📚 AQA Year 7 PE: Quick Guide to Key Terminology | AQA 七年级体育：词汇术语速记指南
This bilingual guide is designed to help Year 7 students master the essential terminology for AQA Physical Education. Each key term is explained in simple English and Mandarin, allowing you to build a solid foundation for practical lessons, assessments and exam success.
这份中英对照指南专为七年级AQA体育课程打造，用简明英语和中文解释核心术语，帮助你在实践课、评估和考试中打下扎实基础。
1. Fundamental Movement Terms | 基本运动术语
Locomotor skills involve travelling from one place to another. Examples include running, jumping, hopping and skipping.
位移技能是指从一个位置移动到另一个位置的动作，例如跑步、跳跃、单脚跳和蹦跳。
Non‑locomotor skills are performed on the spot without moving the whole body away. Twisting, bending, balancing and stretching are all non‑locomotor actions.
非位移技能是身体在原地完成的动作，如转体、屈体、保持平衡和伸展。
Manipulative skills require controlling an object with the hands or feet. Throwing, catching, kicking, dribbling and striking are key manipulative skills used in many sports.
操控技能是用手或脚控制物体的能力，如投掷、接球、踢球、运球和击打，是许多运动项目的核心。
2. Anatomical Position and Direction Terms | 解剖学体位与方位术语
The anatomical reference position is standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides with palms forward. All directional terms relate to this standard stance.
解剖学标准体位为直立、面朝前、双臂垂于身体两侧、掌心向前。所有方位术语都由此体位出发。
Anterior refers to the front of the body; posterior refers to the back. For example, the chest is anterior, and the shoulder blades are posterior.
前侧指身体的前面，后侧指后面。胸肌在前侧，肩胛骨在后侧。
Medial means closer to the midline of the body, while lateral means farther from the midline. The nose is medial to the ears, and the shoulders are lateral to the neck.
内侧指靠近身体中线，外侧指远离中线。鼻子在耳朵内侧，肩膀在颈部外侧。
Proximal describes a position closer to the point of attachment of a limb, and distal means farther away. The elbow is proximal to the wrist; the fingers are distal to the elbow.
近端指靠近肢体附着点，远端指远离该点。肘关节在腕关节近端，手指在肘关节远端。
3. Planes and Axes of Movement | 运动平面与轴
The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves. Movements such as forward running and somersaults occur in the sagittal plane around a frontal axis.
矢状面将身体分为左右两部分，向前跑和空翻等动作发生在矢状面，绕额状轴运动。
The frontal plane splits the body into front and back portions. Cartwheels, side bends and jumping jacks are examples of frontal plane movements around a sagittal axis.
额状面（冠状面）将身体分为前后部分，侧手翻、体侧屈和开合跳沿额状面绕矢状轴运动。
The transverse plane separates the body into top and bottom halves. Spinning, discus turns and horizontal trunk rotation take place in the transverse plane around a vertical axis.
水平面将身体分为上下两部分，旋转、掷铁饼转身和躯干水平旋转发生在水平面，绕垂直轴运动。
4. Skeletal System Key Words | 骨骼系统关键词
The skeleton provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell production. Year 7 students should be able to identify major bones such as the cranium, clavicle, scapula, humerus, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia and fibula.
骨骼提供支持、保护、运动、矿物质储存和造血功能。七年级学生需能辨认颅骨、锁骨、肩胛骨、肱骨、肋骨、椎骨、骨盆、股骨、髌骨、胫骨和腓骨等主要骨骼。
Joints are classified by the amount of movement they allow. Synovial joints like the ball‑and‑socket (hip, shoulder) and hinge (knee, elbow) joints are freely movable and essential for sporting actions.
关节依据活动度分类。球窝关节（髋、肩）和铰链关节（膝、肘）等滑膜关节活动度大，对运动动作至关重要。
Ligaments connect bone to bone, providing stability, while tendons connect muscle to bone and transmit the force needed for movement.
韧带连接骨与骨，提供稳定性；肌腱连接肌肉与骨，传递运动所需的力量。
5. Muscular System Fundamentals | 肌肉系统基础
Voluntary muscles work together in pairs to create movement at joints. The prime mover (agonist) contracts, while the antagonist relaxes. For example, during a biceps curl, the biceps is the agonist and the triceps is the antagonist.
随意肌成对配合驱动关节运动。主动肌（原动肌）收缩时，拮抗肌放松。例如，肱二头肌弯举时，肱二头肌为主动肌，肱三头肌为拮抗肌。
Key muscles to recognise include the deltoid (shoulder), pectorals (chest), abdominals (core), quadriceps (front thigh), hamstrings (back thigh), gastrocnemius (calf) and gluteals (buttocks).
