📚 Essential History Vocabulary for Year 7 WJEC | Year 7 WJEC 历史：核心术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick revision guide for essential history terms in Year 7 WJEC. Mastering these words will help you understand key historical events, analyse sources, and write better answers. This guide covers topics from the Norman Conquest to the Peasants’ Revolt, with clear English and Chinese explanations. Drill these terms regularly, and you will soon find historical texts and questions much easier to handle.
欢迎使用 Year 7 WJEC 历史核心术语速记指南。掌握这些词汇将帮助你理解重要历史事件、分析史料并写出更好的答案。本指南涵盖从诺曼征服到农民起义等主题，提供清晰的英文与中文解释。定期复习这些术语，你很快会发现历史文本和题目变得简单多了。
1. Chronology & Time Concepts | 年代与时间概念
Chronology is the arrangement of events in the order they happened. Historians use timelines to show chronology clearly.
年代学 是按事件发生的顺序排列。历史学家用时间线清晰地展示年代。
Decade: a period of ten years. The 1060s, for example, is the decade before the Norman Conquest.
十年：十年的时期。例如 1060 年代是诺曼征服前的十年。
Century: a period of one hundred years. The Battle of Hastings took place in the 11th century (1001–1100).
世纪：一百年的时期。黑斯廷斯战役发生在 11 世纪（1001–1100 年）。
BC (Before Christ) and AD (Anno Domini) are labels for years. 55 BC means 55 years before the birth of Christ; AD 1066 means 1066 years after. Some historians prefer BCE and CE.
公元前 (BC) 和 公元 (AD) 是年份标记。公元前 55 年指基督诞生前 55 年；公元 1066 年指基督诞生后 1066 年。部分历史学家使用 BCE 和 CE。
Anachronism: something that is placed in the wrong time period, such as a mobile phone in a medieval painting.
年代错置：将某事物放在错误的时间段，例如中世纪的画里出现手机。
Period: a block of time with special features, like ‘the Middle Ages’ (c.500–1500).
时期：具有特定特征的一段时间，如“中世纪”（约 500–1500 年）。
2. Types of Sources | 史料类型
Primary source: an original record created during the time you are studying, such as a letter, diary, photograph, or artefact. The Bayeux Tapestry is a primary source for the Norman Conquest.
第一手史料：在你研究时期创建的第一手记录，如信件、日记、照片或实物。贝叶挂毯是诺曼征服的第一手史料。
Secondary source: an account made after the event, often by a historian, such as a textbook or documentary.
第二手史料：事件发生后制作的叙述，通常由历史学家完成，如教科书或纪录片。
Artefact: a human-made object from the past, like a coin, pottery, or a weapon.
人工制品：古代的人造物品，如钱币、陶器或武器。
Bias: when a source is unfairly one-sided. A Norman account of the Battle of Hastings might show Harold in a bad light.
偏见：史料不公正地偏向一方。诺曼人对黑斯廷斯战役的记载可能会丑化哈罗德。
Interpretation: the way a historian explains or understands the past. Different historians can have different interpretations of the same event.
历史解释：历史学家解释或理解过去的方式。不同历史学家对同一事件可能有不同的解释。
Reliability: how trustworthy a source is. You check reliability by looking at who made it and why.
可靠性：史料的可靠程度。通过考察制作者及其目的来判断可靠性。
3. Norman Conquest & Battles | 诺曼征服与战役
Norman Conquest: the invasion and takeover of England by William, Duke of Normandy, beginning in 1066.
诺曼征服：诺曼底公爵威廉自 1066 年起对英格兰的入侵与统治。
Succession crisis: a dispute over who should become the next ruler. In 1066, Harold Godwinson, William of Normandy, and Harald Hardrada all claimed the English throne.
继承危机：关于谁应成为下一任统治者的争端。1066 年，哈罗德·戈德温森、诺曼底的威廉和哈拉尔·哈德拉达都声称拥有英格兰王位。
Battle of Stamford Bridge (25 September 1066): Harold Godwinson defeated the Viking army of Harald Hardrada in Yorkshire.
斯坦福桥战役（1066 年 9 月 25 日）：哈罗德·戈德温森在约克郡击败了哈拉尔·哈德拉达的维京军队。
Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066): William of Normandy defeated Harold Godwinson. Harold is traditionally said to have died with an arrow in his eye.
黑斯廷斯战役（1066 年 10 月 14 日）：诺曼底的威廉击败了哈罗德·戈德温森。传说哈罗德被箭射中眼睛而死。
Domesday Book (1086): a great survey of England ordered by William I. It recorded who owned land and what it was worth.
