.

遗忘可能源于编码失败、提取失败、前摄干扰（旧干扰新）、倒摄干扰（新干扰旧）和动机性遗忘。

Heuristics such as availability (judging by ease of recall) and representativeness (comparing to prototypes) are mental shortcuts that can produce biases; algorithms are step‑by‑step procedures that guarantee a solution.

启发式如可得性（根据回忆的容易程度判断）和代表性（与原型比较）是心理捷径，可能产生偏差；算法则是逐步程序，能保证得出结论。

Spearman proposed a general intelligence factor (g); Gardner identified multiple independent intelligences; Sternberg advanced the triarchic theory (analytical, creative, practical).

斯皮尔曼提出一般智力因素 (g)；加德纳识别了多种独立智能；斯滕伯格提出三元智力理论（分析性、创造性、实践性）。

Reliable intelligence tests such as the Stanford‑Binet and WAIS must be standardised, valid, and reliable. Reliability refers to consistency; validity refers to whether a test measures what it claims to measure.

可靠的智力测验如斯坦福‑比奈量表和韦氏智力测验必须标准化、有效度和信度。信度指一致性；效度指测验是否测量了所宣称要测量的内容。

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6. Developmental Psychology | 发展心理学

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor (object permanence), preoperational (egocentrism), concrete operational (conservation), formal operational (abstract reasoning).

皮亚杰的认知发展阶段：感知运动阶段（客体永久性），前运算阶段（自我中心），具体运算阶段（守恒），形式运算阶段（抽象推理）。

Vygotsky stressed the role

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