Essential IGCSE CIE Chemistry Terminology Summary | IGCSE CIE 化学：必考术语汇总

📚 Essential IGCSE CIE Chemistry Terminology Summary | IGCSE CIE 化学：必考术语汇总

Mastering the key terminology is essential for success in IGCSE CIE Chemistry. This article provides a comprehensive summary of must-know terms, each explained clearly with English and Chinese definitions. Use it as a quick revision guide to strengthen your scientific vocabulary and confidently tackle exam questions.

掌握关键术语是IGCSE CIE化学取得成功的必要条件。本文全面汇总了必考术语，每个术语均以中英双语清晰解释。将其用作快速复习指南，强化你的科学词汇，自信应对考试题目。

1. Atomic Structure & Particles | 原子结构与粒子

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. It consists of a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons arranged in shells.

原子是元素中能参与化学反应的最小粒子。它由含质子和中子的中心原子核以及分层排布的核外电子组成。

A proton is a subatomic particle found in the nucleus, with a relative mass of 1 and a relative charge of +1.

质子是存在于原子核中的亚原子粒子，相对质量为1，相对电荷为+1。

A neutron is a subatomic particle found in the nucleus, with a relative mass of 1 and no charge (0).

中子是一种亚原子粒子，存在于原子核中，相对质量为1，不带电（电荷为0）。

An electron is a subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus in shells; it has a negligible relative mass (1/1840) and a relative charge of −1.

电子是绕核分层运动的亚原子粒子，其相对质量极小（约为质子质量的1/1840），相对电荷为−1。

The atomic number (Z) is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It determines the identity of the element.

原子序数（Z）是原子核内质子的数目，它决定了元素的种类。

The mass number (A) is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

质量数（A）是原子核内质子数与中子数的总和。

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They share chemical properties but may have different physical properties.

同位素是质子数相同而中子数不同的同种元素的原子。它们化学性质相同，但物理性质可能不同。

An ion is a charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons. A positive ion (cation) forms by electron loss, and a negative ion (anion) forms by electron gain.

离子是原子通过得失电子形成的带电粒子。失去电子形成阳离子，得到电子形成阴离子。

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2. Bonding & Structure | 化学键与结构

An ionic bond is the strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions. It typically forms between a metal and a non-metal, creating a giant ionic lattice.

离子键是带相反电荷离子之间的强静电吸引力。它通常形成于金属与非金属之间，构成巨型离子晶格。

A covalent bond is formed when a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms. This type of bonding usually occurs between non-metal atoms.

共价键通过两个原子间共用一对电子形成。这种键合通常出现在非金属原子之间。

A metallic bond is the electrostatic attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and a sea of delocalised electrons. It explains properties such as conductivity and malleability.

金属键是正金属离子晶格与离域电子海之间的静电吸引力，它可解释金属的导电性和延展性等性质。

In a giant ionic lattice, ions are held together by strong ionic bonds in a regular repeating pattern, resulting in high melting and boiling points.

在巨型离子晶格中，离子通过强的离子键按规则重复排列结合，因此具有高熔点和高沸点。

Simple molecular substances consist of small molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces. They have low melting and boiling points and do not conduct electricity.

简单分子物质由小分子通过弱的分子间作用力结合而成。它们熔点和沸点较低，不导电。

Giant covalent structures, such as diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide, have atoms linked by covalent bonds throughout the whole structure. They are very hard and have high melting points.

巨型共价结构（如金刚石、石墨和二氧化硅）中的所有原子通过共价键连接成整体。它们极其坚硬且熔点极高。

An alloy is a mixture of a metal with one or more other elements, usually other metals or carbon. Alloys are often harder than pure metals because the different-sized atoms disrupt the regular lattice.

合金是一种金属与一种或多种其他元素（通常为金属或碳）的混合物。合金通常比纯金属更硬，因为不同尺寸的原子打乱了规则的晶格。

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3. Stoichiometry & The Mole | 化学计量与摩尔

The mole is the unit for amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro constant) – atoms, molecules, ions or electrons.

摩尔是物质的量的单位。1摩尔任何物质恰好含有6.02 × 10²³ 个基本单元（阿伏伽德罗常数），这些单元可以是原子、分子、离子或电子。

The Avogadro constant (6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹) is the number of particles in one mole of a substance.

