📚 Computer Architecture for IB Computer Science: Key Points | IB 计算机：计算机体系结构 考点精讲
Computer architecture is the design of the internal workings of a computer system, including the CPU, memory hierarchy, buses, and I/O mechanisms. In IB Computer Science, you are expected to understand how instructions are executed at the hardware level, the role of key components such as the ALU and control unit, and how performance can be improved using caching, pipelining, and multicore processors. This article distills the essential knowledge and frequently tested concepts to help you revise efficiently.
计算机体系结构是计算机系统内部工作原理的设计，包括 CPU、存储层次、总线和输入/输出机制。在 IB 计算机科学中，你需要理解指令如何在硬件层执行、算术逻辑单元 (ALU) 和控制单元等关键部件的角色，以及如何通过缓存、流水线和多核处理器来提升性能。本文提炼了必考的核心知识点与高频概念，帮助你高效备考。
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Overview | 中央处理器概述
The CPU is the brain of the computer. Its primary components are the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which performs mathematical and logical operations, the Control Unit (CU), which directs the flow of data and decodes instructions, and a set of registers that provide ultra-fast storage for immediate data and addresses. All these parts communicate via internal buses.
CPU 是计算机的大脑。它主要由算术逻辑单元 (ALU)（执行算术与逻辑运算）、控制单元 (CU)（指挥数据流并译码指令）以及一组寄存器（为即时数据和地址提供超高速暂存）组成。这些部件通过内部总线相互通信。
The ALU can perform operations such as addition, subtraction, AND, OR, and comparisons. The CU fetches instructions from memory, interprets them, and sends control signals to other components. Registers like the Program Counter (PC) and Memory Address Register (MAR) play critical roles in this process.
ALU 可执行加、减、与、或、比较等运算。CU 从内存取指令、翻译并发送控制信号给其他部件。程序计数器 (PC) 和内存地址寄存器 (MAR) 等寄存器在这个过程里起着关键作用。
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