末日审判书（1086 年）：威廉一世下令编纂的英格兰大普查。它记录了土地所有者及其价值。
Siege: surrounding a castle or town to cut off supplies and force surrender.
围攻：包围城堡或城镇，切断补给，迫使其投降。
4. Feudal System & Society | 封建制度与社会
Feudal system (feudalism): a hierarchy of landholding and loyalty. The king gave land to barons, who gave land to knights, who controlled the peasants.
封建制度：一种土地持有与效忠的等级体系。国王将土地封给男爵，男爵将土地封给骑士，骑士控制农民。
Monarch: the king or queen, the ruler at the top of the feudal pyramid.
君主：国王或女王，处于封建金字塔顶端的统治者。
Baron: a powerful lord who held land directly from the king and provided knights for the king’s army.
男爵：直接从国王处获得土地的大领主，为国王的军队提供骑士。
Knight: a warrior who fought on horseback and received land from a baron in return for military service.
骑士：骑马作战的战士，从男爵处获得土地，以提供兵役作为回报。
Serf: a peasant tied to the land. Serfs were not slaves but could not leave the manor without permission.
农奴：被束缚在土地上的农民。农奴并非奴隶，但未经允许不得离开庄园。
Manor: the estate of a lord, including the village, farmland, and the lord’s house.
庄园：领主的领地，包括村庄、农田和领主的宅邸。
5. Castles & Defence | 城堡与防御
Motte and bailey castle: an early wooden castle built on a raised earth mound (motte) with an enclosed yard (bailey) below. These were quick to build after the Norman Conquest.
土丘-庭院城堡：一种早期木制城堡，建在凸起的土丘（motte）上，下方设有围合的庭院（bailey）。诺曼征服后建造速度很快。
Stone keep castle: a later, stronger castle with a massive stone tower (keep), offering better defence against attack and fire.
石筑主楼城堡：后期更坚固的城堡，拥有巨大的石塔（主楼），能更好地抵御攻击和火灾。
Curtain wall: the outer defensive wall surrounding a castle’s bailey.
幕墙：围绕城堡庭院的防御外墙。
Portcullis: a heavy wooden or metal grilled gate that could be dropped down to block the castle entrance.
吊闸：可以降下以封锁城堡入口的沉重木制或铁制格栅门。
Moat: a deep, wide ditch, often filled with water, surrounding a castle to make it harder to attack.
护城河：围绕城堡的深宽沟渠，通常注水，以增加攻击难度。
Arrow loop: a narrow vertical slit in a castle wall through which archers could shoot while remaining protected.
箭眼：城堡墙上狭窄的垂直缝隙，弓箭手可由此射击并保持防护。
6. Medieval Church & Religion | 中世纪教会与宗教
Christendom: the community of Christian countries in medieval Europe, united by the Catholic Church under the Pope.
基督教世界：中世纪欧洲基督教国家的共同体，由教皇领导的天主教会联合起来。
Pope: the head of the Catholic Church, based in Rome. Medieval people believed the Pope had authority over all Christians.
教皇：天主教会之首，驻罗马。中世纪的人们相信教皇对所有基督徒拥有权威。
Tithe: a tenth of a person’s income or produce, paid to the Church. The tithe barn stored these goods.
什一税：个人收入或产出的十分之一，交给教会。什一税谷仓用来储存这些物品。
Monastery: a religious community where monks lived, worked, and prayed. Monasteries often copied books and provided education.
修道院：修士居住、工作和祈祷的宗教团体。修道院常抄写书籍并提供教育。
Pilgrimage: a journey to a holy place, such as Canterbury, to show devotion or seek a cure.
朝圣：前往圣地（如坎特伯雷）的旅程，以表达虔诚或寻求医治。
Heresy: beliefs that went against the official teachings of the Church. Heretics could be severely punished.
异端：违背教会官方教义的信仰。异端者可能受到严厉惩罚。
7. Black Death & Plague | 黑死病与瘟疫
Black Death: a devastating pandemic that arrived in England in 1348, killing roughly one-third to a half of the population.
黑死病：一场毁灭性的大瘟疫，1348 年传入英格兰，导致约三分之一至一半的人口死亡。
Bubonic plague: the most common form of the disease, spread by fleas on rats, causing swollen lymph nodes called buboes.
腺鼠疫：最常见的疾病形式，通过跳蚤在老鼠间传播，引起淋巴结肿大，称为淋巴肿块。
Miasma: the medieval belief that bad-smelling air caused disease. People carried posies of flowers to ward off the plague.
