📚 AP Economics: One-Sentence Definitions of Key Vocabulary | AP 经济：经济学词汇一句话释义总结
Mastering AP Economics requires a clear understanding of essential terminology. This guide presents one-sentence definitions of key micro and macro vocabulary, each paired with a precise Chinese translation to support bilingual learners and provide rapid revision.
掌握 AP 经济学需要透彻理解基本术语。本指南用一句话释义概括微观与宏观核心词汇，并配以准确的中文翻译，帮助双语学习者高效复习。
1. Basic Economic Concepts | 基本经济概念
Scarcity: the condition in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to satisfy them.
稀缺性：无限欲望超出有限可用资源的状况。
Opportunity Cost: the value of the next best alternative that is given up when a choice is made.
机会成本：做出一项选择时所放弃的次优替代品的价值。
Trade-off: the process of giving up one thing to get something else, often because resources are limited.
权衡取舍：由于资源有限，为了获得某物而放弃另一物的过程。
Marginal Analysis: comparing the additional benefits of an action to its additional costs to make optimal decisions.
边际分析：比较行动的额外收益与额外成本以做出最优决策的方法。
Incentive: a factor that motivates a person to act in a certain way, either as a reward or a penalty.
激励：以奖励或惩罚形式促使个人采取某种行为的因素。
Positive Economics: the branch of economic analysis that describes how the economy actually works, based on testable facts.
实证经济学：基于可检验的事实，描述经济实际运行情况的经济分析分支。
Normative Economics: the branch of economic analysis that makes prescriptions about how the economy should work, involving value judgments.
规范经济学：基于价值判断，提出经济应该如何运行的建议的经济分析分支。
Factors of Production: the resources used to produce goods and services—land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.
生产要素：用于生产商品和服务的资源——土地、劳动、资本和企业家才能。
Microeconomics: the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and interact in markets.
微观经济学：研究个体家庭和企业如何做决策以及在市场中互动的学科。
Macroeconomics: the study of the economy as a whole, focusing on aggregate indicators like GDP, inflation, and unemployment.
宏观经济学：将经济视为整体，研究 GDP、通货膨胀和失业等总量指标的学科。
2. Supply and Demand | 供给与需求
Demand: the quantity of a good or service consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices over a given period.
需求：消费者在一定时期内，在不同价格下愿意且能够购买的商品或服务的数量。
Law of Demand: the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded, ceteris paribus.
需求定律：在其他条件不变时，价格与需求量之间呈反向关系。
Supply: the quantity of a good or service producers are willing and able to offer for sale at various prices.
供给：生产者在一定时期内，在不同价格下愿意且能够提供销售的商品或服务的数量。
Law of Supply: the direct relationship between price and quantity supplied, ceteris paribus.
供给定律：在其他条件不变时，价格与供给量之间呈正向关系。
Market Equilibrium: the price and quantity at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied, with no tendency to change.
市场均衡：需求量等于供给量、没有自发变动趋势的价格与数量。
Shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied at the current price, putting upward pressure on price.
短缺：在当前价格下需求量超过供给量，对价格构成上涨压力的状况。
Surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded at the current price, putting downward pressure on price.
过剩：在当前价格下供给量超过需求量，对价格构成下跌压力的状况。
Movement along the curve: a change in quantity demanded or supplied caused solely by a change in the good’s own price.
沿曲线移动：仅由商品自身价格变化引起的需求量或供给量的变动。
Shift of the curve: a change in demand or supply caused by factors other than the good’s own price, such as income or technology.
曲线移动：由商品自身价格以外的因素（如收入或技术）引起的需求或供给的变动。
3. Elasticity | 弹性
Price Elasticity of Demand (PED): a measure of how responsive quantity demanded is to a change in price, calculated as %ΔQd / %ΔP.
需求价格弹性：衡量需求量对价格变动的反应程度，用 %ΔQd / %ΔP 计算。
Elastic Demand: when the percentage change in quantity demanded is greater than the percentage change in price (|PED| > 1).
富有弹性需求：需求量变动百分比大于价格变动百分比（|PED| > 1）的情况。
Inelastic Demand: when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price (|PED| < 1).
缺乏弹性需求：需求量变动百分比小于价格变动百分比（|PED| < 1）的情况。
Unit Elastic Demand: when the percentage change in quantity demanded equals the percentage change in price (|PED| = 1).
