📚 Mastering Key Psychology Terms: A Year 7 CAIE Quick Memorization Guide | Year 7 CAIE 心理学词汇术语速记指南
Learning psychology in Year 7 introduces you to many new words that describe how people think, feel, and behave. Memorising these terms can feel tricky, but with the right strategies, you can turn them into lasting knowledge. This guide breaks down essential CAIE psychology vocabulary into themed groups and gives you practical memory hacks, from mnemonics to visual stories.
七年级学习心理学时，你会遇到许多描述人类思维、情感和行为的新词汇。记忆这些术语可能感觉困难，但只要用对方法，就能把它们变成牢固的知识。本指南将 CAIE 心理学的必备词汇分成主题组合，并为你提供从助记符到视觉故事的实用记忆技巧。
1. Understanding Cognition | 理解认知
Cognition refers to all the mental activities linked to thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. You can picture cognition as the ‘brain’s control room’ where information is processed, stored, and retrieved. A simple memory trick: think of ‘cog’ like a cogwheel — your mind constantly turns gears to solve problems and make decisions.
认知指的是所有与思维、认识、记忆和沟通相关的心理活动。你可以把认知想象成“大脑的控制室”，在这里信息被加工、储存和提取。一个简单的记忆技巧：把 ‘cog’ 看作齿轮——你的大脑不断转动齿轮来解决问题和做出决定。
Attention is the ability to focus on one thing while blocking out distractions. To remember this term, imagine a spotlight shining only on the most important object on a dark stage. In class, attention acts like that spotlight, directing your mental energy to the teacher’s words while ignoring classmates’ chatter.
注意力是指专注于一件事而屏蔽干扰的能力。要记住这个术语，可以想象一盏聚光灯只照射黑暗舞台上最重要的物体。在课堂上，注意力就像那盏聚光灯，将你的心理能量引导到老师的话语上，同时忽略同学的闲聊。
Schema is a mental framework that helps you organise and interpret new information. Think of a schema as a filing cabinet in your brain: every time you learn something new, you either open an existing drawer or create a new folder. For example, your ‘dog’ schema might include four legs, fur, and barking — when you see a new breed, you quickly slot it into that drawer.
图式是一种心理框架，帮助你组织和解释新信息。把图式想象成大脑里的文件柜：每次学到新东西，你要么打开一个现有的抽屉，要么新建一个文件夹。例如，你的“狗”图式可能包含四条腿、皮毛和吠叫——当你看到一个新的品种时，你很快会把它放进那个抽屉里。
2. Exploring Memory | 探索记忆
Encoding is the first step in creating a memory; it is the process of converting sensory input into a format the brain can store. Think of encoding like typing notes on your laptop — you are transforming spoken words into text that can be saved. The stronger the encoding, the easier it is to recall later. Link ‘encoding’ to ‘code’: your brain writes a secret code for every experience.
编码是形成记忆的第一步；它是将感官输入转换成大脑可以储存的格式的过程。把编码想象成在笔记本电脑上打字记笔记——你把口头语言转换成可以保存的文本。编码越强，日后回忆就越容易。把“编码”和“密码”联系起来：你的大脑为每一次经历编写了一套密码。
Storage is the retention of encoded information over time. Picture storage as a huge library where every memory is a book placed on a particular shelf. Short-term memory is like a small desk where you can only hold a few books at once, while long-term memory is the vast archive in the basement.
储存是指编码过的信息在时间上的保留。把储存想象成一座巨大的图书馆，每一段记忆都是放在特定书架上的书。短期记忆就像一张小书桌，你一次只能放几本书，而长期记忆则是地下室里庞大的档案库。
Retrieval means getting information out of storage when you need it. A useful image is a librarian fetching a book for you: if the book is well organised (well encoded) and correctly shelved (well stored), retrieval is fast. When you take a test, your brain is that librarian searching for the right memory.
提取指的是在需要时从储存中取出信息。一个有用的画面是图书管理员为你取书：如果书被很好地整理（编码好）并且正确放在了书架上（储存好），提取就很快。当你参加考试时，你的大脑就是那位在寻找正确记忆的管理员。
3. Perception and Sensation | 知觉与感觉
Sensation is the detection of physical energy by our sense organs, such as eyes, ears, and skin. It is the raw data entering the system. To remember, think of sensation as the ‘sensor’ on a phone screen — it simply registers a touch without interpreting it. Sensation is like hearing a sound, but not yet knowing it is a bird singing.
