📚 IGCSE Edexcel Business: Stakeholders Revision Guide | IGCSE Edexcel 商务：利益相关者 考点精讲
Stakeholders are individuals or groups who have an interest in or are affected by the activities of a business. Understanding stakeholders is crucial for IGCSE Business students, as businesses must balance various interests to operate sustainably. This revision guide covers key concepts, stakeholder conflicts, and how to analyse stakeholder impact in Edexcel IGCSE Business exams.
利益相关者是指对企业的活动有兴趣或受其影响的个人或群体。理解利益相关者对于IGCSE 商务学生至关重要，因为企业必须平衡各方利益才能持续运营。本复习指南涵盖关键概念、利益相关者冲突，以及如何在爱德思 IGCSE 商务考试中分析利益相关者的影响。
1. Introduction to Stakeholders | 利益相关者简介
A stakeholder is any person, group or organisation that has a direct or indirect interest in a business. They can influence business decisions and are impacted by the business’s actions.
利益相关者是指与企业有直接或间接利害关系的任何个人、团体或组织。他们可以影响企业决策，并受到企业行为的影响。
In contrast, shareholders (owners) are a specific type of stakeholder who own shares in a company. While all shareholders are stakeholders, not all stakeholders are shareholders.
相比之下，股东（所有者）是持有公司股份的一类特定利益相关者。所有股东都是利益相关者，但并非所有利益相关者都是股东。
The stakeholder concept recognises that businesses have responsibilities beyond just making profits for owners. This broader view influences modern business ethics and corporate social responsibility.
利益相关者概念承认企业的责任不仅限于为所有者创造利润。这种更广泛的视角影响着现代商业道德和企业社会责任。
2. Internal and External Stakeholders | 内部与外部利益相关者
Stakeholders can be classified into two broad categories: internal and external. This distinction is important because it affects the type of influence they have and how a business communicates with them.
利益相关者可分为两大类：内部和外部。这一区别很重要，因为它影响着他们的影响力类型以及企业与他们沟通的方式。
-
Internal stakeholders operate inside the business and include owners/shareholders, managers, and employees. They are directly involved in daily operations and strategic decisions.
内部利益相关者在企业内部运作，包括所有者/股东、经理和员工。他们直接参与日常运营和战略决策。
-
External stakeholders are outside the business but are still affected by its actions. Key examples are customers, suppliers, creditors, the government, the local community and pressure groups.
外部利益相关者处于企业外部，但仍受其行为影响。主要例子有客户、供应商、债权人、政府、当地社区和压力团体。
Internal stakeholders often have access to confidential information and a direct say in governance, while external stakeholders rely on published reports, market signals and public communication.
内部利益相关者通常能接触到机密信息并在治理中有直接话语权，而外部利益相关者则依赖公开报告、市场信号和公共沟通。
3. Key Stakeholder Groups and Their Objectives | 主要利益相关者群体及其目标
Each stakeholder group has its own objectives, which may sometimes align and sometimes conflict. Understanding these goals is essential for analysing business decisions in exam questions.
每个利益相关者群体都有自己的目标，这些目标有时一致，有时冲突。理解这些目标对于分析考试问题中的商业决策至关重要。
Owners/Shareholders: Their primary objective is to maximise returns on investment. They expect high profits, increasing dividends, and an appreciation in share value.
所有者/股东： 他们的主要目标是最大化投资回报。他们期望高利润、不断增长的股息以及股票升值。
Managers: Managers aim for job security, performance bonuses, and the successful achievement of business targets. They may also seek to expand their department or influence.
经理： 经理们追求工作保障、绩效奖金以及成功实现业务目标。他们也可能寻求扩大部门或影响力。
Employees: Workers want fair pay, job security, safe working conditions, and opportunities for training and promotion. They may also value a positive work-life balance.
员工： 员工希望获得公平薪酬、工作保障、安全的工作条件以及培训和晋升机会。他们可能还重视积极的工作与生活平衡。
Customers: Customers seek high-quality products at reasonable prices, with good customer service and after-sales support. They also value innovation and reliability.