单位弹性需求：需求量变动百分比等于价格变动百分比（|PED| = 1）的情况。
Perfectly Inelastic Demand: quantity demanded does not change at all when price changes (PED = 0), represented by a vertical demand curve.
完全无弹性需求：价格变动时需求量完全不变（PED = 0），需求曲线为垂直线。
Price Elasticity of Supply (PES): a measure of how responsive quantity supplied is to a change in price, calculated as %ΔQs / %ΔP.
供给价格弹性：衡量供给量对价格变动的反应程度，用 %ΔQs / %ΔP 计算。
Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand: measures how the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good; positive for substitutes, negative for complements.
需求交叉价格弹性：衡量一种商品的需求量对另一种商品价格变动的反应，替代品为正，互补品为负。
Income Elasticity of Demand: measures how quantity demanded responds to a change in consumer income; positive for normal goods, negative for inferior goods.
需求收入弹性：衡量需求量对消费者收入变动的反应，正常品为正，劣等品为负。
4. Market Efficiency and Welfare | 市场效率与福利
Consumer Surplus: the difference between the maximum price consumers are willing to pay and the market price they actually pay.
消费者剩余：消费者愿意支付的最高价格与实际支付的市场价格之间的差额。
Producer Surplus: the difference between the market price received by producers and their minimum acceptable price.
生产者剩余：生产者获得的市场价格与其可接受的最低价格之间的差额。
Total Surplus: the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus, which is maximized at the competitive market equilibrium.
总剩余：消费者剩余与生产者剩余之和，在竞争市场均衡时达到最大。
Deadweight Loss: the loss of total surplus that occurs when the market is not at its efficient equilibrium, often caused by taxes or price controls.
无谓损失：市场未能处于有效均衡时总剩余的损失，通常由税收或价格管制引起。
Price Ceiling: a government-imposed maximum price set below the equilibrium price, leading to a shortage.
价格上限：政府设定的低于均衡价格的最高限价，会导致短缺。
Price Floor: a government-imposed minimum price set above the equilibrium price, leading to a surplus.
价格下限：政府设定的高于均衡价格的最低限价，会导致过剩。
Tax Incidence: the division of the burden of a tax between buyers and sellers, depending on the relative elasticities of demand and supply.
税收归宿：税收负担在买方与卖方之间的分配，取决于需求与供给的相对弹性。
Subsidy: a government payment to producers that lowers their costs and increases supply, typically shifting the supply curve to the right.
补贴：政府向生产者支付的款项，降低其成本并增加供给，通常使供给曲线右移。
5. Production and Costs | 生产与成本
Short Run: a period in which at least one factor of production is fixed, while others can be varied.
短期：至少一种生产要素固定、其他要素可变的生产时期。
Long Run: a period long enough for all factors of production to be varied, with no fixed inputs.
长期：所有生产要素均可变、没有固定投入的足够长的时期。
Total Product (TP): the total quantity of output produced by a firm using given inputs.
总产量：企业使用给定投入所生产的总产出量。
Marginal Product (MP): the additional output produced by adding one more unit of a variable input, holding other inputs constant.
边际产量：在其他投入不变时，增加一单位可变投入所带来的额外产出。
Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns: adding more of a variable input to a fixed input eventually yields smaller incremental increases in output.
边际报酬递减规律：在固定投入上增加可变投入，最终带来的产出增量会递减。
Fixed Cost (FC): a cost that does not change with the level of output, such as rent.
固定成本：不随产量水平变化的成本，如租金。
Variable Cost (VC): a cost that varies directly with the level of output, such as raw materials.
可变成本：随产量水平直接变动的成本，如原材料。
Marginal Cost (MC): the additional cost incurred by producing one more unit of output.
边际成本：多生产一单位产出所增加的额外成本。
Average Total Cost (ATC): total cost divided by the quantity of output; it equals average fixed cost plus average variable cost.
平均总成本：总成本除以产量；等于平均固定成本加平均可变成本。
Economies of Scale: reductions in long-run average total cost that occur when a firm increases its scale of production.
规模经济：企业扩大生产规模时长期平均总成本的下降。
6. Market Structures | 市场结构
Perfect Competition: a market structure characterized by many firms selling identical products, free entry and exit, and firms being price takers.
完全竞争：许多企业出售同质产品、自由进入和退出、企业是价格接受者的市场结构。
Monopoly: a market with a single seller of a unique product and high barriers to entry, giving the firm price-setting power.