感觉是我们的感觉器官（如眼睛、耳朵和皮肤）对物理能量的探测。它是进入系统的原始数据。要记住这一点，可以把感觉想象成手机屏幕上的“传感器”——它只是记录了一次触碰，并不进行解释。感觉就像听到了一个声音，但还不知道那是鸟叫声。
Perception is the brain’s process of organising and interpreting sensations, turning them into meaningful experiences. Imagine perception as a painter who takes basic colours (sensations) and creates a complete landscape. An optical illusion works because your perception fills in gaps incorrectly. The trick: ‘Perception’ contains ‘percept’ which reminds you of ‘perspective’ — your personal view of the world.
知觉是大脑组织和解释感觉，把它们变成有意义体验的过程。把知觉想象成一位画家，他拿着基本颜色（感觉）创作出一幅完整的风景画。视错觉之所以有效，是因为你的知觉错误地填补了空白。记忆窍门：“知觉”里含有“知”字，让你想到“知识”——那是对世界的有意义认识。
Gestalt is a principle stating that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. When you look at a face, you see the entire expression, not just eyes, nose, and mouth individually. Remember Gestalt by imagining a ‘guest’ arriving at a party; even though the guest is made of many parts (arms, legs, smile), you immediately perceive a whole person.
格式塔（完形）原则认为整体大于部分之和。当你看到一张脸时，你看到的是整个表情，而不仅仅是孤立的眼睛、鼻子和嘴巴。通过想象一位“客人”（guest 和 Gestalt 发音相近）来参加聚会来记住格式塔：尽管这位客人由许多部分组成（胳膊、腿、微笑），你立刻感知到的是一个完整的人。
4. Emotions and Feelings | 情绪与感受
Emotion is a complex state involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviours, and conscious experience. Think of emotion as a three-layer sandwich: the body’s reaction (racing heart), the outward sign (smiling), and the inner feeling (happiness). To remember the triple nature, use the acronym ABE: Arousal, Behaviour, Experience.
情绪是一种复杂的状态，涉及生理唤起、表现行为和意识体验。把情绪想象成三层三明治：身体的反应（心跳加速）、外在信号（微笑）和内在感受（快乐）。要记住这三重性质，可以使用缩写 ABE：Arousal（唤起）、Behaviour（行为）、Experience（体验）。
Basic emotions, such as joy, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust, are considered universal and recognised across cultures. Draw six simple emoji faces, each capturing one emotion, and label them in your notes. Recalling these six faces will instantly bring the list to mind during an exam.
基本情绪，如快乐、悲伤、恐惧、愤怒、惊讶和厌恶，被认为是普遍存在的，并在各种文化中被识别出来。画六个简单的表情符号脸，每个捕捉一种情绪，在你的笔记上给它们贴上标签。回忆这六张脸会让你在考试中立刻想起这个列表。
Motivation is the drive that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviours. Visualise motivation as the car engine that gets you moving. Extrinsic motivation comes from outside (like a reward sticker), while intrinsic motivation is the personal enjoyment you feel when doing something for its own sake. ‘Motive’ inside ‘motivation’ is your clue — a motive is your reason to act.
动机是启动、引导和维持目标导向行为的驱动力。把动机想象成让你前行的汽车引擎。外在动机来自外部（比如奖励贴纸），而内在动机是你为了做某事本身而感受到的个人乐趣。动机里的“动”字提示你——它是一种推动力。
5. Learning and Conditioning | 学习与条件作用
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour or knowledge due to experience. It is not just about school; you learn to ride a bike, to fear a hot stove, or to associate a song with a happy memory. Anchor the word to ‘earning’ — through learning you earn new skills and understanding.
学习是由于经验而导致的行为或知识上相对永久的变化。它不仅关乎学校；你学会骑自行车，学会害怕热炉子，或把一首歌与快乐的记忆联系起来。把“学习”和“习得”联系起来——通过习得，你获得新技能和理解。
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful one, producing a conditioned response. Pavlov’s dogs are the classic example: they learnt to salivate at the sound of a bell because it predicted food. Memorise this by picturing a ‘classroom’ scene where a bell rings and all students automatically pack their bags — a conditioned habit.
经典条件作用是一种学习类型，其中一个中性刺激与一个有意义的刺激联系起来，产生条件反应。巴甫洛夫的狗是经典例子：它们学会了听到铃声就分泌唾液，因为铃声预示着食物。通过想象一个“教室”场景来记住这一点：铃声一响，所有学生自动收拾书包——一种条件化习惯。
Operant conditioning involves learning through rewards and punishments. A reinforcement strengthens behaviour (a gold star for homework), while a punishment weakens it (losing screen time for rudeness). Link ‘operant’ to ‘operate’: you learn to operate on your environment to get what you want. B.F. Skinner’s box showed rats pressing levers for food pellets — they operated on the world.