阿伏伽德罗常数（6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹）是1摩尔物质所含的粒子数。

Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in g/mol. Numerically, it equals the relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) or relative molecular mass (Mᵣ).

摩尔质量是1摩尔物质的质量，单位为g/mol。在数值上等于相对原子质量（Aᵣ）或相对分子质量（Mᵣ）。

The empirical formula gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. The molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

最简式（实验式）表示化合物中各元素原子的最简整数比。分子式则显示一个分子中各元素原子的实际数目。

Concentration of a solution is often measured in mol/dm³. It gives the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 dm³ of solution.

溶液的浓度通常以 mol/dm³ 表示，它给出1 dm³ 溶液中所含溶质的摩尔数。

The limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely used up in a reaction, determining the maximum amount of product formed. The other reactants are in excess.

限制反应物是在反应中完全消耗的反应物，它决定了生成物的最大产量。其他反应物则有剩余。

Percentage yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%. It measures the efficiency of a reaction. Atom economy = (molar mass of desired product / total molar mass of reactants) × 100%.

产率 = (实际产量 / 理论产量) × 100%，用于衡量反应效率。原子经济性 = (目标产物的摩尔质量 / 所有反应物的总摩尔质量) × 100%。

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4. Acids, Bases & Salts | 酸、碱与盐

An acid is a substance that dissolves in water to produce hydrogen ions (H⁺). It is a proton donor. Common examples include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃).

酸是溶于水能产生氢离子（H⁺）的物质，它是质子给予体。常见实例包括盐酸（HCl）、硫酸（H₂SO₄）和硝酸（HNO₃）。

A base is a substance that neutralises an acid to form a salt and water. A soluble base is called an alkali; it produces hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water and is a proton acceptor.

碱是能中和酸生成盐和水的物质。可溶性的碱称为碱溶液（alkali）；它在水中产生氢氧根离子（OH⁻），是质子接受体。

The pH scale measures how acidic or alkaline a solution is. pH < 7 is acidic, pH = 7 is neutral, and pH > 7 is alkaline. Indicators such as litmus, methyl orange and phenolphthalein change colour across different pH ranges.

pH 标度衡量溶液的酸碱性。pH < 7 为酸性，pH = 7 为中性，pH > 7 为碱性。指示剂如石蕊、甲基橙和酚酞在不同pH范围内变色。

Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt and water. The general word equation is: acid + base → salt + water.

中和反应是酸与碱作用生成盐和水的反应。通式为：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。

A strong acid completely ionises in water (e.g., HCl, H₂SO₄), while a weak acid only partially ionises (e.g., ethanoic acid CH₃COOH). Strength should not be confused with concentration.

强酸在水中完全电离（如HCl、H₂SO₄），而弱酸仅部分电离（如乙酸CH₃COOH）。酸碱强度与浓度不可混淆。

Salts can be prepared by various methods: reaction of acid with a metal, metal oxide, metal hydroxide or metal carbonate. In titration, the end-point is detected using an indicator.

可以通过多种方法制备盐：酸与金属、金属氧化物、金属氢氧化物或金属碳酸盐反应。在滴定中，利用指示剂检测终点。

Acid / 酸	Formula / 化学式	Anion produced / 产生的阴离子
Hydrochloric acid / 盐酸	HCl	Cl⁻
Sulfuric acid / 硫酸	H₂SO₄	SO₄²⁻
Nitric acid / 硝酸	HNO₃	NO₃⁻

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5. The Periodic Table | 元素周期表

A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table; elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells. A group is a vertical column; elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons and similar chemical properties.

周期是周期表中的横行，同一周期的元素具有相同的电子层数。族是纵列，同一族元素的最外层电子数相同，化学性质相似。

Group 1 elements are the alkali metals (e.g., lithium, sodium, potassium). They are soft, highly reactive metals that react vigorously with water to form alkaline solutions and hydrogen gas. Reactivity increases down the group.

第1族元素为碱金属（如锂、钠、钾）。它们是柔软的高活性金属，与水剧烈反应生成碱性溶液和氢气。反应活性随族向下递增。

Group 7 elements are the halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine). They exist as diatomic molecules and are non-metals. Reactivity decreases down the group; a more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive one from its halide solution.

