End-of-Term Revision Guide for Edexcel A-Level Physics | 爱德思A-Level物理期末复习提纲

📚 End-of-Term Revision Guide for Edexcel A-Level Physics | 爱德思A-Level物理期末复习提纲

This revision guide consolidates the key concepts, equations, and practical skills required for the Edexcel A-Level Physics specification. Each section pairs core theory with practical applications to help you structure your exam preparation efficiently. Use this checklist to track your progress and ensure no topic is left out.

这份复习提纲整合了爱德思 A-Level 物理考试的核心概念、公式与实验技能。每一部分都将基础理论与实际应用配对，帮助你高效安排考前复习。用这份清单追踪你的学习进度，确保不遗漏任何考点。

1. Mechanics & Motion | 力学与运动

Start with the equations of uniformly accelerated motion: v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as, and s = ½(u+v)t. Always define a positive direction and use these vector relationships correctly.

从匀加速运动的四个基本方程入手：v = u + at，s = ut + ½at²，v² = u² + 2as，s = ½(u+v)t。务必规定正方向，并正确使用这些矢量关系式。

Understand projectile motion by resolving initial velocity into horizontal and vertical components. The horizontal motion is uniform, while the vertical motion is affected by g (9.81 m s⁻²). Time of flight depends on vertical motion alone.

理解抛体运动，需将初速度分解为水平和竖直分量。水平方向匀速，竖直方向受重力加速度 g （9.81 m s⁻²）影响。飞行时间仅由竖直运动决定。

Forces and equilibrium: free-body diagrams, Newton’s three laws, resultant force F = ma. In equilibrium, vector sum of forces is zero. Friction f ≤ μR, where μ is the coefficient of friction and R is the normal reaction.

力与平衡：受力分析图、牛顿三大定律、合力 F = ma。平衡时合力矢量和为零。摩擦力 f ≤ μR，其中 μ 为摩擦系数，R 为法向反作用力。

Momentum: p = mv; impulse = Δp = FΔt. Principle of conservation of momentum applies in any direction for isolated systems. Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collisions using kinetic energy.

动量：p = mv；冲量 = Δp = FΔt。动量守恒定律在孤立系统中适用于各个方向。根据动能是否守恒区分弹性碰撞与非弹性碰撞。

v² = u² + 2as F = ma p = mv

2. Work, Energy & Power | 功、能量与功率

Work done = F × d × cosθ, measured in joules (J). Kinetic energy Eₖ = ½mv², gravitational potential energy Eₚ = mgΔh. The work-energy principle states that net work done equals the change in kinetic energy.

功 = F × d × cosθ，单位焦耳 (J)。动能 Eₖ = ½mv²，重力势能 Eₚ = mgΔh。功能原理表明：合力做的功等于动能的变化量。

Power P = ΔW/Δt = Fv for constant velocity. Efficiency = useful output energy ÷ total input energy, always less than 1 due to dissipative forces.

功率 P = ΔW/Δt = Fv（匀速时）。效率 = 有用的输出能量 ÷ 总输入能量。因存在耗散力，效率始终小于 1。

Elastic potential energy stored in a stretched spring: E = ½kΔx², where k is the spring constant. Area under force–extension graph represents work done.

弹性势能储存在拉伸的弹簧中：E = ½kΔx²，k 为劲度系数。力–伸长量图下方的面积代表做功。

Eₖ = ½mv² Eₚ = mgΔh P = Fv

3. Materials & Stress–Strain | 材料与应力–应变

Stress σ = F/A (unit: Pa), strain ε = ΔL/L (no unit). Young modulus E = σ/ε up to the limit of proportionality. Gradient of stress–strain graph gives the Young modulus.

应力 σ = F/A（单位：Pa），应变 ε = ΔL/L（无量纲）。杨氏模量 E = σ/ε 在比例极限内适用。应力–应变图的斜率即为杨氏模量。

Elastic behaviour: material returns to original shape. Plastic behaviour: permanent deformation after the elastic limit. Brittle materials fracture without significant plastic deformation, while ductile materials draw into wires.

弹性行为：材料恢复原状。塑性行为：超过弹性极限后产生永久变形。脆性材料断裂前无明显塑性变形，延性材料可被拉成丝。

Interpret force–extension graphs for wires and rubber bands. Energy stored is area under the loading curve; hysteresis indicates energy dissipated as heat.