操作性条件作用涉及通过奖励和惩罚来学习。强化增强行为（完成作业得一颗金星），而惩罚减弱行为（因无礼而失去屏幕时间）。把“操作性”和“操作”联系起来：你学会操作环境来获得想要的东西。斯金纳的操作箱显示大鼠按压杠杆获取食物丸——它们对世界进行了操作。
6. Social Behaviour | 社会行为
Conformity is the tendency to adjust our thoughts, feelings, or behaviours to match those of a group. Think of conformity as wearing a school uniform: you comply with the group norm to fit in. Solomon Asch’s line experiment showed people agreeing with obviously wrong answers just to not stand out. The word contains ‘form’ — you take the form of the group.
从众是调整我们的想法、感受或行为以符合群体的一种倾向。把从众想象成穿校服：你遵守群体规范以便融入。所罗门·阿希的线条实验显示，人们为了不显得突出而同意明显错误的答案。这个词里包含“从”字——你跟从大部分人的做法。
Obedience is following direct commands, usually from an authority figure. It differs from conformity because there is an explicit order. Milgram’s study revealed ordinary people would administer electric shocks when instructed by a scientist in a lab coat. Remember ‘obedience’ by hearing ‘obey’ — it starts with an explicit instruction to obey.
服从是遵循直接指令，通常来自权威人物。它与从众不同，因为有明确的命令。米尔格拉姆的研究显示，普通人会在穿实验室白大衣的科学家的指示下给予电击。通过听到“服从”中的“从”字来记住——它暗示听从命令。
Stereotype is a generalised belief about a group of people. Although stereotypes can be oversimplified, the mind uses them as mental shortcuts. Imagine a ‘stereo’ playing the same tune over and over — the stereotype repeats a single tune about a group. Be careful: stereotypes ignore individual differences.
刻板印象是对一群人的概括性信念。尽管刻板印象可能过于简化，但大脑把它们当作思维快捷方式。想象一台“立体音响”（stereo）不断播放同一首曲调——刻板印象就是重复关于群体的单一曲调。要注意：刻板印象忽视了个体差异。
7. Research Methods Basics | 研究方法基础
Hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between two variables. It is often written as an ‘if-then’ statement. To remember, split the word: ‘hypo’ means under and ‘thesis’ means placing — you are placing a possible explanation under investigation. A strong hypothesis must be specific and measurable.
假设是对两个变量之间关系的一种可检验的预测。它通常写成“如果—那么”的陈述。要记住，拆分这个词：“hypo”意为下面，“thesis”意为放置——你正在把一个可能的解释置于研究之下。一个有力的假设必须是具体且可测量的。
Independent variable (IV) is the factor the researcher manipulates or changes in an experiment. The dependent variable (DV) is what is measured; it ‘depends’ on the IV. Visualise IV as the ‘I change’ variable and DV as the ‘data’ variable. If you test whether music tempo affects running speed, music tempo is the IV and running time is the DV.
自变量（IV）是研究者在实验中操纵或改变的因素。因变量（DV）是被测量的因素；它“依赖”于 IV。把 IV 想象成“我改变”（I change）的变量，把 DV 想象成“数据”（data）变量。如果你测试音乐节奏是否影响跑步速度，音乐节奏就是 IV，而跑步时间就是 DV。
Control condition is a baseline group that does not receive the experimental treatment, allowing comparisons. Think of a control as a ‘controlled’ snapshot of normal behaviour. For instance, a group given a placebo (sugar pill) acts as a control, showing what happens without the real drug.
控制条件是一个基线组，不接受实验处理，从而允许进行比较。把控制想象成正常行为的“受控”快照。例如，给予安慰剂（糖丸）的小组作为控制组，显示没有真实药物的情况下会发生什么。
8. The Brain and Behaviour | 大脑与行为
Neuron is a nerve cell — the basic building block of the nervous system. Messages travel through neurons as tiny electrical impulses. Picture a neuron as a tree: dendrites are branches that receive signals, the axon is the long trunk, and axon terminals are roots passing messages to the next tree. In your mind, link ‘neuron’ to ‘nerve on’ — a nerve that is turned on.
神经元是神经细胞——神经系统的基本构建块。信息以微小的电脉冲形式通过神经元传播。把神经元想象成一棵树：树突是接收信号的分支，轴突是长长的树干，轴突终末是把信息传递给下一棵树的根。在你的脑海中，把“神经元”的“神经”二字与“神气的经线”联想起来，它们传递着生命的指令。
Synapse is the tiny gap between two neurons where chemical messengers jump across. Imagine two friends standing on opposite sides of a stream throwing message balls to each other — the stream is the synapse. The chemical messengers are called neurotransmitters. A memory trick: ‘synapse’ sounds like ‘sin a pass’ — a sin to not pass the message along.
