Case Study Practical Exercises | 案例分析实战演练

📚 Case Study Practical Exercises | 案例分析实战演练

Welcome to a hands-on journey through one of the most dramatic turning points in British history. In this article, we will explore how to carry out a historical case study using the Norman Conquest of 1066 as our core example. You will learn to work with primary and secondary sources, identify bias, weigh causes and consequences, and construct a well-evidenced historical account. These practical exercises are designed to build the skills needed for success in Year 7 OCR History and to help you think like a real historian.

欢迎来到英国历史上最戏剧性的转折点之一的实操之旅。本文将带你探索如何以 1066 年诺曼征服为核心案例开展历史案例分析。你会学到如何处理一手和二手资料，识别偏见，权衡原因与后果，并构建一份有理有据的历史叙述。这些实战演练旨在培养你在 Year 7 OCR 历史课程中取得成功所需的技能，并帮助你像真正的历史学家一样思考。

1. What is a Case Study in History? | 历史中的案例分析是什么？

A case study in history is not just memorising dates and names. It is an in-depth investigation into a specific event, person, or development, using a range of evidence to answer big questions. You become a detective, piecing together clues from the past. In OCR History, case studies help you practise key skills such as source analysis, continuity and change, and constructing structured arguments.

历史中的案例分析不仅仅是记住年代和人名。它是对某一特定事件、人物或发展进行的深入调查，利用一系列证据来回答重大的问题。你成为一名侦探，拼凑出往昔的线索。在 OCR 历史中，案例分析帮助你练习原始资料分析、延续与变迁以及构建有条理的论点等关键技能。

2. Choosing a Topic: The Norman Conquest | 选题：诺曼征服

For this practical, we will focus on the Norman Conquest of England. In January 1066, King Edward the Confessor died without a clear heir. Three men claimed the throne: Harold Godwinson, an English earl; William, Duke of Normandy; and Harald Hardrada, King of Norway. The resulting power struggle led to two major battles and a permanent change in England’s ruling class, language, and landscape.

本次演练我们将聚焦诺曼征服英格兰。1066 年 1 月，忏悔者爱德华国王去世，没有明确的继承人。有三个人宣称拥有王位：英格兰伯爵哈罗德国王、诺曼底公爵威廉和挪威国王哈拉尔哈德拉达。由此引发的权力斗争导致了两场重大战役，并永久改变了英格兰的统治阶级、语言和地貌。

3. Primary Sources: The Bayeux Tapestry | 原始资料：贝叶挂毯

Primary sources are records created at the time of the event. One of the most famous is the Bayeux Tapestry, a 70-metre long embroidered cloth that tells the story of the Norman Conquest from a Norman perspective. It shows scenes like Harold swearing an oath to William, the appearance of Halley’s Comet as a bad omen, and the death of Harold at Hastings. When you study it, ask: who made this, and why? What is exaggerated or left out?

原始资料是在事件发生时产生的记录。其中最著名的是贝叶挂毯，一幅 70 米长的刺绣布，从诺曼人的视角讲述了诺曼征服的故事。它展示了诸如哈罗德向威廉宣誓、哈雷彗星作为凶兆出现以及哈罗德在黑斯廷斯阵亡等场景。当你研究它时，问自己：这是谁制作的，为什么而制作？什么被夸大或省略了？

Another key primary source is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, written in Old English by monks. It records the events of 1066 with a more sympathetic view towards Harold. Comparing these two sources reveals how the same event can be remembered differently.

另一份关键的原始资料是《盎格鲁撒克逊编年史》，由修道士用古英语撰写。它记录 1066 年的事件时对哈罗德寄予更多同情。比较这两份资料能揭示同一事件如何被不同地铭记。

4. Secondary Sources: Chronicles and Historians | 二手资料：编年史与史学家

Secondary sources are accounts created after the time, often based on primary evidence. William of Malmesbury, writing in the 1120s, described William the Conqueror as a ‘lion among men’ but also noted his harsh rule. Modern historians like Marc Morris use archaeological finds, Domesday Book data, and continental records to build a balanced picture. When using secondary sources, check the author’s credentials and when they were writing – later interpretations can be influenced by their own times.

二手资料是事后编纂的叙述，通常基于原始证据。12 世纪 20 年代写作的马姆斯伯里的威廉将征服者威廉描述为“人中之狮”，但也提及其严酷的统治。像马克莫里斯这样的现代历史学家利用考古发现、《末日审判书》数据和大陆记录来构建全面的图景。使用二手资料时，要核查作者的资历及其写作年代——后来的解读可能受到他们自身时代的影响。

5. Analysing Bias and Perspective | 分析偏见与视角

Every source carries a point of view. The Bayeux Tapestry omits Harold’s victory at Stamford Bridge and presents William’s invasion as a righteous mission. English chroniclers, in contrast, emphasised that William was a foreign usurper who ravaged the north. To detect bias, consider the creator’s purpose, audience, and situation. A soldier’s letter home will differ greatly from a royal charter. Historians do not reject biased sources; they extract useful information while being aware of the slant.