客户： 客户追求价格合理的高质量产品、良好的客户服务和售后支持。他们还重视创新和可靠性。
Suppliers: Suppliers want regular orders, prompt payment, and long-term contracts. They also prefer businesses that provide clear communication and fair negotiation.
供应商： 供应商希望获得定期订单、及时付款和长期合同。他们还偏爱沟通清晰、谈判公平的企业。
Government: The government expects businesses to comply with laws, pay taxes, create employment, and contribute to economic growth. It may also promote environmental and social policies.
政府： 政府期望企业遵守法律、纳税、创造就业并对经济增长做出贡献。它还可能推行环境与社会政策。
Local Community: The community wants businesses to provide jobs, minimise pollution, support local initiatives, and avoid disruptive activities such as noise or traffic congestion.
当地社区： 社区希望企业提供就业、减少污染、支持本地活动，并避免噪音或交通拥堵等干扰性活动。
Pressure Groups: These groups campaign for specific causes, such as environmental protection or workers’ rights. They aim to influence business behaviour through public opinion and media.
压力团体： 这些团体为环境保护或工人权利等特定事业而活动。他们旨在通过公众舆论和媒体影响企业行为。
4. Conflict Between Stakeholders | 利益相关者之间的冲突
Conflicts arise because different stakeholder groups have different, and sometimes opposing, objectives. A decision that satisfies one group may negatively affect another.
冲突的产生是因为不同利益相关者群体有不同的、有时甚至是对立的目标。满足某一群体的决策可能会对其他群体产生负面影响。
A classic conflict is between shareholders and employees. Shareholders may push for cost-cutting measures such as redundancies or wage freezes to increase profits. This directly harms employees’ job security and income.
一个典型的冲突是股东与员工之间的冲突。股东可能推动裁员或工资冻结等削减成本的措施以提高利润，这直接损害了员工的工作保障和收入。
Another common tension exists between the local community and a business. A factory expansion may create jobs but also increase noise and pollution, upsetting residents. The community may campaign against the expansion, while shareholders welcome the expected profit growth.
另一个常见矛盾存在于当地社区与企业之间。工厂扩建可能会创造就业，但也会增加噪音和污染，使居民不满。社区可能反对扩建，而股东则欢迎预期的利润增长。
Customers and suppliers also experience conflict. Customers desire lower prices, but suppliers need higher prices to remain profitable. A business that forces suppliers to reduce prices may risk damaging the relationship and the quality of supplies.
客户与供应商之间也存在冲突。客户希望降低价格，但供应商需要更高的价格才能保持盈利。迫使供应商降价的企业可能会损害双方关系和供应质量。
5. Resolving Stakeholder Conflicts | 解决利益相关者冲突
Businesses use several strategies to manage and resolve stakeholder conflicts. The approach depends on the power and interest of the groups involved.
企业采用多种策略来管理和解决利益相关者冲突。方法取决于相关群体的权力和兴趣。
Open communication and consultation are often the first step. A business can hold meetings with employee representatives, community forums, or supplier briefings to explain decisions and gather feedback. This reduces misunderstandings and builds trust.
开放的沟通和协商通常是第一步。企业可以与员工代表举行会议、举办社区论坛或供应商简报会，以解释决策并收集反馈。这可以减少误解并建立信任。
Compromise is another key method. A business might agree to phase out a controversial practice over three years instead of immediately, giving affected stakeholders time to adjust. For example, a company moving production overseas could offer retraining programmes for displaced workers.
妥协是另一种关键方法。企业可以同意在三年内逐步淘汰有争议的做法，而不是立即执行，从而给受影响的利益相关者留出调整时间。例如，将生产转移到海外的公司可以为下岗工人提供再培训计划。
Legal and regulatory frameworks also help resolve conflicts. Governments set minimum wage laws, health and safety standards, and environmental regulations that force businesses to consider weaker stakeholders. Compliance ensures a basic level of fairness.
法律和监管框架也有助于解决冲突。政府设定最低工资法、健康和安全标准以及环境法规，迫使企业考虑弱势的利益相关者。合规确保了基本的公平。
In extreme cases, conflicts can escalate to industrial action by employees, boycotts by customers, or lawsuits by communities. Effective stakeholder management aims to prevent issues reaching this stage.
