IB AQA Business: Pre-Exam Revision Notes | IB AQA 商务：考前冲刺笔记

📚 IB AQA Business: Pre-Exam Revision Notes | IB AQA 商务：考前冲刺笔记

This last-minute revision guide distils the core IB Business Management syllabus (with AQA-style emphasis on application and analysis) into key concepts, formulas and evaluation points. Use it to reinforce your understanding, test your recall, and sharpen your exam technique before the big day.

这本考前冲刺笔记浓缩了 IB 商务管理课程的核心内容（并兼顾 AQA 风格中对应用与分析的要求），涵盖关键概念、公式和评估要点。用它来巩固理解、检测记忆，并在考试前提升你的答题技巧。

1. Types of Business Organisation | 企业组织类型

Sole traders are unincorporated businesses owned by one person. The owner has unlimited liability, meaning personal assets are at risk if the business fails. They keep all profits but often struggle to raise capital and work long hours.

个体经营者是由个人拥有的非公司制企业。业主承担无限责任，即如果企业倒闭，个人资产面临风险。他们获得所有利润，但通常难以筹集资金，且工作时间长。

Partnerships involve 2-20 owners who share capital, profits and responsibilities. A deed of partnership outlines the terms. Like sole traders, partners typically have unlimited liability, though a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) offers some protection.

合伙企业有 2-20 位所有者，共享资金、利润与责任。合伙协议载明各项条款。与个体经营者类似，合伙人一般承担无限责任，但有限责任合伙企业（LLP）可提供一定保护。

Private limited companies (Ltd) are separate legal entities with limited liability. Shares cannot be sold to the general public and are often held by family and friends. They must register with Companies House and publish annual accounts, but retain more privacy than public companies.

私人有限公司是独立的法律实体，具有有限责任。股份不能向公众出售，通常由家人和朋友持有。公司须在公司注册处注册并公布年度账目，但比上市公司保留更多隐私。

Public limited companies (PLCs) can sell shares on a stock exchange, giving them access to vast capital. However, they face regulatory requirements, need to disclose extensive financial information, and risk hostile takeovers.

公众有限公司可以在证券交易所出售股份，从而获得大量资本。但它们面临监管要求，需要披露大量财务信息，并有被恶意收购的风险。

Cooperatives are owned and run by their members, who may be employees, consumers or producers. Profits are shared among members, and decisions are made democratically. They often pursue social or community objectives rather than purely profit maximisation.

合作社由其成员拥有和经营，成员可以是员工、消费者或生产者。利润在成员之间分配，决策以民主方式进行。合作社通常追求社会或社区目标，而非单纯的利润最大化。

2. Marketing Mix (4Ps/7Ps) | 市场营销组合（4P/7P）

The traditional marketing mix consists of Product, Price, Place and Promotion – the 4Ps. These elements must be coordinated to deliver a consistent brand message and meet customer needs.

传统的营销组合包括产品、价格、渠道和促销（4P）。这些要素必须协调一致，以传递统一的品牌信息并满足顾客需求。

Product: refers to the tangible good or intangible service, including design, quality, features, branding and packaging. A product must have a unique selling point (USP) to differentiate it from competitors.

产品：指有形的商品或无形的服务，包括设计、质量、特性、品牌和包装。产品必须具备独特的卖点，以区别于竞争对手。

Price: the amount customers pay. Pricing strategies include cost-plus, penetration, skimming, competitor-based and psychological pricing. The price must reflect the brand positioning and cover costs while remaining attractive.

价格：顾客支付的金额。定价策略包括成本加成、渗透定价、撇脂定价、竞争导向定价和心理定价。价格必须反映品牌定位，覆盖成本并保持吸引力。

Place: how the product reaches the customer – through retail stores, e-commerce, wholesalers or direct selling. Distribution channels can be intensive, selective or

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