第7族元素是卤素（如氟、氯、溴、碘）。它们以双原子分子形式存在，为非金属。反应活性随族向下递减；较活泼的卤素可从卤化物溶液中置换出较不活泼的卤素。

Group 0 (or 8) elements are the noble gases (e.g., helium, neon, argon). They are monatomic, colourless and extremely unreactive because they have a full outer electron shell. They are used in lighting and as inert atmospheres.

第0族（或第8族）元素是稀有气体（如氦、氖、氩）。它们为单原子分子，无色，极不活泼，因为其最外电子层已满。它们常用于照明和提供惰性气氛。

Transition elements are metals found between Groups 2 and 3. They are hard, dense, have high melting points, form coloured compounds and often act as catalysts (e.g., iron in the Haber process).

过渡元素是位于第2族和第3族之间的金属。它们坚硬、密度大、熔点高，能形成有色化合物，常作催化剂（如哈伯法中的铁）。

Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract the bonding pair of electrons in a covalent bond. Ionisation energy is the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms.

电负性是原子在共价键中吸引电子对的能力。电离能是使1摩尔气态原子失去1摩尔电子所需的能量。

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6. Electrochemistry | 电化学

Electrolysis is the process of using a direct electric current to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. It requires an electrolyte – a liquid or molten ionic compound that contains mobile ions.

电解是利用直流电驱动非自发化学反应的过程。它需要电解质——含有可自由移动离子的液体或熔融离子化合物。

The electrode connected to the positive terminal of the power supply is called the anode. Oxidation takes place at the anode (loss of electrons). The electrode connected to the negative terminal is the cathode, where reduction occurs (gain of electrons).

与电源正极相连的电极为阳极，发生氧化反应（失去电子）。与负极相连的电极为阴极，发生还原反应（得到电子）。

A half-equation shows the oxidation or reduction process at a single electrode, including electrons. For example, at the cathode: Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu; at the anode: 2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻.

半反应式表示单个电极处的氧化或还原过程，包含电子。例如，阴极：Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu；阳极：2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻。

In the electrolysis of aqueous solutions, the products depend on the relative discharge potentials of the ions present. At the cathode, the least reactive metal ion or H⁺ is discharged. At the anode, halide ions are discharged in preference to OH⁻ if concentrated.

电解水溶液时，产物取决于存在的离子的放电顺序。阴极上，最不活泼的金属离子或 H⁺ 优先放电。阳极上，若卤离子浓度较高，则优先于 OH⁻ 放电。

Electroplating is the use of electrolysis to coat a metal object with a thin layer of another metal, e.g., silver plating a spoon. The object to be plated is made the cathode, and the plating metal is the anode.

电镀是利用电解在金属物体表面覆盖一层薄金属的过程，例如给勺子镀银。被镀物件作阴极，镀层金属作阳极。

In a simple cell, two different metals are placed in an electrolyte, producing a voltage. The more reactive metal acts as the negative electrode (anode in terms of cell, where oxidation occurs) and corrodes, while the less reactive metal is the positive electrode.

在简单电池中，两种不同金属置于电解质中会产生电压。较活泼的金属作为负极（发生氧化），被腐蚀；较不活泼的金属为正极。

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7. Organic Chemistry | 有机化学

A homologous series is a family of organic compounds with the same general formula, similar chemical properties, and a trend in physical properties. Each member differs from the next by a CH₂ unit.

同系物是一系列具有相同通式、相似化学性质且物理性质递变的有机化合物。相邻成员之间相差一个CH₂单元。

A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that gives a homologous series its characteristic chemical reactions. For example, the hydroxyl group (−OH) in alcohols and the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic acids.

官能团是决定同系物特征化学反应的原子或原子团，例如醇中的羟基（−OH）和羧酸中的羧基（−COOH）。

Homologous Series / 同系物	General Formula / 通式	Functional Group / 官能团
Alkanes / 烷烃	CₙH₂ₙ₊₂	C−C single bond
Alkenes / 烯烃	CₙH₂ₙ	C=C double bond
Alcohols / 醇	CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH	−OH
Carboxylic acids / 羧酸	CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH	−COOH

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons containing only single C−C bonds. They are generally unreactive but undergo combustion

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