垄断：单一卖方出售无近似替代品且存在高进入壁垒的市场，企业具有定价能力。
Monopolistic Competition: many firms selling differentiated products, with some price-setting ability but low barriers to entry.
垄断竞争：许多企业出售差异化产品，具有一定的定价能力但进入壁垒较低的市场。
Oligopoly: a market dominated by a few large firms, characterized by strategic interdependence and significant barriers to entry.
寡头垄断：由几家大企业主导的市场，特点是战略相互依赖和显著的进入壁垒。
Price Taker: a firm that has no influence over the market price and must accept the prevailing equilibrium price, typical in perfect competition.
价格接受者：无法影响市场价格、必须接受现行均衡价格的企业，常见于完全竞争市场。
Barriers to Entry: obstacles that make it difficult for new firms to enter a market, such as economies of scale, patents, or control of resources.
进入壁垒：使新企业难以进入市场的障碍，如规模经济、专利或资源控制。
Collusion: an agreement among firms in an oligopoly to coordinate prices or output, thereby reducing competition.
合谋：寡头市场中企业协调价格或产量以减少竞争的协议。
Game Theory: a framework for analyzing strategic interactions among firms, where each firm’s payoff depends on the actions of others.
博弈论：分析企业间策略互动的框架，每个企业的收益取决于其他企业的行动。
7. Factor Markets | 要素市场
Derived Demand: demand for a factor of production that arises from the demand for the goods and services it helps produce.
派生需求：对生产要素的需求源自对其所帮助生产的商品和服务的需求。
Marginal Revenue Product (MRP): the additional revenue generated by employing one more unit of an input, calculated as MP x MR.
边际收益产品：多雇用一单位投入所产生的额外收益，用 MP × MR 计算。
Marginal Factor Cost (MFC): the additional cost of hiring one more unit of a factor, which for a wage-taker is equal to the wage rate.
边际要素成本：多雇用一单位要素的额外成本，对于工资接受者等于工资率。
Labor Market Equilibrium: the wage and employment level where the quantity of labor supplied equals the quantity of labor demanded.
劳动市场均衡：劳动供给量等于劳动需求量所对应的工资和就业水平。
Minimum Wage: a price floor in the labor market that sets the lowest legal wage, potentially creating unemployment if set above the equilibrium wage.
最低工资：劳动市场上的价格下限，设定法定最低工资水平，若高于均衡工资可能导致失业。
Human Capital: the skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual, which increase productivity and earning potential.
人力资本：个人拥有的技能、知识和经验，可提高生产率和收入潜力。
8. Macroeconomic Indicators | 宏观经济指标
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period.
国内生产总值：一国在一定时期内生产的全部最终商品和服务的市场总价值。
Nominal GDP: GDP measured at current market prices, without adjusting for inflation.
名义 GDP：按当期市场价格计算的 GDP，未根据通货膨胀进行调整。
Real GDP: GDP adjusted for changes in the price level, reflecting the true quantity of goods and services produced.
实际 GDP：经价格水平变动调整后的 GDP，反映所生产商品和服务的真实数量。
Unemployment Rate: the percentage of the labor force that is actively seeking work but unable to find a job.
失业率：劳动力中积极寻找工作但无法找到就业的人所占的百分比。
Labor Force: the sum of employed and unemployed individuals who are available for work.
劳动力：就业人口与失业人口之和，即有能力并愿意工作的人口。
Inflation: a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over time.
通货膨胀：经济中商品和服务的总体价格水平在一段时间内持续上涨的现象。
Consumer Price Index (CPI): a measure that examines the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a basket of goods and services.
消费者价格指数：衡量城市消费者购买一篮子商品和服务的价格平均变动幅度的指标。
Deflation: a sustained decrease in the general price level, often associated with reduced aggregate demand.
通货紧缩：总体价格水平持续下降的现象，通常与总需求减少相关。
Business Cycle: fluctuations in economic activity over time, consisting of expansions, peaks, recessions, and troughs.
经济周期：经济活动随时间的波动，包含扩张、波峰、衰退和波谷等阶段。
9. Aggregate Demand and Supply | 总需求与总供给
Aggregate Demand (AD): the total quantity of goods and services demanded in an economy at different price levels, represented by the AD curve.
总需求：经济在不同价格水平下对商品和服务的总需求量，由 AD 曲线表示。
Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS): the total quantity of goods and services firms are willing to produce at different price levels in the short run, when some input prices are sticky.