需识记的主要肌肉包括三角肌（肩）、胸大肌、腹肌（核心）、股四头肌（大腿前侧）、腘绳肌（大腿后侧）、腓肠肌（小腿）和臀肌。
Isotonic contractions involve muscle length change – concentric shortens the muscle, eccentric lengthens it. Isometric contraction maintains muscle length without joint movement.
等张收缩中肌肉长度改变——向心收缩使肌肉缩短，离心收缩使肌肉拉长。等长收缩时肌肉长度不变，关节无运动。
6. Health‑Related Fitness Components | 健康相关体适能要素
Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to working muscles during sustained activity. A bleep test or 12‑minute run is used to assess it.
心血管耐力是心脏、肺和血管在持续运动中为工作肌肉输送氧气的能力，常用蜂鸣测试或12分钟跑评估。
Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle can produce in a single effort, such as lifting a personal best in weightlifting. Muscular endurance is the ability to repeat contractions without fatigue, for example, doing many press‑ups.
肌力是单次用力的最大力量，如举重中的个人最佳；肌耐力是重复收缩而不疲劳的能力，如完成多个俯卧撑。
Flexibility refers to the range of motion around a joint. The sit‑and‑reach test measures hamstring and lower back flexibility, which helps prevent injury.
柔韧性指关节的活动范围，坐位体前屈测试可评估腘绳肌和下背柔韧性，有助于预防损伤。
Body composition describes the percentage of fat, muscle and bone in the body. Skinfold calipers or BMI may be used to monitor a healthy body composition for sport.
身体成分描述体内脂肪、肌肉和骨骼的比例，皮褶卡尺或身体质量指数可用于监测运动所需的健康成分。
7. Skill‑Related Fitness Components | 技能相关体适能要素
Agility is the ability to change direction quickly and with control. It is essential in rugby, netball and tennis. The Illinois agility test evaluates this component.
敏捷性是有控制地快速改变方向的能力，对橄榄球、篮网球和网球至关重要，伊利诺伊敏捷测试可评估该素质。
Balance is the maintenance of equilibrium while stationary (static) or moving (dynamic). Gymnasts and dancers rely heavily on both types, often assessed by a stork stand or Y‑balance test.
平衡指静止（静态平衡）或运动中（动态平衡）保持稳定的能力，体操和舞蹈十分依赖这两种平衡，常用鹤立测试或Y平衡测试评估。
Coordination is the smooth linking of body parts to produce a controlled movement. Hand‑eye coordination can be tested with a wall toss test; foot‑eye coordination is vital in football.
协调性指身体各部分顺畅配合完成受控动作的能力。手眼协调可用对墙抛接测试评估，足眼协调在足球中尤为重要。
Power combines strength and speed — it is the ability to exert force rapidly. Vertical jump tests and standing long jump measure leg power, which is crucial for explosive starts in sprinting.
爆发力是力量与速度的结合，指快速发力的能力，纵跳和立定跳远测试可衡量腿部爆发力，对短跑起跑至关重要。
Reaction time is the interval between a stimulus and the beginning of response. Reacting to a starter’s gun or a goalkeeper saving a penalty both demand fast reaction time. Speed is the rate at which a body moves or covers distance, typically measured with sprint tests over 30 m or 50 m.
反应时是从刺激出现到开始响应的时间间隔，如对发令枪的反应或门将扑点球。速度是身体移动或通过距离的快慢，常用30米或50米冲刺测试衡量。
8. Training Principles and Methods | 训练原则与方法
The SPORT acronym helps design effective training: Specificity – training must match the demands of the sport; Progression – gradually increase workload; Overload – stretching the body beyond its normal limits; Reversibility – fitness declines if training stops; Tedium – variety prevents boredom.
SPORT原则帮助设计有效训练：专项性——训练需与运动项目需求吻合；渐进性——逐步增加负荷；超负荷——让身体承受超出常规的刺激；可逆性——停训会导致体适能下降；乏味性——多样化避免枯燥。
The FITT principle guides overload: Frequency – how often; Intensity – how hard; Time – how long; Type – what kind of exercise. Adjusting these variables ensures continued improvement safely.
FITT原则指导超负荷的运用：频率——多久练一次；强度——训练难度；时间——训练持续时长；类型——运动种类。调整这些变量能确保持续、安全地进步。
Common training methods include continuous training (long, steady effort for cardiovascular endurance), interval training (periods of work and rest for speed and endurance), circuit training (rotating through stations to develop multiple fitness components), and plyometric training (jump‑based exercises for power).
