📚 AP Biology High-Frequency Vocabulary Compilation (Real Exam Word Frequency) | AP生物高频词汇汇编（真题词频）
Mastering key terminology is essential for success on the AP Biology exam. This compilation draws on real exam word frequency data to highlight the most recurrent terms across all eight units. By reviewing these high-frequency words with paired definitions, students can strengthen conceptual understanding and improve answer precision.
掌握关键术语对AP生物考试成功至关重要。本汇编根据真题词频数据，突出所有八个单元中最常出现的热词。通过复习这些高频词及其配对定义，学生可巩固概念理解并提高答题准确性。
1. Unit 1: Chemistry of Life | 单元1：生命化学
Hydrogen bond – A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom (often oxygen or nitrogen) of another. Hydrogen bonds give water its cohesive and adhesive properties and stabilize protein and DNA structures.
氢键 – 一个分子中略显正电的氢原子与另一个分子中略显负电的原子（常为氧或氮）之间的弱吸引力。氢键赋予水内聚力和附着力，并能稳定蛋白质和DNA的结构。
Cohesion – The tendency of water molecules to stick to each other due to hydrogen bonding, which enables surface tension and helps transport water in plants.
内聚力 – 水分子因氢键而彼此粘附的倾向，它产生了表面张力并有助于植物体内水分运输。
Adhesion – The clinging of water molecules to other polar or charged surfaces; together with cohesion, it drives capillary action in plant xylem.
附着力 – 水分子附着于其他极性或带电表面的特性；它与内聚力共同驱动植物木质部的毛细作用。
Polar molecule – A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge, leading to partial positive and negative ends. Water is a classic example, dissolving many ionic and polar solutes.
极性分子 – 电荷分布不均匀，因而产生部分正端和负端的分子。水是典型例子，能溶解许多离子型和极性溶质。
Dehydration synthesis – A reaction that joins monomers by removing a water molecule, forming covalent bonds; used to build carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
脱水合成 – 通过脱去一个水分子将单体连接起来并形成共价键的反应；用于构建碳水化合物、蛋白质和核酸。
Hydrolysis – The cleavage of polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule; essential in digestion and the breakdown of macromolecules.
水解 – 通过添加一个水分子将聚合物分解为单体的反应；在消化和大分子分解中至关重要。
Monosaccharide – The simplest carbohydrate unit (e.g., glucose, fructose) that serves as a primary energy source and as a building block for disaccharides and polysaccharides.
单糖 – 最简单的碳水化合物单位（如葡萄糖、果糖），作为主要能源并作为二糖和多糖的构建单元。
Polysaccharide – A long-chain carbohydrate polymer, such as starch, glycogen, or cellulose, used for energy storage or structural support in cells.
多糖 – 长链碳水化合物聚合物，如淀粉、糖原或纤维素，用于能量储存或细胞结构支撑。
Phospholipid – A lipid composed of glycerol, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group; forms the bilayer of cell membranes with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
磷脂 – 由甘油、两条脂肪酸尾和一个磷酸基团组成的脂质；形成细胞膜的双层结构，具有亲水头部和疏水尾部。
Enzyme – A protein (or RNA) catalyst that lowers activation energy and speeds up biochemical reactions without being consumed. Its function depends on a specific active site.
酶 – 一种蛋白质（或RNA）催化剂，可降低活化能并加速生化反应而自身不被消耗，其功能取决于特定的活性位点。
2. Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function | 单元2：细胞结构与功能
Prokaryote – A unicellular organism lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; includes bacteria and archaea, with DNA residing in a nucleoid region.
原核生物 – 缺少细胞核和膜结合细胞器的单细胞生物；包括细菌和古菌，其DNA位于拟核区。
Eukaryote – An organism whose cells contain a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
真核生物 – 细胞含有真正的细胞核和膜结合细胞器的生物；包括动物、植物、真菌和原生生物。
Nucleus – The membrane-enclosed organelle in eukaryotic cells that houses DNA and coordinates gene expression and replication.
细胞核 – 真核细胞内被膜包裹的细胞器，储存DNA并协调基因表达和复制。
Mitochondrion – A double-membraned organelle that performs cellular respiration, producing ATP; contains its own DNA and ribosomes.
线粒体 – 双层膜的细胞器，进行细胞呼吸并产生ATP；含有自身DNA和核糖体。
Chloroplast – An organelle found in plant and algal cells that conducts photosynthesis; contains thylakoids and the stroma, capturing light energy to synthesize glucose.
叶绿体 – 存在于植物和藻类细胞中的细胞器，进行光合作用；含有类囊体和基质，捕获光能合成葡萄糖。
Ribosome – A molecular machine composed of rRNA and proteins that translates mRNA into polypeptide chains; found free in the cytoplasm or bound to the rough ER.
核糖体 – 由rRNA和蛋白质组成的分子机器，将mRNA翻译成多肽链；可游离于细胞质或附着在粗面内质网上。
Golgi apparatus – A stack of membrane-bound cisternae that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or intracellular transport.
高尔基体 – 一叠膜结合潴泡，负责修饰、分拣和包装蛋白质及脂质以分泌或胞内运输。
Phospholipid bilayer – A double layer of phospholipids forming the core of cell membranes; its selective permeability is due to hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads.
