📚 Psychology Vocabulary Quick-Memorising Guide | 心理学词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential guide for mastering Year 7 CIE Psychology vocabulary. Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour, and like any new subject, it comes with a special language. Learning these terms might feel like cracking a secret code at first. This article will break down the most important words you need to know, give you simple definitions in both English and Chinese, and share clever memory tricks to make them stick. By the end, you will have a mental toolkit ready for lessons, homework, and exams.
欢迎来到你掌握 Year 7 CIE 心理学词汇的必备指南。心理学是对心智和行为的科学研究，和任何一门新学科一样，它有自己独特的语言。一开始学这些术语可能有点像破解密码。这篇文章将分解你需要掌握的最重要的词汇，用中英双语给出简单的定义，并分享巧妙的记忆技巧，让它们牢牢扎根。读完以后，你将拥有一套心理工具箱，为课堂、作业和考试做好准备。
1. What is Psychology? Basic Definitions | 什么是心理学？基础定义
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and how it influences our actions. The word comes from the Greek ‘psyche’ meaning soul or mind, and ‘logos’ meaning study. A psychologist is someone who researches thoughts, feelings, and behaviour.
心理学是对心智及其如何影响我们行为的科学研究。这个词来源于希腊语 ‘psyche’（心灵或灵魂）和 ‘logos’（学问）。心理学家是研究思维、情感和行为的人。
Behaviour refers to anything a person does that can be observed, such as talking, walking, or pressing a button. Mental processes are the private, internal activities of the mind, like thinking, remembering, and imagining.
行为指的是一个人所做的任何可以被观察到的动作，比如说话、走路或按下按钮。心理过程是大脑内部私密的活动，比如思考、记忆和想象。
To memorise this, think of ‘psychology’ as a combination of ‘psycho’ (mind) + ‘logy’ (study of). Behaviour is ‘B’ for ‘Body movements’ and mental processes are ‘M’ for ‘Mind work’.
要记住这些，可以把 ‘psychology’ 想象成 ‘psycho’（心灵）+ ‘logy’（学问）。行为 (Behaviour) 的 B 代表 ‘Body movements’（身体动作），心理过程 (Mental processes) 的 M 代表 ‘Mind work’（头脑工作）。
2. The Scientific Method: Key Terms | 科学方法：关键术语
Psychologists use the scientific method to gather evidence, not just guess. A hypothesis is a clear, testable prediction about what you think will happen in an experiment. It often begins with ‘It is predicted that…’ or ‘If… then…’.
心理学家使用科学方法来收集证据，而不是凭空猜测。假设是对实验中可能发生结果的清晰、可检验的预测。它常以“据预测……”或“如果……那么……”开头。
An experiment is a controlled procedure where you change one thing to see its effect on another. The variable you deliberately change is the independent variable. The variable you measure as the outcome is the dependent variable. A simple way to remember: ‘Independent = I change, Dependent = Data collected.’
实验是一种控制性程序，你改变一件事，观察它对另一件事的影响。你故意改变的变量是自变量。你作为结果来测量的变量是因变量。一个简单的记忆法是：“自变量是我改变的 (I change)，因变量是收集的数据 (Data)”。
Observation means watching and recording behaviour without manipulating anything. Results are the findings you get, and a conclusion is a summary of what the results mean.
观察是指在不做任何干预的情况下观看并记录行为。结果是你得到的发现，结论是对结果含义的总结。
3. Memory Magic: Remembering Memory Terms | 记忆魔法：记忆相关术语
Memory is the process of taking in, storing, and retrieving information. Encoding is like typing a document into a computer: the brain changes information into a form it can store. Visual encoding creates mental pictures, and acoustic encoding turns information into sounds.
记忆是摄入、储存和提取信息的过程。编码就像把文档打入电脑：大脑将信息转换成可储存的形式。视觉编码创建心理图像，听觉编码把信息转换成声音。
Storage is holding information over time, and retrieval is getting it out when you need it. Short-term memory (STM) holds a limited amount of info for a brief period – about 7 items for around 20 seconds. Long-term memory (LTM) has a huge capacity and can hold information for a lifetime.
