📚 CCEA Year 7 Psychology: Key Terms Memory Guide | CCEA七年级心理学：词汇术语速记指南
This guide introduces essential psychology vocabulary for Year 7 students following the CCEA curriculum. Mastering these key terms will build a strong foundation for understanding human behaviour and mental processes. Each term is explained with simple definitions and memory tricks that make revision easier and more fun.
本指南为遵循CCEA课程的七年级学生介绍心理学核心词汇。掌握这些关键术语将为理解人类行为和心理过程打下坚实基础。每个术语都附有简明定义和巧妙的记忆窍门，让复习更轻松有趣。
1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. It explores how we think, feel, and act.
心理学是对行为和心理过程的科学研究。它探索我们如何思考、感受和行动。
Behaviour refers to any observable action, such as talking, walking, or eating. Behaviour can be measured and recorded.
行为指任何可观察的动作，如说话、走路或吃饭。行为可以被测量和记录。
Mental processes are internal, unobservable experiences like thoughts, memories, and emotions.
心理过程是内在的、无法直接观察的体验，如思维、记忆和情绪。
Memory trick: Think ‘Psychology = mind (mental processes) + behaviour’. Picture a brain with a speech bubble and a walking stick figure.
记忆窍门：记住“心理学 = 心灵 (心理过程) + 行为”。想象一个大脑带着对话气泡和走路的简笔画。
2. The Brain and Nervous System | 大脑与神经系统
Neuron is a nerve cell that sends messages throughout the body using electrical and chemical signals. It is the basic building block of the nervous system.
神经元是神经细胞，利用电信号和化学信号在全身传递信息。它是神经系统的基本构建单位。
Synapse is the tiny gap between two neurons where chemical messengers jump across to pass the signal. Think of a synapse as a bridge between two cities.
突触是两个神经元之间的微小间隙，化学信使在此处跳跃以传递信号。可以把突触想象成两座城市之间的桥梁。
Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It processes information and coordinates responses.
中枢神经系统 (CNS) 由脑和脊髓组成。它处理信息并协调反应。
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes all the nerves outside the CNS. It connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.
周围神经系统 (PNS) 包括中枢神经系统以外的所有神经。它把脑和脊髓与身体其他部分连接起来。
Frontal lobe is part of the brain behind the forehead responsible for thinking, planning, and personality. Remember: ‘Frontal = front of the brain, where you plan and decide’.
额叶是位于前额后方的大脑部分，负责思考、计划和个性。记住：“额叶在大脑前部，负责计划和决定”。
Memory trick: For CNS vs PNS, think ‘Central is the control centre (brain + spine), Peripheral is the messengers going everywhere else’.
记忆窍门：区分CNS和PNS，记住“中枢是控制中心 (脑+脊髓)，周围是去往各处送信的信使”。
3. Sensation and Perception | 感觉与知觉
Sensation happens when our sense organs (eyes, ears, skin) detect physical energy from the environment, such as light or sound waves. It is raw data entering the brain.
感觉是我们的感觉器官 (眼睛、耳朵、皮肤) 探测到环境中的物理能量时发生的，比如光波或声波。它是进入大脑的原始数据。
Perception is the process of interpreting and making sense of sensations. The brain organises the raw data so we can recognise objects and events.
知觉是解释和理解感觉的过程。大脑把原始数据组织起来，使我们能识别物体和事件。
Absolute threshold is the smallest level of stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time. For example, the faintest sound you can hear half the time.
绝对阈限是在50%的尝试中能被察觉到的最小刺激强度。例如，有一半时候你能听到的最微弱的声音。
Illusion occurs when perception does not match physical reality, like the famous Muller-Lyer lines appearing different in length when they are actually the same.
错觉发生在知觉与物理现实不匹配时，比如著名的缪勒-莱尔错觉，两条线看上去长度不同但实际长度相等。
Bottom-up processing starts with sensory input and builds up to a complete perception. It is data-driven.
自下而上加工从感觉输入开始，逐步构建起完整的知觉。它由数据驱动。
Top-down processing uses prior knowledge and expectations to interpret sensations. Your brain fills gaps based on experience.
自上而下加工利用先前的知识和期望来解释感觉。大脑会根据经验填补空白。
Memory trick: Sensation = sensing (detecting), Perception = interpreting. Think ‘Sensation is the pizza delivery; perception is enjoying the taste and smell’.
记忆窍门：感觉 = 探测，知觉 = 解释。想象“感觉是披萨外卖到了；知觉是享受它的味道和气味”。
4. Memory: Encoding, Storage and Retrieval | 记忆：编码、存储和提取
Encoding is the first step in memory where information is changed into a form the brain can use. It is like typing a document into a computer.
编码是记忆的第一步，将信息转换成大脑能使用的形式。就像把文档输入电脑。
Storage is keeping encoded information over time. The brain holds memories for seconds, hours, or a lifetime.
