IB CIE Physics: End-of-Term Revision Guide | IB CIE 物理：期末复习提纲

📚 IB CIE Physics: End-of-Term Revision Guide | IB CIE 物理：期末复习提纲

As the end of term approaches, students following the IB or CIE Physics curriculum need a clear, structured revision plan. This guide summarises the core topics, essential formulas, common pitfalls, and effective exam strategies to help you consolidate your understanding and boost your confidence.

期末临近，修读 IB 或 CIE 物理课程的学生需要一个条理清晰的复习计划。本提纲概括了核心主题、重要公式、常见错误及有效的应试策略，旨在帮助你巩固理解、提升信心。

1. Measurements & Uncertainties | 测量与不确定度

In both IB and CIE Physics, understanding measurements and uncertainties is fundamental. You must know how to read scales, estimate uncertainties, and combine them in calculations.

在 IB 和 CIE 物理中，理解测量与不确定度是基础。你必须掌握如何读取刻度、估计不确定度，并在计算中合成它们。

Always record absolute uncertainties to one significant figure. / 始终将绝对不确定度记录为一位有效数字。
For addition and subtraction: add absolute uncertainties. / 加减法：合成绝对不确定度。
For multiplication and division: add relative (percentage) uncertainties. / 乘除法：合成相对（百分比）不确定度。
Use error bars and lines of best/worst fit when graphing. / 绘制图表时使用误差棒及最佳/最差拟合线。

If Q = a ± b, then ΔQ = Δa + Δb

Percent uncertainty = (absolute uncertainty / measured value) × 100%

Always pay attention to the precision of instruments. A digital ammeter reading 0.500 A has an uncertainty of ±0.001 A, while an analogue scale may have ± half the smallest division.

始终注意仪器的精密度。例如，读数为 0.500 A 的数字电流表不确定度为 ±0.001 A，而模拟刻度可能为最小分度的一半。

2. Mechanics | 力学

Kinematics equations are only valid for constant acceleration. Always define your sign convention clearly before applying SUVAT.

运动学方程仅在加速度恒定时成立。使用 SUVAT 前务必明确正方向。

v = u + at s = ut + ½at² v² = u² + 2as s = (u+v)t / 2

Newton’s laws connect force, mass and acceleration. Remember that the net force must be zero for equilibrium, and that action-reaction pairs act on different bodies.

牛顿定律联系力、质量与加速度。记住平衡时合力为零，且作用力与反作用力作用在不同物体上。

Weight = mg, normal reaction, tension, friction (static f ≤ μₛN, kinetic fₖ = μₖN). / 重力、法向反力、张力、摩擦力（静摩擦 f ≤ μₛN，动摩擦 fₖ = μₖN）。
Work = F s cosθ, kinetic energy = ½mv², gravitational potential energy = mgh, elastic potential energy = ½kx². / 功 = F s cosθ，动能 = ½mv²，重力势能 = mgh，弹性势能 = ½kx²。
Conservation of momentum: m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂, impulse = FΔt = Δp. / 动量守恒：m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂，冲量 = FΔt = Δp。

Power is the rate of doing work, P = E/t = Fv. Efficiency = useful output / total input.

功率是做功的速率，P = E/t = Fv。效率 = 有用输出 / 总输入。

3. Thermal Physics | 热物理

Temperature measures average kinetic energy of particles; heat is the energy transferred due to a temperature difference. Internal energy is the sum of random kinetic and potential energies of all particles.

温度是粒子平均动能的量度；热量是因温差而传递的能量。内能是所有粒子无规则动能与势能的总和。

Q = mcΔT Q = mL (L = specific latent heat)

The ideal gas equation pV = nRT links pressure, volume and temperature. Nₐ is Avogadro’s number, R = 8.31 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹.

理想气体方程 pV = nRT 联系压强、体积与温度。Nₐ 为阿伏伽德罗常数，R = 8.31 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹。

For a fixed mass of ideal gas, p₁V₁/T₁ = p₂V₂/T₂. / 一定质量理想气体，p₁V₁/T₁ = p₂V₂/T₂。
Kinetic model: pV = (1/3) N m c²_rms. / 动力模型：pV = (1/3) N m c²_rms。

Always state units: specific heat capacity in J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹, latent heat in J kg⁻¹.

务必标明单位：比热容 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹，潜热 J kg⁻¹。

4. Waves | 波

A wave transfers energy without transferring matter. Key quantities: frequency f, period T = 1/f, wavelength λ, speed v = fλ.

波传递能量而不传递物质。关键量：频率 f，周期 T = 1/f，波长 λ，波速 v = fλ。

v = fλ n = c / v sinθₐ / sinθᵣ = n₂ / n₁

Wave phenomena include reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference and polarisation. Constructive interference occurs when path difference = nλ, destructive when = (n + ½)λ.