突触是两个神经元之间的微小间隙，化学信使在此跃过。想象两个朋友站在小溪的两岸互相扔信息球——那条小溪就是突触。化学信使被称为神经递质。记忆窍门：“突触”的“触”字让你想到接触，尽管它们没有真正接触，但信息在此传递。
Localisation of function means that specific brain areas control particular tasks. For example, the occipital lobe processes vision. Think of localisation as a map: different cities (brain regions) have different jobs. Phineas Gage’s famous accident showed how damage to the frontal lobe changed personality, proving functions are localised.
功能定位意味着特定脑区控制特定任务。例如，枕叶处理视觉。把定位想象成一张地图：不同的城市（脑区）有不同职能。菲尼亚斯·盖奇的著名事故展示了额叶损伤如何改变人格，证明了功能是被定位的。
9. Developmental Basics | 发展基础
Attachment is a strong emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver. It gives the child a secure base from which to explore. Picture attachment as an invisible piece of elastic: when the child crawls away, the elastic stretches but always pulls them back to comfort. Harlow’s monkey studies showed love and comfort were more important than food alone.
依恋是婴儿和照料者之间强烈的情感纽带。它给孩子提供了一个探索世界的安全基地。把依恋想象成一根看不见的橡皮筋：当孩子爬开时，橡皮筋会拉伸，但总会把他们拉回舒适与安全中。哈洛的猴子研究表明，爱与安慰比单纯的食物更重要。
Conservation is the understanding that quantity remains the same even when shape changes. Piaget showed children under 7 often think a tall thin glass holds more liquid than a short wide glass, though amounts are identical. Remember ‘conservation’ as ‘conserving’ the quantity — it stays conserved. A simple trick: associate ‘conserve’ with the idea of saving something unchanged.
守恒是指理解即使形状改变，数量仍然相同的认知。皮亚杰证明，7岁以下的儿童常认为一个高瘦杯子比一个矮宽杯子装的水多，尽管水量相同。记住“守恒”就是“保持”数量不变——它被保存了下来。简单的技巧：把“守恒”与“守恒”能量联系起来，数量没有被创造或消灭。
10. Memorisation Hacks That Really Work | 真正有效的记忆诀窍
Use the keyword method: identify a difficult term, find a similar-sounding familiar word, and create a vivid image linking them. For ‘axon’ (the long part of a neuron), you could picture an ‘axe on’ a tree trunk, chopping along the length. This transforms abstract terms into concrete pictures your brain loves.
使用关键词法：找出一个难术语，找到一个发音相似的熟悉词，然后创造一个生动的图像把它们联系起来。对于“axon”（轴突），你可以想象一把“斧头”（axe）放在（on）树干上，沿着长度劈砍。这把抽象术语变成了你的大脑喜欢的具象画面。
Acronyms and acrostics help you organise lists. For the four lobes of the brain (Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital), the phrase ‘Fat People Take Oreos’ gives you the first letters: F, P, T, O. Create your own silly sentences; the funnier or more bizarre, the stickier the memory.
首字母缩写和藏头诗帮助你组织列表。对于大脑的四个叶（额叶、顶叶、颞叶、枕叶），“肥胖者爱拿奥利奥”（Fat People Take Oreos）给出首字母：F, P, T, O。创建你自己的搞笑句子；越有趣或越古怪，记忆就越牢固。
Spaced repetition is revisiting terms at increasing intervals. Instead of cramming, review new vocabulary after 1 hour, 1 day, 3 days, and 1 week. Each review strengthens the neural pathway. Use flashcards or a simple revision timetable; the tiny time investments pay off with massive recall in exams.
间隔重复是以递增的时间间隔复习术语。与其临时抱佛脚，不如在1小时后、1天后、3天后和1周后复习新词汇。每次复习都会加强神经通路。使用抽认卡或简单的复习时间表；微小的投入在考试中会带来巨大的回忆回报。
Teach what you learn. Explain a psychology term to a classmate, a family member, or even a pet. Formulating the definition in your own words requires deep processing. If you can teach ‘conformity’ to your younger sibling using simple examples, you truly own the concept. Teaching is the ultimate test of understanding.
把你学到的东西教给别人。向同学、家人甚至宠物解释一个心理学术语。用自己的话组织定义需要深层加工。如果你能用简单的例子教你的弟弟妹妹什么是“从众”，你就真正掌握了这个概念。教学是理解的终极考验。
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