存储是长时间保存已编码的信息。大脑可以把记忆保持几秒、几小时或一辈子。
Retrieval is the process of getting information out of storage when you need it. Remembering your friend’s name is retrieval.
提取是需要时从存储中取出信息的过程。想起朋友的名字就是提取。
Sensory memory holds very brief sensory impressions (iconic for sight, echoic for sound) for just a split second.
感觉记忆在极短时间内保存感觉印象 (视觉的图象记忆和听觉的声象记忆)，仅持续一瞬间。
Short-term memory (STM) holds about 7 items for around 20-30 seconds. Repeating a phone number uses STM.
短时记忆 (STM) 能保持大约7个项目约20-30秒。复述一个电话号码就用到了短时记忆。
Long-term memory (LTM) has a virtually unlimited capacity and can store memories for years, like your first day at school.
长时记忆 (LTM) 容量几乎是无限的，可以储存多年的记忆，比如你第一天上学的情景。
Rehearsal is the conscious repetition of information to keep it in short-term memory or transfer it to long-term memory. ‘Practice makes permanent.’
复述是有意识地重复信息，使其保持在短时记忆中或转移到长时记忆。“练习让记忆持久”。
Memory trick: Think of memory like a library: Encoding is writing the book, storage is placing it on the shelf, retrieval is finding and opening it again.
记忆窍门：把记忆想象成图书馆：编码是写书，存储是放到书架上，提取是找到并再次打开它。
5. Learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning | 学习：经典条件反射与操作性条件反射
Classical conditioning is learning by association. A neutral stimulus becomes linked with something that naturally triggers a response. Ivan Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a bell because it was paired with food.
经典条件反射是通过联想进行的学习。一个中性刺激与能自然引发反应的刺激联结起来。巴甫洛夫的狗学会了听到铃声就分泌唾液，因为铃声曾与食物配对呈现。
Unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus that naturally causes a response without any learning. In Pavlov’s experiment, the US was the food.
非条件刺激 (US) 是不需要学习就能自然引起反应的刺激。在巴甫洛夫实验中，US是食物。
Unconditioned response (UR) is the unlearned, automatic reaction to the US, such as salivation to food.
非条件反应 (UR) 是对US的未经学习的、自动的反应，比如对食物分泌唾液。
Conditioned stimulus (CS) starts as a neutral stimulus and after being paired with the US, it triggers a learned response. The bell became the CS.
条件刺激 (CS) 起初是中性刺激，在与US配对后，引发习得反应。铃声成了CS。
Conditioned response (CR) is the learned response to the CS. The dogs’ salivation to the bell was the CR.
条件反应 (CR) 是对CS的习得反应。狗对铃声分泌唾液就是CR。
Operant conditioning is learning through consequences. Behaviours followed by pleasant outcomes are strengthened; behaviours followed by unpleasant outcomes are weakened.
操作性条件反射是通过结果进行的学习。带来愉快结果的行为会加强；带来不愉快结果的行为会减弱。
Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated. Positive reinforcement adds something nice (praise), while negative reinforcement removes something unpleasant (turning off a loud alarm).
强化增加行为重复的可能性。正强化增加愉快的事物 (如表扬)，负强化移除不快的事物 (如关掉吵闹的警报)。
Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behaviour. It can be positive (adding an unpleasant consequence) or negative (taking away a privilege).
惩罚减少行为发生的可能性。可以是正惩罚 (增加不愉快的结果) 或负惩罚 (取消特权)。
Memory trick: Classical conditioning pairs two stimuli; operant conditioning links behaviour and consequence. ‘Classical = pairs, Operant = outcomes’.
记忆窍门：经典条件反射是配对两个刺激；操作性条件反射是行为与结果关联。“经典 = 配对，操作 = 结果”。
6. Emotion and Motivation | 情绪与动机
Emotion is a complex feeling state involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviours, and conscious experience. Joy, anger, and fear are basic emotions.
情绪是一种复杂的感受状态，涉及生理唤醒、表达行为和主观体验。快乐、愤怒和恐惧是基本情绪。
Motivation is the internal process that activates, guides, and maintains behaviour over time. It is the ‘why’ behind what we do.
动机是激发、引导并维持行为的内部过程。它是我们行为背后的“为什么”。
Intrinsic motivation comes from within, such as doing a puzzle for the joy of figuring it out.
内在动机来自内部，比如为了弄清楚谜题的乐趣而玩智力游戏。
Extrinsic motivation arises from external rewards or pressures, like studying to earn a good grade or avoid punishment.
外在动机来自外部奖励或压力，比如为取得好成绩或避免惩罚而学习。
Amygdala is an almond-shaped brain structure involved in processing fear and strong emotions. It acts like an emotional alarm system.