波动现象包括反射、折射、衍射、干涉与偏振。程差为 nλ 时加强，为 (n + ½)λ 时减弱。

Single-slit diffraction: width of central maximum ≈ 2λL / a. / 单缝衍射中央明纹宽度 ≈ 2λL / a。
Double-slit: d sinθ = nλ for bright fringes. / 双缝干涉亮纹：d sinθ = nλ。
Standing waves have nodes and antinodes; fundamental frequency f₁ = v/(2L) for string fixed at both ends. / 驻波有波节与波腹；两端固定弦基频 f₁ = v/(2L)。

Doppler effect for sound: observed frequency f’ = f × (v ± v₀) / (v ∓ vₛ). Use appropriate signs for relative motion.

声波多普勒效应：观察频率 f’ = f × (v ± v₀) / (v ∓ vₛ)。根据相对运动选取正负号。

5. Electricity & Magnetism | 电与磁

Current I = ΔQ/Δt, potential difference V = W/Q, resistance R = V/I. Ohm’s law holds for metallic conductors at constant temperature.

电流 I = ΔQ/Δt，电势差 V = W/Q，电阻 R = V/I。欧姆定律适用于恒温下的金属导体。

R = ρL / A P = IV = I²R = V²/R EMF = I(R + r)

Kirchhoff’s laws: junction rule (sum of currents = 0) and loop rule (sum of EMFs = sum of p.d.s). Potential divider: V_out = V_in × R₂/(R₁ + R₂).

基尔霍夫定律：节点电流定律与回路电压定律。分压器：V_out = V_in × R₂/(R₁ + R₂)。

Magnetic field around a straight wire: B = μ₀I/(2πr). Force on a current-carrying wire: F = BIL sinθ. Right-hand grip rule and Fleming’s left-hand rule are essential.

直导线周围磁场 B = μ₀I/(2πr)。载流导线受力 F = BIL sinθ。右手螺旋定则和左手定则至关重要。

Moving charge in B-field: F = qvB sinθ (circular path). / 运动电荷在磁场中受力 F = qvB sinθ（圆周运动）。
Electromagnetic induction: induced EMF = – N ΔΦ/Δt (Faraday-Lenz). / 电磁感应：感应电动势 = – N ΔΦ/Δt（法拉第-楞次定律）。

6. Circular Motion & Gravitation | 圆周运动与引力

For an object in uniform circular motion, speed is constant but velocity changes due to direction change. Centripetal acceleration always points to the centre.

匀速圆周运动中速率恒定，但因方向变化速度矢量改变。向心加速度始终指向圆心。

a = v²/r = ω²r F = mv²/r = mω²r ω = 2π/T

Newton’s law of gravitation: F = GMm/r². Gravitational field strength g = GM/r² for a point mass or outside a sphere.

万有引力定律 F = GMm/r²。点质量或匀质球体外部的引力场强 g = GM/r²。

For a satellite: GMm/r² = mv²/r => v = √(GM/r). / 卫星：由 GMm/r² = mv²/r 得 v = √(GM/r)。
Kepler’s third law: T² ∝ r³ for circular orbits. / 开普勒第三定律（圆轨道）：T² ∝ r³。
Apparent weight in vertical circular motion includes normal force changes. / 竖直圆周运动中的视重因法向力变化而改变。

7. Atomic, Nuclear & Particle Physics | 原子、核与粒子物理

The photoelectric effect demonstrates light’s particle nature: E_{k max} = hf – Φ. The work function Φ is the minimum energy to eject an electron.

光电效应证实光的粒子性：E_{k max} = hf – Φ（Φ 为逸出功）。

E = hf λ = h / p N = N₀ e^–λt T_½ = ln2 / λ

Atomic energy levels produce discrete emission and absorption spectra. Transitions obey ΔE = hf.

原子能级产生分立发射与吸收光谱。跃迁满足 ΔE = hf。

Radioactive decay: activity A = λN. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation have distinct properties. Nuclear reactions conserve nucleon number and charge.

放射性衰变：活度 A = λN。α, β, γ 辐射性质各异。核反应中核子数与电荷守恒。

Binding energy per nucleon indicates stability. / 比结合能反映原子核稳定性。
Standard Model: quarks (up, down, charm, etc.), leptons (electron, neutrino), exchange particles. / 标准模型：夸克（上、下、粲等），轻子（电子、中微子），传播子。
Conservation laws: charge, baryon number, lepton number must be conserved. / 守恒定律：电荷、重子数、轻子数必须守恒。

8. Energy Production | 能源生产

Energy sources can be classified as renewable (solar, wind, tidal, hydroelectric) and non-renewable (fossil fuels, nuclear). All have environmental impacts.

能源可分为可再生能源（太阳能、风能、潮汐、水电）与不可再生能源（化石燃料、核能），均对环境有影响。

Power = energy / time Intensity = P / A Efficiency = useful output / input

Sankey diagrams show energy transformations. For a power station, total input energy = useful electrical output + wasted heat.