瘴气：中世纪认为恶臭的空气导致疾病的观念。人们携带花束以抵御瘟疫。
Flagellant: a person who whipped themselves in public to seek God’s forgiveness, believing the plague was a punishment from God.
鞭笞者：在公开场合鞭打自己以寻求上帝宽恕的人，他们认为瘟疫是上帝的惩罚。
Consequence: an effect or result. The Black Death caused labour shortages, which eventually helped surviving peasants demand higher wages.
后果：影响或结果。黑死病造成劳动力短缺，最终帮助幸存农民要求更高工资。
8. Peasants’ Revolt | 农民起义
Peasants’ Revolt (1381): a major uprising across England, sparked by the poll tax and unfair labour laws after the Black Death.
农民起义（1381 年）：因人头税和黑死病后的不公劳动法引发的英格兰大规模起义。
Poll tax: a tax where everyone paid the same amount, regardless of wealth. The 1381 poll tax was the trigger for the revolt.
人头税：无论贫富，每人都缴纳相同税额的税种。1381 年的人头税是起义的导火索。
Wat Tyler: the main leader of the rebels. He presented demands to King Richard II but was killed during negotiations.
瓦特·泰勒：起义的主要领袖。他向理查二世提出要求，但在谈判中被杀。
Richard II: the young king who met the rebels at Smithfield. He initially promised reforms but later broke his promises and crushed the revolt.
理查二世：在史密斯菲尔德会见起义者的年轻国王。他起初承诺改革，但后来违背诺言并镇压了起义。
Serfdom: the condition of being a serf. After the Peasants’ Revolt, lords gradually began to allow peasants to pay rent instead of labour service, weakening serfdom.
农奴制：农奴的身份状态。农民起义后，领主逐渐允许农民改服劳役为交租，农奴制开始削弱。
9. Medieval Life & Towns | 中世纪生活与城镇
Guild: an association of craftsmen or merchants in a town, controlling training, quality, and prices. A boy would become an apprentice, then a journeyman, and finally a master.
行会：城镇中手工业者或商人的联合会，控制训练、质量和价格。男孩会先成为学徒，然后是熟练工，最后成为师傅。
Charter: a written grant of rights or privileges by the monarch. A town charter allowed a settlement to hold a market and have self-government.
特许状：君主书面授予权利或特权的文件。城镇特许状允许定居点开设市场并实行自治。
Market town: a settlement with the right to hold a weekly market, where farmers sold food and craftsmen sold goods.
集镇：有权每周开设市场的定居点，农民出售食物，工匠出售商品。
Three-field system: a method of medieval farming where fields were rotated between crops and left fallow (unplanted) to recover fertility.
三圃制：中世纪的一种农耕方法，田地轮作，并休耕以恢复地力。
Sanitation: conditions relating to clean water and waste disposal. Medieval towns had very poor sanitation, with open drains and filth in the streets.
卫生条件：与清洁水和废物处理有关的状况。中世纪城镇卫生极差，街道上污水横流。
10. Monarchs & Power | 君主与权力
Absolute monarchy: a system where the ruler had complete power, though in practice medieval kings still needed the support of barons.
绝对君主制：统治者拥有完全权力的一种体制，尽管实际上中世纪国王仍需要男爵的支持。
Divine right of kings: the belief that a monarch’s authority came directly from God, so disobeying the king was a sin.
君权神授：认为君主的权威直接来自上帝，因此违抗国王即是犯罪。
Magna Carta (1215): a charter that King John was forced to sign, limiting royal power and protecting barons’ rights. It stated that the king was not above the law.
大宪章（1215 年）：约翰王被迫签署的特许状，限制了王权并保护了男爵的权利。它表明国王并非凌驾法律之上。
Parliament: a gathering of barons, bishops, and later knights and burgesses, called by the king to approve taxes and discuss laws. It grew in importance under Edward I.
议会：由男爵、主教以及后来的骑士和市民组成的集会，由国王召集以批准税收和讨论法律。在爱德华一世时期重要性上升。
Excommunication: being cut off from the Church and its sacraments. The Pope could excommunicate a king, putting pressure on him.
绝罚：被逐出教会及其圣事。教皇可以绝罚国王，向其施加压力。
Crusade: a holy war authorised by the Pope, often to capture Jerusalem. Richard I (the Lionheart) fought in the Third Crusade.
十字军东征：教皇授权的圣战，通常为夺取耶路撒冷。理查一世（狮心王）参加了第三次十字军东征。
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