每一份原始资料都带有观点。贝叶挂毯省略了哈罗德在斯坦福桥的胜利，并将威廉的入侵描绘成一场正义使命。相比之下，英格兰编年史家则强调威廉是蹂躏北方的外国篡位者。要发现偏见，需要考虑创作者的动机、受众和处境。士兵寄回家的信件与王室特许状大相径庭。历史学家并不排斥有偏见的资料；他们会在意识到倾向性的同时提取有用信息。

Practical exercise: read these two statements. A Norman monk: ‘God favoured Duke William, who brought law to a barbarous land.’ An English abbot: ‘We were sold to the foreigner for our sins.’ What does each reveal about the writer’s loyalties?

实战练习：阅读下面两段陈述。一位诺曼修士：“上帝眷顾威廉公爵，他将法律带到了这片蛮荒之地。”一位英格兰修道院院长：“我们因自身的罪孽被出卖给了外国人。”每段陈述透露了写作者的哪种忠诚？

6. Cause and Consequence: Why Did William Win? | 原因与后果：威廉为何获胜？

Historians rarely find a single cause. William’s victory at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066 was the result of a chain of factors. Prepare a causes table:

历史学家很少找到单一原因。威廉于 1066 年 10 月 14 日在黑斯廷斯战役中的胜利是一系列因素的结果。准备一张原因表：

Factor | 因素	Explanation | 解释
Harold’s tired army | 哈罗德疲惫的军队	Harold had just marched north, defeated Hardrada at Stamford Bridge, then rushed south 300 km in two weeks.
William’s cavalry and archers | 威廉的骑兵与弓箭手	The Normans used a mix of cavalry charges and archers, while the English relied on the shield wall on foot.
Luck and trickery | 运气与计谋	A rumour that William was dead caused his men to panic; when he lifted his helmet to show he was alive, they rallied. A feigned retreat broke the English line.
Harold’s death | 哈罗德之死	Whether by an arrow to the eye or cut down by knights, the loss of the king shattered English morale.

For each cause, rank its importance and explain your ranking using evidence. This helps you write a developed paragraph about causation.

针对每一条原因，评定其重要性并运用证据解释你的排序。这有助于你写出一段成熟的因果关系段落。

7. Change and Continuity: England After 1066 | 变化与延续：1066年后的英格兰

A case study also examines what stayed the same. William became king on Christmas Day 1066, but did everything change? Many Anglo-Saxon laws and local courts continued. The shire system survived. Yet huge changes occurred: castles dotted the landscape as symbols of Norman power, the old English nobility was almost entirely replaced by Normans, and French became the language of the court and administration. The Domesday Book of 1086 recorded who owned every piece of land, tightening royal control.

案例分析还会审视什么保持不变。威廉于 1066 年圣诞节加冕为王，但一切都改变了吗？许多盎格鲁撒克逊法律和地方郡法庭延续了下来。郡制也得以留存。然而巨大的变化确实发生了：城堡遍布各地，成为诺曼权力的象征；古老的英格兰贵族几乎全被诺曼人取代；法语成为宫廷和行政用语。1086 年的《末日审判书》记录了每一片土地的归属，加强了王室控制。

An exercise: draw a Venn diagram with three circles: ‘before 1066’, ‘both’, and ‘after 1066’. Place features such as ‘feudal landholding’, ‘the king as lawgiver’, ‘stone churches’, ‘trial by ordeal’, and ‘English as the spoken language’ in the correct spaces.

一项练习：画一个包含“1066 年前”、“两者共有”和“1066 年后”三个圆圈的维恩图。将“封建土地占有”、“作为立法者的国王”、“石造教堂”、“神判法”和“作为口语的英语”等特征放入正确的区域。

8. Working with Evidence: The Domesday Book | 证据运用：《末日审判书》

The Domesday Book is a remarkable primary source, a survey of land and livestock, ordered by William to tax his new kingdom. For a case study, pick a small area, such as a village in Essex. Look at how many ploughs, villagers, and animals are listed before 1066 and in 1086. Many entries show a drop in value, evidence of the ‘Harrying of the North’ – William’s brutal campaign to crush rebellion. This data allows you to measure the impact of conquest on ordinary people.

《末日审判书》是一份卓越的原始资料，是威廉为向其新王国征税而下令进行的土地与牲畜普查。对于案例分析，选择一个区域，比如埃塞克斯郡的一个村庄。查看 1066 年前和 1086 年时登记有多少犁、村民和牲畜。许多条目显示价值下降，这是“北方浩劫”——威廉镇压叛乱的残酷战役——的证据。这些数据让你能够衡量征服对普通民众的影响。

Practice: use a simple extract to answer: ‘How far does this source suggest the Norman Conquest brought suffering to ordinary Saxons?’ Support your answer with specific numbers and quotes.