短期总供给：由于某些投入价格具有粘性，企业短期内在不同价格水平愿意生产的总数量。
Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS): the full-employment level of output, independent of the price level, represented by a vertical curve at potential GDP.
长期总供给：充分就业时的产出水平，不受价格水平影响，表现为潜在 GDP 处的垂直线。
Wealth Effect: one reason the AD curve slopes downward: a lower price level increases the real value of money, boosting consumption.
财富效应：AD 曲线向下倾斜的原因之一：较低的价格水平提高了货币的实际价值，刺激消费。
Interest Rate Effect: a lower price level reduces the demand for money, lowering interest rates and stimulating investment and consumption.
利率效应：较低的价格水平减少了货币需求，降低利率并刺激投资和消费。
Supply Shock: an unexpected event that shifts the SRAS curve, such as a sudden increase in oil prices (adverse) or a technological advance (favorable).
供给冲击：使 SRAS 曲线移动的意外事件，例如油价突然上涨（不利）或技术进步（有利）。
Macroeconomic Equilibrium: the intersection of AD and AS curves, determining the equilibrium price level and real output.
宏观经济均衡：AD 与 AS 曲线的交点，决定均衡价格水平和实际产出。
10. Fiscal and Monetary Policy | 财政与货币政策
Fiscal Policy: the use of government spending and taxation to influence macroeconomic conditions.
财政政策：利用政府支出和税收影响宏观经济状况的手段。
Expansionary Fiscal Policy: increasing government spending or cutting taxes to boost aggregate demand during a recession.
扩张性财政政策：在经济衰退时增加政府支出或减税以提升总需求。
Contractionary Fiscal Policy: decreasing government spending or raising taxes to reduce aggregate demand and control inflation.
紧缩性财政政策：减少政府支出或增税以抑制总需求并控制通货膨胀。
Monetary Policy: actions taken by a central bank to manage the money supply and interest rates to achieve macroeconomic goals.
货币政策：中央银行为实现宏观经济目标而管理货币供给和利率的行动。
Open Market Operations: the buying and selling of government securities by the central bank to influence the money supply.
公开市场操作：中央银行买卖政府证券以影响货币供给的行为。
Discount Rate: the interest rate the central bank charges commercial banks for loans, influencing the cost of reserves.
贴现率：中央银行向商业银行贷款时收取的利率，影响准备金的成本。
Reserve Requirement: the fraction of deposits that banks must hold as reserves, which affects their ability to create loans.
法定准备金率：银行必须持有作为准备金的存款比例，影响其创造贷款的能力。
Central Bank: an institution, like the Federal Reserve, that oversees the banking system and conducts monetary policy.
中央银行：如美联储，监督银行体系并实施货币政策的机构。
11. International Trade and Finance | 国际贸易与金融
Comparative Advantage: the ability of a country to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another country, providing the basis for trade.
比较优势：一国以比另一国更低的机会成本生产某种商品的能力，构成贸易的基础。
Absolute Advantage: the ability to produce more of a good using the same amount of resources compared to another producer.
绝对优势：使用同等资源比另一生产者产出更多商品的能力。
Terms of Trade: the rate at which one good is exchanged for another between countries; beneficial trade occurs between the opportunity cost ratios.
贸易条件：国家之间交换商品的比率；有益的贸易发生在机会成本比率之间。
Exchange Rate: the price of one country’s currency expressed in terms of another country’s currency.
汇率：以另一国货币表示的一国货币的价格。
Appreciation: an increase in the value of a currency relative to another under a floating exchange rate system.
升值：在浮动汇率制度下，一种货币相对于另一种货币的价值上升。
Depreciation: a decrease in the value of a currency relative to another under a floating exchange rate system.
贬值：在浮动汇率制度下，一种货币相对于另一种货币的价值下降。
Balance of Payments: a record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world, divided into the current and capital accounts.
国际收支：记录一国居民与世界其他地区所有经济交易的账户，分为经常账户和资本账户。
Current Account: a component of the balance of payments that includes trade in goods and services, income, and current transfers.
经常账户：国际收支的组成部分，包括商品和服务贸易、收入及经常转移。
Tariff: a tax imposed on imported goods, which reduces imports and raises domestic price and government revenue.
关税：对进口商品征收的税，减少进口并提高国内价格及政府收入。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导