解读金属丝与橡皮筋的力–伸长量图。储存的能量为加载曲线下方的面积；滞回环表示以热的形式耗散的能量。

E = σ/ε σ = F/A ε = ΔL/L

4. Waves & Optics | 波与光学

Wave equation: v = fλ. Transverse waves (e.g. light) oscillate perpendicular to energy transfer; longitudinal waves (e.g. sound) oscillate parallel. Phase difference = (2π × path difference)/λ.

波速公式：v = fλ。横波（如光）振动方向与能量传递方向垂直；纵波（如声）振动方向平行。相位差 = (2π × 路程差)/λ。

Superposition, standing waves, and interference. For double-slit interference: λ = aΔx/D, where a is slit separation, Δx fringe width, D distance to screen. Coherent sources required.

叠加、驻波与干涉。双缝干涉：λ = aΔx/D，a 为缝距，Δx 为条纹宽度，D 为屏距。光源必须相干。

Refraction: n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂; critical angle sin θc = n₂/n₁ (n₁ > n₂). Total internal reflection occurs when angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.

折射定律：n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂；临界角 sin θc = n₂/n₁ （n₁ > n₂）。当入射角大于临界角时发生全反射。

Polarisation proves light is transverse. Only waves oscillating in one plane pass through a polarising filter. Malus’s law: I = I₀ cos²θ.

偏振证明光是横波。只有在一个平面内振动的波才能通过偏振片。马吕斯定律：I = I₀ cos²θ。

v = fλ λ = aΔx/D n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂

5. Electricity & DC Circuits | 电学与直流电路

Current I = ΔQ/Δt, potential difference V = W/Q. Ohm’s law: V = IR for ohmic conductors at constant temperature. Resistance R = ρL/A, where ρ is resistivity.

电流 I = ΔQ/Δt，电势差 V = W/Q。欧姆定律：对恒温下的欧姆导体有 V = IR。电阻 R = ρL/A，ρ 为电阻率。

Kirchhoff’s laws: junction rule (ΣI_in = ΣI_out), loop rule (Σε = ΣV_drop). EMF ε = I(R + r), terminal p.d. V = ε – Ir.

基尔霍夫定律：节点定律 (ΣI_in = ΣI_out)，回路定律 (Σε = ΣV_drop)。电动势 ε = I(R + r)，端电压 V = ε – Ir。

Potential divider: V_out = V_in × R₂/(R₁ + R₂). Use this to design sensor circuits with LDRs and thermistors. Internal resistance is found from gradient of V-I graph.

分压器：V_out = V_in × R₂/(R₁ + R₂)。可用光敏电阻 (LDR) 和热敏电阻设计传感器电路。内阻可通过 V-I 图的斜率求得。

V = IR R = ρL/A ε = I(R + r)

6. Particle & Quantum Physics | 粒子与量子物理

Photoelectric effect: E = hf = Φ + Eₖ_max. Threshold frequency f₀ = Φ/h. Stopping potential V_s = (hf – Φ)/e. Results cannot be explained by wave theory.

光电效应：E = hf = Φ + Eₖ_max。截止频率 f₀ = Φ/h。遏止电势 V_s = (hf – Φ)/e。实验结果无法用波动说解释。

Photon model: light consists of discrete quanta. Electron energy levels in atoms: ΔE = hf, often shown in eV. Ground state, excitation, ionisation energy.

光子模型：光由分立的量子组成。原子的电子能级：ΔE = hf，常以 eV 表示。基态、激发态、电离能。

Wave–particle duality: λ = h/p (de Broglie wavelength). Evidence from electron diffraction. Larger momentum gives shorter wavelength.

波粒二象性：λ = h/p （德布罗意波长）。电子衍射提供了实验证据。动量越大，波长越短。

Particle classification: leptons (e.g. electron), hadrons (baryons, mesons), quarks. Conservation rules: charge, baryon number, lepton number, strangeness (in strong interactions).