练习：使用一份简单的摘录来回答：“这份原始资料在多大程度上表明诺曼征服给普通撒克逊人带来了苦难？”用具体的数字和引文来支撑你的答案。

9. Source Evaluation Grid | 资料来源评估网格

To keep your analysis organised, use a grid. This is especially helpful for exam-style questions where you must assess a source’s usefulness.

为了使你的分析有条理，请使用评估网格。这对于你必须评估一份原始资料有多大用处的考试式问题尤其有帮助。

Criteria | 标准	Questions to ask | 要问的问题
Nature | 性质	Is it a chronicle, a tapestry, a legal document, or a weapon? How was it made?
Origin | 来源	Who created it? When? For whom? Is the author reliable?
Purpose | 目的	To inform, persuade, justify, or entertain? Why was it produced?
Content | 内容	What facts, opinions, or omissions can you identify? Does it match other sources?

Use this grid every time you encounter a new source in your case study. It will train you to think critically rather than taking information at face value.

每次在案例分析中遇到新原始资料时，都使用这个网格。它会训练你批判性思考，而不是只看表面信息。

10. Structuring a Historical Account | 构建历史叙述

Your final task could be to write a historical account answering the question: ‘Assess the impact of the Norman Conquest on England by 1087.’ A strong answer will have an introduction stating your line of argument, a series of organised paragraphs each with a point, evidence, and explanation (PEE), and a conclusion that reaches a judgement. Remember to weigh both continuity and change, and reference specific sources like the Bayeux Tapestry and Domesday Book.

你的最终任务可能是撰写一份历史叙述，回答以下问题：“评估截至 1087 年诺曼征服对英格兰的影响。”一份强有力的答案将包含陈述你论点的引言、一系列组织有序的段落（每段包含观点、证据和解释 PEE），以及一个做出判断的结论。记得要对延续与变迁进行权衡，并引用像贝叶挂毯和《末日审判书》这样的具体资料。

A useful structure:

一个有用的结构：

• Introduction: set out the debate and your main argument | 引言：提出争论及你的主要论点
• Paragraph 1 – Political change: new ruling class, castles | 段落 1 – 政治变化：新统治阶级，城堡
• Paragraph 2 – Economic impact: Domesday Book, taxation | 段落 2 – 经济影响：《末日审判书》，税收
• Paragraph 3 – Social and cultural continuity: law, language, the Church | 段落 3 – 社会文化延续：法律，语言，教会
• Conclusion: overall, was 1066 a clean break or a gradual transformation? | 结论：总体而言，1066 年是一次彻底断裂还是渐进式转变？

11. Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them | 常见错误及如何避免

When practising case studies, students often retell the story without analysis, forget to use specific evidence, or ignore the source’s context. Another pitfall is present-mindedness – judging medieval people by today’s values. Always anchor your arguments in the historical context. Also, avoid treating sources as the unquestionable truth. Even photographs and chronicles are selections of reality. Acknowledge limitations openly: ‘This source is useful for showing Norman propaganda, but it does not tell us how ordinary Saxons felt.’

在进行案例分析练习时，学生常犯的错误是只复述故事而不加分析，忘记使用具体证据，或者忽略原始资料的背景。另一个陷阱是“现在主义”——用今天的价值观去评判中世纪的人。始终要将你的论点置于历史背景中。同时，避免将原始资料当作不容置疑的真理。即使是照片和编年史也是现实的选择性呈现。要坦率地承认局限性：“这份原始资料对于展示诺曼宣传很有用，但它无法告诉我们普通撒克逊人的感受如何。”

A quick checklist: have I used more than one source? Have I explained the provenance? Have I linked the evidence back to my question? Have I considered change and continuity? Tick these off before submitting any written work.

一份快速检查清单：我是否使用了不止一份原始资料？我是否说明了其出处？我是否将证据与问题联系起来？我是否考虑了变化与延续？在提交任何书面作业之前，勾选这些项。

12. Exam-Style Practice Questions | 考试风格练习题

Put your skills to the test with these OCR-style enquiries. Write a response to at least one, following the structure above.

用这些 OCR 风格的探究问题来测试你的技能。至少挑选一题，遵循上述结构作答。

1. Study Source A (an extract from the Bayeux Tapestry showing Harold’s oath to William). How useful is this source for an enquiry into the causes of the Norman Conquest? (9 marks)
2. Explain why William was able to win the Battle of Hastings. (12 marks)
3. ‘The Norman Conquest changed England more between 1066 and 1086 than any other event in the Middle Ages.’ How far do you agree? (16 marks)

For each, plan your answer using bullet points before writing. This will help you organise your thoughts and ensure you include balance and evidence.

针对每一题，先用要点列出提纲再作答。这将帮助你整理思路，并确保你兼顾平衡与证据。

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