在极端情况下，冲突可能升级为员工的罢工行动、客户的抵制或社区的法律诉讼。有效的利益相关者管理旨在防止问题发展到这一阶段。
6. Stakeholder Mapping: Power vs Interest | 利益相关者分析矩阵：权力与兴趣
Stakeholder mapping is a tool used to prioritise stakeholders based on their power to influence the business and their interest in its operations. The most common model for IGCSE is the power-interest matrix (often referred to as Mendelow’s matrix).
利益相关者分析矩阵是一种工具，用于根据利益相关者影响企业的权力以及他们对其运营的兴趣来确定优先次序。IGCSE 中最常见的模型是权力-兴趣矩阵（通常称为门德洛矩阵）。
The matrix categorises stakeholders into four quadrants:
该矩阵将利益相关者分为四个象限：
| Low Power, Low Interest (Minimal Effort) These stakeholders require little attention. Occasional information updates are sufficient. 低权力，低兴趣（最小努力） |
Low Power, High Interest (Keep Informed) They care about the business but cannot significantly influence decisions. Regular communication is needed to keep them satisfied. 低权力，高兴趣（保持知情） |
| High Power, Low Interest (Keep Satisfied) Powerful but not directly interested in day-to-day activities. They must be kept satisfied to avoid them moving into high power, high interest. Example: government agencies. 高权力，低兴趣（保持满意） |
High Power, High Interest (Key Players) These are the most critical stakeholders. They must be fully engaged and closely managed. Example: major shareholders, key customers. 高权力，高兴趣（关键参与者） |
Using this mapping, a business can allocate resources effectively and decide the appropriate level of communication and consultation for each group.
利用这一矩阵，企业可以有效分配资源，并确定针对每个群体的适当沟通和协商程度。
7. Impact of Business Decisions on Stakeholders | 商业决策对利益相关者的影响
Almost every business decision has a multi-stakeholder impact. IGCSE exam questions often ask students to evaluate how a proposed change affects different groups.
几乎每个商业决策都会对多方利益相关者产生影响。IGCSE 考试题目经常要求学生评估一项拟议的变革如何影响不同群体。
For example, a decision to relocate production to a lower-cost country abroad can benefit shareholders through reduced costs and higher profits. However, domestic employees may face redundancy, the local community loses jobs, and suppliers in the home country lose business.
例如，决定将生产转移到人工成本较低的海外国家，可以通过降低成本和提高利润使股东受益。然而，国内员工可能面临裁员，当地社区失去就业机会，本国供应商失去业务。
Introducing automation technology can improve efficiency and product quality, benefiting customers and shareholders. But employees may feel threatened by job losses and require retraining. Managers may have to handle resistance to change.
引入自动化技术可以提高效率和产品质量，使客户和股东受益。但员工可能会因失业威胁而感到不安，并需要再培训。管理人员可能要应对变革阻力。
When evaluating the impact, students should consider both short-term and long-term consequences, and whether the effects are positive or negative for each group. A balanced conclusion is often required for top marks.
在评估影响时，学生应考虑短期和长期后果，以及这些后果对每个群体是积极还是消极。高分答案通常需要给出平衡的结论。
8. Stakeholders and Business Ethics | 利益相关者与商业道德
Ethical behaviour means taking into account the interests of all stakeholders, not just shareholders. Many businesses now adopt corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies to demonstrate their commitment to ethical practices.
道德行为意味着要考虑所有利益相关者的利益，而不仅仅是股东。许多企业现在采用企业社会责任（CSR）政策，以表明其对道德实践的承诺。
An ethical approach can include paying fair wages above the legal minimum, sourcing materials from sustainable suppliers, reducing carbon emissions, and rejecting child labour. While these actions may increase costs in the short term, they can build a strong reputation, attract ethically minded customers, and improve employee loyalty.