杏仁核是杏仁形状的脑结构，参与处理恐惧和强烈情绪。它就像情绪的警报系统。
Memory trick: For intrinsic vs extrinsic, remember ‘Intrinsic = inside joy, Extrinsic = external reward’. Picture a child reading a book for fun (intrinsic) and a child doing chores for pocket money (extrinsic).
记忆窍门：区分内外在动机，记住“内在 = 内心喜悦，外在 = 外部奖励”。想象一个孩子为了乐趣读书 (内在)，另一个孩子为零花钱做家务 (外在)。
7. Developmental Psychology | 发展心理学
Developmental psychology studies how people grow and change across the lifespan, from infancy to old age.
发展心理学研究人们在整个生命历程中是如何成长和变化的，从婴儿期到老年。
Schema is a mental framework that helps us organise and interpret information. A young child’s schema for ‘dog’ might include four legs and a tail.
图式是帮助我们组织和解释信息的心理框架。幼儿对“狗”的图式可能包括四条腿和一条尾巴。
Assimilation is fitting new information into existing schemas. Seeing a cat and calling it ‘dog’ because it has four legs shows assimilation.
同化是将新信息纳入已有图式。看到猫却叫它“狗”因为它有四条腿，这就是同化。
Accommodation is modifying existing schemas or creating new ones when new information does not fit. After learning that cats also have four legs but meow, the child adjusts the schema.
顺应是当新信息不符合时，修改已有图式或创建新图式。当孩子知道猫也有四条腿但会喵喵叫时，就会调整图式。
Attachment is a deep emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregiver, crucial for healthy development. John Bowlby described attachment as an innate need for closeness.
依恋是婴儿与照顾者之间形成的深刻情感联结，对健康发展至关重要。鲍尔比将依恋描述为寻求亲近的先天需求。
Memory trick: Assimilation = same schema (assimilate into existing). Accommodation = change schema (accommodate new). Think ‘Assimilate is like adding a new contact to your phone; accommodate is updating an old contact when details change.’
记忆窍门：同化 = 用同一图式 (吸入现有框架)；顺应 = 改变图式 (适应新内容)。想象“同化好比往手机里添加新联系人；顺应是细节变了，更新旧联系人”。
8. Social Psychology: Conformity and Obedience | 社会心理学：从众与服从
Conformity is changing one’s behaviour or beliefs to match those of a group, often due to real or imagined social pressure. Asch’s line experiment showed people conforming even when the group was clearly wrong.
从众是改变自己的行为或信念以匹配群体，通常由于真实或想象的群体压力。阿希的线段实验显示，即使群体明显错误，人们仍会从众。
Obedience involves following direct commands from an authority figure. Milgram’s studies famously showed that ordinary people could deliver what they believed were dangerous electric shocks when ordered by an experimenter.
服从涉及遵从权威人物的直接指令。米尔格拉姆的著名实验表明，普通人听从实验者命令，可能会施加他们认为危险的电击。
Social norms are unwritten rules about how to behave in social situations. Saying ‘thank you’ is a social norm.
社会规范是关于在社交场合该如何行为的未成文规则。说“谢谢”就是一种社会规范。
Bystander effect is the tendency for people to be less likely to help someone in need when others are present. The responsibility seems to spread among bystanders.
旁观者效应是指当他人在场时，人们较不可能去帮助有需要的人的倾向。责任似乎在旁观者之间分散了。
Groupthink happens when a group makes poor decisions because members want to maintain harmony and avoid disagreement, ignoring alternative viewpoints.
团体迷思发生在群体为维持和谐、避免分歧而做出糟糕决定时，忽略了不同的观点。
Memory trick: Conformity = going along with the group (like matching your outfit to friends). Obedience = following a direct order (like a teacher’s instruction).
记忆窍门：从众 = 跟随群体 (例如和朋友穿得一样)；服从 = 遵从直接命令 (例如听从老师的要求)。
9. Research Methods in Psychology | 心理学研究方法
Hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. It often takes an ‘If… then…’ format.
假设是对两个或多个变量之间关系的可验证预测。常以“如果……那么……”的句式表述。
Variable is any factor that can change or vary in an experiment. The two main types are independent variable and dependent variable.
变量是实验中可以改变或变化的任何因素。主要有两种类型：自变量和因变量。
Independent variable (IV) is the variable that the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates. It is the cause in a cause-and-effect study.
自变量 (IV) 是研究者故意改变或操纵的变量。它在因果关系研究中是原因。
Dependent variable (DV) is the variable that is measured to see the effect of the IV. It is the outcome that depends on the independent variable.
因变量 (DV) 是为观察IV效果而测量的变量。它是取决于自变量的结果。
Experiment is a research method where the researcher manipulates an IV under controlled conditions to see its effect on a DV. It is the only method that can establish cause and effect.