粒子分类：轻子（如电子）、强子（重子、介子）、夸克。守恒定律：电荷、重子数、轻子数、奇异数（在强相互作用中）守恒。

E = hf λ = h/p ΔE = hf

7. Thermal Physics & Gases | 热物理与气体

Kinetic theory: pV = (1/3) N m⟨c²⟩. Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT = NkT. Absolute zero is 0 K (-273.15 °C). Temperature in K = θ/°C + 273.15.

分子动理论：pV = (1/3) N m⟨c²⟩。理想气体方程：pV = nRT = NkT。绝对零度为 0 K (-273.15 °C)。开氏温度 K = 摄氏温度/°C + 273.15。

Internal energy U = sum of kinetic and potential energies of molecules. First law: ΔU = Q + W, where Q is heat added, W is work done on the gas.

内能 U = 分子动能与势能的总和。热力学第一定律：ΔU = Q + W，Q 为传入的热量，W 为对气体做的功。

Specific heat capacity: Q = mcΔθ; specific latent heat: L = Q/m. During change of state, temperature remains constant while potential energy changes.

比热容：Q = mcΔθ；比潜热：L = Q/m。相变过程中温度不变，势能改变。

Brownian motion provides evidence for kinetic model. RMS speed √⟨c²⟩ ∝ √T for a given mass of gas.

布朗运动为分子动理论提供了证据。对一定质量的气体，方均根速率 √⟨c²⟩ ∝ √T。

pV = NkT ΔU = Q + W Q = mcΔθ

8. Gravitational Fields | 引力场

Newton’s law: F = -Gm₁m₂/r². Gravitational field strength g = F/m = GM/r². Radial field lines point towards the centre of mass.

万有引力定律：F = -Gm₁m₂/r²。引力场强度 g = F/m = GM/r²。径向场线指向质心。

Gravitational potential V_g = -GM/r. Potential at infinity is zero. Potential energy = mV_g. Escape velocity v_esc = √(2GM/r).

引力势 V_g = -GM/r，无穷远处势为零。势能 = mV_g。逃逸速度 v_esc = √(2GM/r)。

Satellite motion: centripetal force provided by gravity, GMm/r² = mv²/r = mrω². Kepler’s third law: T² ∝ r³ for circular orbits.

卫星运动：引力提供向心力，GMm/r² = mv²/r = mrω²。开普勒第三定律：对于圆轨道， T² ∝ r³。

Geostationary satellites have period T = 24 h, orbit in equatorial plane. Use these relations to derive orbital parameters.

地球静止卫星周期 T = 24 h，轨道在赤道平面内。利用这些关系可推导轨道参数。

g = GM/r² V_g = -GM/r T² ∝ r³

9. Electric Fields & Capacitance | 电场与电容

Coulomb’s law: F = kQ₁Q₂/r² (k = 1/(4πε₀)). Electric field strength E = F/q = kQ/r². Uniform field between parallel plates: E = V/d.

库仑定律：F = kQ₁Q₂/r² （k = 1/(4πε₀)）。电场强度 E = F/q = kQ/r²。平行板间的匀强电场：E = V/d。

Electric potential V_e = kQ/r. Work done = qΔV. Relationship between field and potential: E = -dV/dr, for uniform field E = -ΔV/Δx.

电势 V_e = kQ/r。电场力做功 = qΔV。场强与电势关系：E = -dV/dr，对于匀强电场 E = -ΔV/Δx。

Capacitance C = Q/V. Parallel plate capacitance C = ε₀ A/d or C = ε_r ε₀ A/d. Energy stored = ½QV = ½CV².

电容 C = Q/V。平行板电容 C = ε₀ A/d 或加入电介质 C = ε_r ε₀ A/d。储存能量 = ½QV = ½CV²。

Exponential discharge: V = V₀ e^{-t/RC}, Q = Q₀ e^{-t/RC}. Time constant τ = RC. Half-life t_½ = RC ln 2.

指数放电规律：V = V₀ e^{-t/RC}，Q = Q₀ e^{-t/RC}。时间常数 τ = RC。半衰期 t_½ = RC ln 2。

E = V/d C = Q/V V = V₀ e^{-t/RC}

10. Electromagnetism & Induction | 电磁学与电磁感应

Motor effect: force on a current-carrying conductor F = BIL sinθ, with direction given by Fleming’s left-hand rule. Force on a moving charge: F = Bqv sinθ.