常见训练方法有持续训练（长时间稳定运动发展心血管耐力）、间歇训练（交替进行工作与休息以提高速度和耐力）、循环训练（轮换站点发展多项体适能素质）和增强式训练（跳跃练习发展爆发力）。
9. Equipment, Safety and Fair Play | 器材、安全与公平竞赛
Using correct equipment – such as shin pads in football, gum shields in rugby, or appropriate footwear in athletics – reduces injury risk. Always check equipment before use and follow the teacher’s safety instructions.
使用正确的器材——如足球护腿板、橄榄球牙套或田径运动合适鞋具——可降低受伤风险。使用器材前务必检查并听从教师的安全指导。
A warm‑up gradually raises heart rate, increases blood flow to muscles and mentally prepares the performer. A cool‑down gradually lowers heart rate and includes stretching to remove waste products such as lactic acid.
热身能逐步提高心率、增加肌肉血流并做好心理准备；整理活动则平缓降低心率，并通过拉伸帮助清除乳酸等代谢废物。
Fair play, respect for opponents and officials, and understanding rules are central to sport. Terms like ‘sportsmanship’ (behaving honourably) and ‘gamesmanship’ (bending the rules without breaking them) often appear in AQA discussions.
公平竞赛、尊重对手和裁判、理解规则是体育的核心。运动品德（光明磊落的行为）和竞技取巧（钻规则空子）等术语常出现在AQA课程的讨论中。
10. Assessment and Feedback Vocabulary | 评估与反馈词汇
Qualitative data describes qualities or characteristics – for example, a coach’s observation notes on a player’s technique. Quantitative data is numerical – race times, scores or distances. Both types are used to evaluate performance.
定性数据描述特性或特征，如教练对运动员技术的观察记录；定量数据是数值化的——比赛时间、得分或距离。两者均用于评估表现。
Feedback can be intrinsic (felt by the performer, like the sensation of a good strike) or extrinsic (provided by a teacher, coach or video). Knowledge of results tells the performer the outcome; knowledge of performance describes the quality of the movement.
反馈可为内在的（练习者自身感知，如一次漂亮击球的触感）或外在的（来自教师、教练或视频）。结果知晓告知练习者成果，过程知晓则描述动作质量。
Effective feedback is specific, constructive and timely. Year 7 pupils are encouraged to give peer feedback using simple criteria such as ‘arm fully extended’, ‘follow‑through completed’, or ‘land with soft knees’.
有效反馈是具体的、建设性的和及时的。七年级学生被鼓励依据简单标准给予同伴反馈，如“手臂充分伸展”“完成随挥动作”或“屈膝缓降”。
11. Energy Systems and Simple Physiology | 能量系统与简单生理学
Aerobic exercise uses oxygen to supply energy for low‑ to moderate‑intensity activity lasting more than a few minutes. Activities like jogging, cycling and swimming rely mainly on the aerobic system, which produces carbon dioxide and water.
有氧运动利用氧气持续供能，适合持续几分钟以上的中低强度活动。慢跑、骑行和游泳主要依赖有氧系统，产生二氧化碳和水。
Anaerobic exercise produces energy without using oxygen, supporting high‑intensity bursts up to around 90 seconds. Sprinting, weightlifting and jumping demand anaerobic energy, which creates lactic acid as a by‑product.
无氧运动不依赖氧气供能，支撑高达约90秒的高强度爆发。短跑、举重和跳跃依赖无氧供能，副产品为乳酸。
Heart rate monitoring helps understand intensity. A simple formula to estimate maximal heart rate is 220 minus age. For a 12‑year‑old, this is 208 beats per minute; aerobic training typically targets 60–80% of this value.
监测心率有助于理解运动强度。估算最大心率的简易公式为220减去年龄。12岁学生的最大心率约为208次/分；有氧训练通常以此值的60–80%为目标。
12. Key Skill Acquisition Concepts | 技能学习关键概念
A skill is the learned ability to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty. It is classified as open (affected by environment, e.g., a football pass) or closed (stable and predictable, e.g., a free throw in basketball).
技能是通过学习获得的、能以最大确定性达成预定结果的能力，分为开放性技能（受环境影响，如足球传球）和封闭性技能（环境稳定可预测，如篮球罚球）。
Abilities are innate traits that underpin skills, including hand‑eye coordination, speed or flexibility. While skills are developed through practice, abilities are relatively stable and genetically influenced.
能力是支撑技能的先天特质，如手眼协调、速度或柔韧性。技能可通过练习发展，而能力相对稳定且受遗传影响较大。
Stages of learning include cognitive (trying to understand the task), associative (practicing and refining) and autonomous (performing automatically without thinking). Recognising these stages helps set appropriate practice goals.
学习阶段包括认知阶段（试图理解任务）、联结阶段（练习并细化）和自动化阶段（无需思考自动执行）。识别这些阶段有助于设定合适的练习目标。
Published by TutorHao | PE Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导