桑基图表示能量转换。对发电站而言，总输入能 = 有用电能 + 废热。

Black-body radiation: peak wavelength λ_max ∝ 1/T (Wien’s law). / 黑体辐射：峰值波长 λ_max ∝ 1/T (维恩定律)。
Solar constant at Earth: ~ 1.36 kW m⁻². Albedo = reflected / incident radiation. / 太阳常数为 ~1.36 kW m⁻²。反照率 = 反射 / 入射辐射。
Nuclear fusion vs fission: binding energy curves explain release of energy. / 核聚变与裂变：结合能曲线解释能量释放。

9. Option: Astrophysics | 选修：天体物理

Stellar parallax: d (pc) = 1/p (arcsec). Apparent magnitude m and absolute magnitude M are related by m – M = 5 log(d/10).

恒星视差：d (pc) = 1/p (角秒)。视星等 m 与绝对星等 M 满足 m – M = 5 log(d/10)。

m – M = 5 log(d) – 5 L = σAT⁴ (Stefan-Boltzmann) λ_maxT = 2.9×10⁻³ m K

The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram classifies stars: main sequence, giants, supergiants and white dwarfs. Luminosity, temperature and spectral class are linked.

赫罗图将恒星分类为主序星、巨星、超巨星和白矮星。光度、温度与光谱型相互关联。

Redshift z = Δλ/λ₀ ≈ v/c for low speeds. Hubble’s law v = H₀ d. / 红移 z = Δλ/λ₀，低速时 z ≈ v/c。哈勃定律 v = H₀ d。
Cosmic microwave background supports the Big Bang model. / 宇宙微波背景辐射支持大爆炸模型。
Determination of distance: parallax, standard candles (Cepheid variables, type Ia supernovae). / 距离测量：视差法，标准烛光（造父变星、Ia 型超新星）。

10. Experimental Skills & Internal Assessment | 实验技能与内部评估

For IB Physics, the Internal Assessment (IA) requires you to design and carry out a personal investigation. CIE practical papers test similar hands-on skills.

IB 物理内部评估要求学生设计并实施个人探究；CIE 实验试卷考查类似的动手能力。

Define a focused research question with independent and dependent variables. / 明确研究问题，含自变量与因变量。
Control all other relevant variables to ensure a fair test. / 控制其他相关变量以保证公平测试。
Collect sufficient data (at least 5–6 variations, repeated measurements). / 收集足够数据（至少 5–6 组变化，重复测量）。
Present uncertainties in tables and graphs, perform linearisation if needed. / 在表格和图中展示不确定度，必要时进行线性化处理。
Evaluate procedure: identify weaknesses, suggest realistic improvements. / 评估过程：指出缺点，提出切实改进。

Good use of ICT for data logging, spreadsheets for calculations and error analysis is encouraged.

鼓励合理使用数据采集器、电子表格处理计算与误差分析。

11. Common Mistakes & Exam Tips | 常见错误与考试技巧

Many marks are lost through simple oversights. Check your work for these frequent errors.

许多失分源于简单疏忽。检查以下几类常见错误。

Forgetting units in final answers. / 忘记在最后答案中标注单位。
Mixing up vector and scalar; direction is crucial in momentum, fields and forces. / 混淆矢量与标量；动量、场和力中方向至关重要。
Using formulas out of context, e.g. applying SUVAT to non-uniform acceleration. / 公式误用，如将 SUVAT 用于非匀加速运动。
Not converting to SI base units (cm to m, kN to N, etc.). / 未转换为国际基本单位（cm 转 m，kN 转 N 等）。
Sign errors in Doppler effect or electromagnetic induction. / 多普勒效应或电磁感应中符号错误。
Misreading the question: underline keywords like ‘state’, ‘explain’, ‘calculate’, ‘sketch’. / 误读题目：圈出指令词，如“陈述”“解释”“计算”“示意图”。

Plan your time: spend roughly 1 minute per mark. Leave harder parts until the end and return if time allows.

规划时间：大约 1 分钟/分。难题留到最后，有时间再回看。

12. Summary & Final Tips | 总结与最后建议

Consistent, active revision beats last-minute cramming. Complete past papers under timed conditions, and learn from the mark schemes.

持续、主动的复习胜于临时抱佛脚。定时完成历年真题，并从评分方案中学习。

Make a formula sheet with conditions of use. / 制作公式表，注明使用条件。
Explain concepts out loud to a friend or to yourself. / 向朋友或自行口头解释概念。
Draw clear diagrams for forces, fields and waves; they often earn marks. / 绘制清晰的力、场、波示意图，往往能得分。
Stay calm and read each question carefully; sometimes a simple definition can unlock several marks. / 保持冷静，仔细读题；有时一个简单的定义就能打开若干得分点。

Remember, physics is about understanding the principles, not just memorising equations. Good luck!

记住，物理重在理解原理，而不只是背诵公式。祝好运！

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IB CIE Physics: End-of-Term Revision Guide | IB CIE 物理：期末复习提纲