📚 IB CCEA Physics: End-of-Term Revision Guide | IB CCEA 物理：期末复习提纲
This comprehensive revision guide is designed to help you consolidate key concepts for IB and CCEA Physics. It covers the major topics with essential formulas, definitions, and exam tips, structured to support last‑minute review and deep understanding. Use it to check your knowledge and target weak areas before the final assessment.
这份综合复习提纲旨在帮你巩固 IB 与 CCEA 物理的核心概念。它涵盖主要专题，提供关键公式、定义和应考建议，适合考前快速回顾和深化理解。借助它来排查知识盲区，为最终测评做好充分准备。
1. Kinematics and Dynamics | 运动学与动力学
Motion is described by displacement, velocity and acceleration. The SUVAT equations apply only to uniform acceleration in a straight line.
运动用位移、速度和加速度来描述。SUVAT 方程仅适用于匀加速直线运动。
v = u + at s = ut + ½at² v² = u² + 2as s = ½(u + v)t
Vectors must be resolved and added tip‑to‑tail. Newton’s three laws are the foundation of dynamics: an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net force; F = ma; every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
矢量需正交分解并首尾相连合成。牛顿三定律是动力学根基：物体保持静止或匀速直线运动除非受净外力；F = ma；每个作用力都有一个等大反向的反作用力。
Free‑body diagrams are essential for isolating forces. Friction (f ≤ μR) and tension in light inextensible strings often appear.
受力分析图对隔离力至关重要。摩擦（f ≤ μR）和轻质不可伸长绳中的张力经常出现。
2. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能量与功率
Work done is the product of force and displacement in the direction of the force: W = F s cosθ. Energy is the capacity to do work.
功是力与力方向位移的乘积：W = F s cosθ。能量是做功的本领。
Kinetic energy: Eₖ = ½mv² Gravitational potential energy: Eₚ = mgΔh
The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. Efficiency is useful output divided by total input.
能量守恒定律指出能量不会凭空产生或消失，只能转化。效率等于有用输出除以总输入。
Power is the rate of doing work: P = W / t = Fv for constant velocity. The watt is the SI unit.
功率是做功的快慢：P = W / t = Fv（恒速时）。单位是瓦特。
3. Momentum and Collisions | 动量与碰撞
Linear momentum p = mv is a vector. Impulse J = F Δt = Δp, which equals the area under a force‑time graph.
线动量 p = mv 是矢量。冲量 J = F Δt = Δp，等于力‑时间图线下的面积。
Conservation of momentum: total momentum before = total momentum after (in a closed system).
In elastic collisions, kinetic energy is conserved; in inelastic collisions, energy is dissipated as heat or deformation. Perfectly inelastic collisions result in objects sticking together.
弹性碰撞中动能守恒；非弹性碰撞中能量以热或形变耗散。完全非弹性碰撞后物体粘合。
Explosions and recoil problems also rely on momentum conservation. Always assign a positive direction.
爆炸与反冲问题也依赖动量守恒。务必确定正方向。
4. Circular Motion and Gravitation | 圆周运动与万有引力
Uniform circular motion has constant speed but changing velocity because direction changes. Centripetal acceleration is directed towards the centre: a = v²/r = ω²r.
匀速圆周运动速率不变但速度在变，因为方向变化。向心加速度指向圆心：a = v²/r = ω²r。
Centripetal force: F = mv²/r = mω²r
Newton’s law of gravitation gives the force between two point masses: F = G M m / r². Gravitational field strength g = F/m is approximately 9.81 N kg⁻¹ on Earth’s surface.
牛顿万有引力定律给出两点质量间的力：F = G M m / r²。地球表面引力场强 g = F/m ≈ 9.81 N kg⁻¹。
Satellite orbits and Kepler’s third law (T² ∝ r³) can be derived by equating gravitational and centripetal forces.
卫星轨道和开普勒第三定律 (T² ∝ r³) 可由引力等于向心力推导。
5. Thermal Physics | 热物理学
Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles. The Kelvin scale is absolute; 0 K is absolute zero.
温度量度粒子平均动能。开氏温标是绝对温标；0 K 为绝对零度。
Internal energy is the sum of random kinetic and potential energies. Heat is energy transferred due to temperature difference.
内能是随机动能与势能之和。热量是因温差传递的能量。
Q = m c Δθ Q = m L (during phase change)
Ideal gases obey pV = nRT. Assumptions: point masses, no intermolecular forces, elastic collisions. The kinetic model links pressure and temperature to molecular motion: p = ⅓ ρ <c²>.
理想气体遵循 pV = nRT。假设：质点、无分子间力、弹性碰撞。动力学模型将压强和温度与分子运动关联：p = ⅓ ρ <c²>。
6. Oscillations and Waves | 振动与波
Simple harmonic motion (SHM) occurs when acceleration is proportional to displacement and opposite in direction: a = –ω²x.
简谐运动 (SHM) 发生于加速度与位移成正比且方向相反时：a = –ω²x。
x = A sin(ωt) or x = A cos(ωt) v = ±ω√(A² – x²) T = 1/f = 2π/ω
Energy in SHM continuously transforms between kinetic and potential. Damping reduces amplitude; critical damping stops oscillation fastest without overshoot.