磷脂双分子层 – 由两层磷脂组成的细胞膜核心结构；其选择透过性源于疏水尾部和亲水头部。
Osmosis – The passive diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.
渗透 – 水通过选择透过性膜从溶质浓度较低区域向较高区域的被动扩散。
Active transport – The energy-requiring movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, often mediated by protein pumps such as the sodium-potassium pump.
主动运输 – 需要能量逆浓度梯度跨膜转运分子的过程，常由钠钾泵等蛋白泵介导。
3. Unit 3: Cellular Energetics | 单元3：细胞能量学
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – The primary energy currency of the cell; its hydrolysis (ATP + H₂O → ADP + Pᵢ + energy) releases free energy that drives endergonic reactions.
ATP（三磷酸腺苷） – 细胞的主要能量通货；其水解（ATP + H₂O → ADP + Pᵢ + 能量）释放自由能，驱动吸能反应。
Glycolysis – A cytoplasmic process that breaks glucose (6C) into two pyruvate (3C), producing a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH; occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
糖酵解 – 细胞质中将葡萄糖（6C）分解为两个丙酮酸（3C）的过程，净产生2个ATP和2个NADH；在有氧和无氧条件下均可发生。
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) – A mitochondrial matrix cycle that oxidizes acetyl-CoA, generating CO₂, NADH, FADH₂, and ATP (or GTP), which feed electrons into the electron transport chain.
克雷布斯循环（柠檬酸循环） – 线粒体基质中氧化乙酰辅酶A的循环，产生CO₂、NADH、FADH₂和ATP（或GTP），为电子传递链提供电子。
Electron transport chain (ETC) – A series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane (or thylakoid membrane) that transfer electrons, creating a proton gradient used to drive ATP synthesis.
电子传递链 (ETC) – 嵌入线粒体内膜（或类囊体膜）的一系列蛋白质复合体，通过传递电子建立质子梯度，从而驱动ATP合成。
Oxidative phosphorylation – The coupling of ETC-powered proton gradient formation with ATP synthase activity; it produces the majority of ATP during aerobic respiration.
氧化磷酸化 – 电子传递链建立的质子梯度与ATP合酶的耦联过程；在有氧呼吸中产生绝大部分ATP。
Fermentation – An anaerobic pathway that regenerates NAD+ by reducing pyruvate (to lactate or ethanol), allowing glycolysis to continue; yields only 2 ATP per glucose.
发酵 – 一种无氧途径，通过还原丙酮酸（生成乳酸或乙醇）再生NAD⁺，使糖酵解得以继续；每分子葡萄糖仅产2个ATP。
Photosynthesis – The anabolic process in which chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. It comprises light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle.
光合作用 – 叶绿体将光能转化为化学能的合成代谢过程：6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 光 → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂，包括光反应和卡尔文循环。
Light-dependent reactions – Occur in thylakoid membranes, using light to split water, produce NADPH and ATP, and release O₂ as a byproduct.
光反应 – 在类囊体膜上发生，利用光能分解水，产生NADPH和ATP，并释放氧气作为副产物。
Calvin cycle – A light-independent series of stroma reactions that fix CO₂ using ATP and NADPH to produce G3P, which is then converted into glucose and other carbohydrates.
卡尔文循环 – 在基质中进行的不依赖光的反应序列，利用ATP和NADPH固定CO₂生成G3P，进而转化为葡萄糖等碳水化合物。
Chemiosmosis – The movement of H⁺ ions down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase, coupling the potential energy of the gradient to ATP production in both respiration and photosynthesis.
化学渗透 – H⁺离子沿电化学梯度通过ATP合酶的运动，将梯度势能耦联至ATP合成，在呼吸和光合作用中均存在。
4. Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle | 单元4：细胞通讯与细胞周期
Signal transduction – A process in which an extracellular signaling molecule activates a membrane receptor, triggering a cascade of intracellular events that lead to a specific cellular response.
信号转导 – 胞外信号分子激活膜受体，引发级联胞内事件，最终导致特定细胞响应的过程。
Ligand – A molecule that specifically binds to a receptor protein to initiate signal transduction; examples include hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors.
配体 – 特异性结合受体蛋白以启动信号转导的分子；例如激素、神经递质和生长因子。
Receptor – A protein, usually on the cell membrane or within the cell, that binds a ligand and changes shape to relay a signal; includes G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors.
受体 – 通常位于细胞膜或细胞内的蛋白质，与配体结合后发生构象变化以传递信号；包括G蛋白偶联受体和酪氨酸激酶受体。
Second messenger – A small intracellular molecule (e.g., cAMP, Ca²⁺) that propagates the signal from an activated receptor to downstream targets within the signal transduction pathway.
第二信使 – 小分子胞内物质（如cAMP、Ca²⁺），将活化受体的信号转导至通路下游靶标。
Mitosis – Nuclear division in somatic cells that produces two genetically identical daughter nuclei; consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis.
有丝分裂 – 体细胞的细胞核分裂，产生两个遗传上相同的子核；包括前期、中期、后期和末期，随后是胞质分裂。
Meiosis
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