道德做法可以包括支付高于法定最低标准的公平工资、从可持续供应商处采购材料、减少碳排放以及拒绝使用童工。虽然这些行动在短期内可能会增加成本，但它们可以建立良好的声誉，吸引有道德意识的客户，并提高员工忠诚度。
However, ethical decisions can still create stakeholder tensions. Paying higher wages to overseas workers might reduce dividends available to shareholders. Investing in expensive pollution control equipment could lead to higher prices for customers. Students must recognise that ethics often involves trade-offs between stakeholder groups.
然而，道德决策仍然可能引发利益相关者之间的紧张关系。向海外工人支付更高工资可能会减少可用于股东的股息。投资昂贵的污染控制设备可能导致客户面临更高价格。学生必须认识到，道德往往涉及利益相关者群体之间的权衡。
9. Shareholder vs Stakeholder Concept | 股东与利益相关者概念对比
The shareholder concept argues that a business’s primary responsibility is to maximise profits for its owners, as long as it operates within the law. This view, associated with economist Milton Friedman, believes other stakeholder needs are secondary.
股东概念认为，企业的主要责任是在法律允许的范围内为所有者实现利润最大化。这一观点与经济学家米尔顿·弗里德曼有关，认为其他利益相关者的需求是次要的。
The stakeholder concept takes a broader view, suggesting that a business should balance the interests of all groups affected by its operations. This approach is increasingly popular and is reflected in the growing emphasis on sustainability and CSR in business strategies.
利益相关者概念则采取更广阔的视角，认为企业应平衡所有受其运营影响的群体的利益。这种方法日益流行，并反映在企业战略中对可持续发展和企业社会责任的日益重视上。
In practice, many successful businesses adopt a stakeholder approach because it can lead to long-term profitability through customer loyalty, motivated employees, and community support. The IGCSE syllabus expects students to compare both perspectives and evaluate their advantages and disadvantages.
在实践中，许多成功的企业采用利益相关者方法，因为它可以通过客户忠诚度、积极的员工和社区支持带来长期盈利。IGCSE 教学大纲要求学生比较这两种视角并评估其优缺点。
10. Exam Tips: Tackling Stakeholder Questions | 考试技巧：应对利益相关者问题
Stakeholder questions are a staple of IGCSE Edexcel Business papers. They often appear in analyse (6 marks) and evaluate (9 marks) questions, where you must consider effects on multiple groups and reach a justified conclusion.
利益相关者问题是 IGCSE 爱德思商务试卷中的常客。它们经常出现在分析（6 分）和评价（9 分）题目中，要求你考虑对多个群体的影响，并得出有依据的结论。
Always identify at least two or three stakeholders affected by the given scenario. Use specific stakeholder names (e.g., employees, shareholders, local community) rather than vague terms like ‘some people’.
始终确定至少两到三个受给定情景影响的利益相关者。使用具体的利益相关者名称（例如，员工、股东、当地社区），而不要用“一些人”这样模糊的词语。
For each stakeholder, explain whether the impact is positive or negative, and why. Support your point with evidence from the case study if one is provided. For example, ‘Shareholders will benefit from higher dividends because the cost-cutting plan increases net profit.’
对于每个利益相关者，解释影响是积极的还是消极的，并说明原因。如果提供了案例研究，请用其中的证据支持你的观点。例如，“股东将从更高的股息中受益，因为成本削减计划提高了净利润。”
When evaluating, do not just list impacts. Prioritise them. Which stakeholder is most important for this business in this context? Justify your choice by linking to business objectives, long-term survival, or ethical considerations. Also discuss potential conflicts between stakeholders and how the business might resolve them.
进行评价时，不要只是罗列影响。要排定优先次序。在这个情形下，哪个利益相关者对该企业最重要？通过联系商业目标、长期生存或道德考量来证明你的选择。还要讨论利益相关者之间可能存在的冲突，以及企业如何解决这些冲突。
Use connectives like ‘therefore’, ‘however’, ‘on the other hand’ to build a balanced argument. A strong evaluate conclusion will weigh the options and recommend a course of action, acknowledging the trade-offs involved.
使用“因此”、“然而”、“另一方面”等连接词来构建平衡的论证。有力的评价性结论会权衡各种选项，并推荐行动方案，同时承认所涉及的权衡。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导