简谐运动中的能量在动能和势能间连续转换。阻尼使振幅减小；临界阻尼使振动最快停止且无超调。
Waves transfer energy without net matter transport. Key properties: amplitude, wavelength λ, frequency f, wave speed v = f λ. Transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to direction; longitudinal waves oscillate parallel.
波传递能量而无净物质迁移。关键属性：振幅、波长 λ、频率 f、波速 v = f λ。横波振动垂直于传播方向；纵波振动平行于传播方向。
Superposition leads to constructive and destructive interference. Standing waves form nodes and antinodes; diffraction spreads waves through gaps; refraction obeys Snell’s law.
叠加导致相长和相消干涉。驻波形成波节和波腹；衍射使波通过缝隙后散开；折射遵循斯涅耳定律。
7. Electric Fields and Circuits | 电场与电路
Coulomb’s law describes the force between point charges: F = k Q q / r². Electric field strength E = F / q; for a point charge E = k Q / r².
库仑定律描述点电荷间的力：F = k Q q / r²。电场强度 E = F / q；点电荷电场 E = k Q / r²。
In a uniform field V = E d. Potential difference is work done per unit charge.
匀强电场中 V = E d。电势差是移送单位电荷所做的功。
Ohm’s law: V = IR Resistivity: R = ρ L / A
Kirchhoff’s laws: current in = current out at a junction; sum of e.m.f. = sum of p.d. around a closed loop. Internal resistance r causes terminal p.d. to drop: V = ε – Ir.
基尔霍夫定律：节点处电流代数和为零；闭合回路中电动势之和等于电压降之和。内阻 r 导致端电压下降：V = ε – Ir。
Potential dividers and sensor circuits (LDR, thermistor) are commonly examined.
分压器及传感器电路（光敏电阻、热敏电阻）是常见考点。
8. Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Induction | 磁场与电磁感应
Magnetic fields are produced by moving charges (currents) and permanent magnets. The force on a current‑carrying wire is F = B I L sinθ (Fleming’s left‑hand rule).
磁场由运动电荷（电流）和永磁体产生。通电导线受力 F = B I L sinθ（弗莱明左手定则）。
Charged particles moving perpendicular to a uniform B‑field follow circular paths: r = mv / Bq. This is the basis of mass spectrometers and cyclotrons.
带电粒子垂直射入匀强磁场作圆周运动：r = mv / Bq。这是质谱仪和回旋加速器的基础。
Faraday’s law: induced e.m.f. = – N (ΔΦ/Δt) Lenz’s law determines direction.
Magnetic flux Φ = B A cosθ. An e.m.f. is induced by changing flux, either through motion or varying B‑field.
磁通量 Φ = B A cosθ。通过运动或改变磁场均可引发磁通量变化，从而产生感应电动势。
9. Quantum and Nuclear Physics | 量子与核物理
Photoelectric effect: electrons are emitted when light of frequency above the threshold frequency shines on a metal. E = h f, and the maximum kinetic energy is given by Eₖ = h f – Φ.
光电效应：频率高于截止频率的光照射金属时，电子逸出。E = h f，最大动能为 Eₖ = h f – Φ。
Wave‑particle duality is shown by electron diffraction. The de Broglie wavelength λ = h / p.
电子衍射证实波粒二象性。德布罗意波长 λ = h / p。
Atomic structure: discrete energy levels, line spectra. Nuclear stability depends on the N/Z ratio. Radioactive decay follows exponential law N = N₀ e⁻⁽λⁿᵗ⁾, with half‑life T₁/₂ = ln2 / λ.
原子结构：分立能级、线状光谱。核稳定性取决于中子‑质子比。放射性衰变遵循指数规律 N = N₀ e⁻⁽λⁿᵗ⁾，半衰期 T₁/₂ = ln2 / λ。
Mass‑energy equivalence: E = m c². Binding energy per nucleon peaks at Fe‑56. Fission and fusion release energy from differences in binding energy.
质能方程：E = m c²。平均结合能在铁‑56 处最大。裂变与聚变通过结合能差释放能量。
10. Measurement, Uncertainty and Data Analysis | 测量、不确定度与数据分析
All measurements have uncertainty. Absolute uncertainty is ± half the smallest division or repeated measurement range. Percentage uncertainty helps compare precision.
所有测量都带有不确定度。绝对不确定度为最小分度值的一半或重复测量的范围。百分不确定度便于比较精密度。
When combining quantities, add absolute uncertainties for addition/subtraction; add percentage uncertainties for multiplication/division.
量值组合时，加减运算使用绝对不确定度相加；乘除运算使用百分不确定度相加。
Accurate results are close to the true value; precise results have small random scatter. Systematic errors affect accuracy; random errors affect precision.
准确的结果接近真值；精密的结果随机散布小。系统误差影响准确度；随机误差影响精密度。
Graphical analysis: gradient and intercept often yield physical quantities. Use error bars and lines of best/worst fit to find uncertainty in gradients.
图像分析：斜率和截距常能求出物理量。利用误差棒及最佳/最差拟合线求斜率的不确定度。
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