电动机效应：通电导线在磁场中受力 F = BIL sinθ，方向由弗莱明左手定则判定。运动电荷受力 F = Bqv sinθ。

Magnetic flux Φ = BA cosθ; flux linkage = NΦ. Faraday’s law: ε = -N dΦ/dt, Lenz’s law gives direction of induced EMF opposing the change.

磁通量 Φ = BA cosθ；磁链 = NΦ。法拉第定律：ε = -N dΦ/dt，楞次定律决定感应电动势的方向总是阻碍磁通变化。

AC generator: ε = ε₀ sin ωt, ε₀ = BANω. Transformer equation: V_s/V_p = N_s/N_p for ideal transformers; efficiency = I_sV_s / I_pV_p.

交流发电机：ε = ε₀ sin ωt，ε₀ = BANω。理想变压器方程：V_s/V_p = N_s/N_p；效率 = I_sV_s / I_pV_p。

Induced EMF in a moving rod: ε = BLv. Applications include electromagnetic braking and dynamos.

移动导线中的动生电动势：ε = BLv。应用包括电磁制动和发电机。

F = BIL ε = -N dΦ/dt V_s/V_p = N_s/N_p

11. Oscillations & Simple Harmonic Motion | 振动与简谐运动

SHM condition: acceleration a ∝ -x. Defining equation: a = -ω²x. General solutions: x = A sin(ωt) or x = A cos(ωt).

简谐运动条件：加速度 a ∝ -x。定义式：a = -ω²x。通解为 x = A sin(ωt) 或 x = A cos(ωt)。

Periods: mass–spring T = 2π√(m/k), simple pendulum T = 2π√(L/g). Velocity v = ± ω√(A² – x²), maximum v_max = ωA.

周期：弹簧振子 T = 2π√(m/k)，单摆 T = 2π√(L/g)。速度 v = ± ω√(A² – x²)，最大速度 v_max = ωA。

Energy in SHM: total energy E_tot = ½kA². Kinetic energy K = ½mω²(A² – x²), potential energy U = ½mω²x². Exchange between kinetic and potential.

简谐运动中的能量：总能量 E_tot = ½kA²。动能 K = ½mω²(A² – x²)，势能 U = ½mω²x²。动能与势能相互转化。

Damping: light damping reduces amplitude exponentially; critical damping prevents oscillation; overdamping returns slowly. Forced vibrations and resonance when driving frequency ≈ natural frequency.

阻尼：弱阻尼使振幅指数衰减；临界阻尼不振荡就恢复；过阻尼恢复缓慢。受迫振动当驱动频率接近固有频率时发生共振。

a = -ω²x T = 2π√(m/k) E_tot = ½kA²

12. Nuclear Physics & Radioactivity | 核物理与放射性

Radioactive decay: activity A = λN, exponential decay N = N₀ e^{-λt}. Half-life t_½ = ln 2/λ. Mass–energy equivalence: ΔE = c² Δm.

放射性衰变：活度 A = λN，指数衰变 N = N₀ e^{-λt}。半衰期 t_½ = ln 2/λ。质能方程：ΔE = c² Δm。

Alpha, beta, gamma radiation: properties, penetrating power, ionising ability. Alpha particles are helium nuclei, beta particles are electrons or positrons, gamma rays are EM waves.

α、β、γ 射线的性质、穿透力与电离能力。α 粒子是氦核，β 粒子是电子或正电子，γ 射线是电磁波。

Nuclear reactions: conservation of mass–energy, momentum, charge, nucleon number. Fission: heavy nucleus splits; fusion: light nuclei combine. Binding energy per nucleon curve explains stability.

核反应中质量–能量、动量、电荷、核子数守恒。裂变：重核分裂；聚变：轻核结合。比结合能曲线解释原子核的稳定性。

Practical skills: measure background count, use GM tube, determine half-life from graph, evaluate uncertainties. Log-linear plot for decay constant.

实验技能：测量本底计数、盖格计数器使用、从图像确定半衰期、评估不确定度。用半对数图求衰变常数。

N = N₀ e^{-λt} t_½ = ln 2/λ ΔE = Δm c²

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End-of-Term Revision Guide for Edexcel A-Level Physics | 爱德思A-Level物理期末复习提纲