实验法是一种研究方法，研究者在控制条件下操纵自变量，观察其对因变量的影响。这是唯一能确定因果关系的方法。
Observation involves watching and recording behaviour in natural or controlled settings without manipulating variables directly.
观察法是在自然或控制环境中观察并记录行为，而不直接操纵变量。
Survey uses questionnaires or interviews to collect self-reported data from a large number of participants about attitudes, opinions, or behaviours.
调查法使用问卷或访谈，从大量参与者那里收集关于态度、意见或行为的自我报告数据。
Ethical guidelines are rules that protect participants from harm, ensure informed consent, and maintain confidentiality. Psychologists must follow these principles.
伦理准则是保护参与者免受伤害、确保知情同意并维护保密性的规则。心理学家必须遵循这些原则。
Memory trick: IV = ‘I change it’; DV = ‘Data collected’. Remember ‘Independent starts with I (I manipulate), Dependent depends on the IV’.
记忆窍门：IV = “我改变它”；DV = “收集的数据”。记住“自变量由我 (I) 改变，因变量依赖自变量”。
10. Key Psychological Approaches | 主要心理学流派
Biological approach explains behaviour in terms of brain structures, neurotransmitters, and genetics. It looks at how biology influences the mind.
生物学流派从脑结构、神经递质和基因的角度解释行为。它关注生物学如何影响心理。
Cognitive approach focuses on internal mental processes like thinking, memory, problem-solving, and language. The brain is like a computer processing information.
认知流派关注思维、记忆、问题解决和语言等内部心理过程。大脑就像处理信息的计算机。
Behaviourist approach argues that only observable behaviour should be studied, and that all behaviour is learned through conditioning. It ignores inner thoughts.
行为主义流派主张只应研究可观察的行为，且所有行为都是通过条件作用习得的。它忽略内在思维。
Psychodynamic approach, founded by Sigmund Freud, emphasises the role of the unconscious mind, childhood experiences, and inner conflicts in shaping behaviour.
精神分析流派由弗洛伊德创立，强调潜意识、童年经历和内心冲突在塑造行为中的作用。
Humanistic approach focuses on free will, personal growth, and the inherent drive towards self-fulfilment. It sees people as basically good and capable of choice.
人本主义流派关注自由意志、个人成长和追求自我实现的内在动力。它认为人基本上是善的并且有能力做出选择。
Memory trick: Use the first letters: B-C-B-P-H (Biological, Cognitive, Behaviourist, Psychodynamic, Humanistic). Create a silly sentence like ‘Big Cats Buy Purple Hats’.
记忆窍门：用首字母助记：B-C-B-P-H。编一句好玩的句子，比如：“Big Cats Buy Purple Hats (大猫买紫帽)”。
11. Putting it Together: Memory Techniques for Psychology Terms | 综合运用：心理学词汇记忆术
To remember tricky terms, use acronyms (e.g., CNS, PNS), rhymes (‘Encoding is the writing, storage is the hiding’), and visual imagery. Draw a picture of a neuron with its dendrites and axon, and label the synapse. Create flashcards with the term on one side and a simple drawing plus definition on the other. Research shows that drawing concepts improves recall because it uses multiple senses.
要记住棘手的术语，可以使用首字母缩略词 (如CNS、PNS)、押韵小诗 (“编码是书写，存储是藏起”) 和视觉图像。画一个带有树突和轴突的神经元，并标注突触。制作卡片，一面写术语，另一面画上简图并写上定义。研究表明，动手画概念能改善记忆，因为它调动了多种感官。
The method of loci involves placing terms in familiar locations along a mental journey. For example, imagine walking through your house and seeing a giant stopwatch in the hallway (representing short-term memory’s limited duration) and a huge filing cabinet in the living room (long-term memory).
轨迹记忆法是把术语放在心理旅程中熟悉的地点。比如，想象走过自宅，在走廊看到一个巨大的秒表 (代表短时记忆的有限持续时间)，在客厅看到巨大的文件柜 (代表长时记忆)。
Connecting new words to personal experiences also strengthens memory. If you learn about ‘conformity’, remember a time you laughed at a joke just because everyone else did. These links make abstract vocabulary concrete and meaningful.
把新词同个人经历联系起来也能强化记忆。当你学到“从众”，回忆一次你只因为别人都在笑也跟着笑的经历。这些联系使抽象词汇变得具体而有意义。
Finally, teach a friend or family member. Explaining terms like ‘operant conditioning’ in your own words forces you to really understand them. Use this guide as your starting point, and soon you will have a strong psychological vocabulary ready for any test.
最后，把术语教给朋友或家人。用自己的话解释“操作性条件反射”等词会促使你真正理解它们。把本指南作为起点，你很快就能拥有扎实的心理学词汇，从容应对任何测验。
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