储存是随着时间推移保存信息，提取是在需要时把信息取出来。短时记忆 (STM) 在短时间内保存有限的信息——大约 7 个项目，保持 20 秒左右。长时记忆 (LTM) 容量巨大，可以终生保存信息。
Use the mnemonic ‘Crocodile Eats Small Rotten Rats’ for the memory stages: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval. For STM vs LTM, think of STM as a tiny sticky note that falls off quickly, and LTM as a giant library with permanent books.
可以用助记法“鳄鱼吃小小的腐鼠”来记记忆阶段：编码 (Encoding)、储存 (Storage)、提取 (Retrieval)。对比 STM 和 LTM，把 STM 想成一张很快掉落的便签，把 LTM 想成一座藏有永久图书的巨大图书馆。
4. Attention! Understanding Selective and Divided Attention | 注意了！理解选择性注意和分配性注意
Attention is the focusing of awareness on a particular stimulus. Selective attention is when you concentrate on one task while filtering out irrelevant information. A classic example is the cocktail party effect: in a noisy room, you can still hear your own name being mentioned even when you are engaged in another conversation.
注意是将意识聚焦于特定刺激。选择性注意是指你专注于一项任务，同时过滤掉无关信息。一个经典例子是鸡尾酒会效应：在嘈杂的房间中，即使你正忙于另一段对话，仍能听到有人提到自己的名字。
Divided attention is when you try to pay attention to two or more things at once, often called multitasking. However, research shows our brains switch rapidly between tasks rather than truly doing them simultaneously, and this can reduce accuracy.
分配性注意是指你同时关注两件或更多的事情，常被称为多任务处理。然而研究表明，我们的大脑是在任务之间快速切换，而不是真正同时进行，这会降低准确性。
To remember the difference: ‘Selective is like a spotlight focused on one actor on stage; divided is like trying to watch two actors at the same time with your eyes going back and forth.’
怎样记住区别：“选择性注意像聚光灯照在舞台上一位演员身上；分配性注意像试图同时看两位演员，眼睛来回移动。”
5. Perception Power Words | 感知力词汇
Sensation is the raw data that comes in through our five senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. When light enters your eyes or sound waves reach your ears, that is sensation. Perception is the brain’s interpretation of these sensations, giving meaning to them.
感觉是通过五种感官——视觉、听觉、触觉、味觉和嗅觉——传入的原始数据。光线进入眼睛或声波到达耳朵，这就是感觉。知觉是大脑对这些感觉的解读，赋予它们意义。
An illusion is a perceptual mistake: something appears different from reality. For example, the Muller-Lyer illusion makes two equal lines look unequal because of the arrowheads at their ends. Ambiguous figures, like the famous ‘vase or two faces’ picture, can be seen in two different ways.
错觉是一种感知错误：事物看起来与现实不同。例如，穆勒-莱尔错觉让两条等长的线因两端的箭头而显得不等长。两可图形，比如著名的“花瓶还是两张脸”图片，可以用两种不同方式去看。
Think of sensation as the puzzle pieces scattered on the table, and perception as the completed puzzle your brain assembles. For ‘illusion’, remember ‘iLLusion’ is where your brain makes a miStake in look.
可以把感觉想象成散落在桌上的拼图块，而知觉是大脑拼好的完整拼图。对于“错觉”，记住“错觉（illusion）是大脑在观看时犯的错误（mistake）”。
6. Research Methods: How We Study the Mind | 研究方法：我们如何研究心智
A questionnaire is a set of written questions that participants answer, often on a Likert scale (e.g., strongly agree to strongly disagree). An interview is a face-to-face conversation where the researcher asks questions. Structured interviews use fixed questions, while unstructured ones are more like a free-flowing chat.
问卷是一套参与者回答的书面问题，通常采用李克特量表（例如，非常同意到非常不同意）。访谈是研究人员提问的面对面交谈。结构化访谈使用固定问题，非结构化访谈则更像自由流动的聊天。
A case study is an in-depth investigation of a single person or small group. It provides rich, detailed data but may not generalise to everyone. An observation involves watching people in natural or controlled settings without interference.
个案研究是对单个人或小群体的深入调查。它能提供丰富、详细的数据，但可能无法推广到所有人。观察涉及在自然或受控环境中不加干预地观看人们。
A quick mnemonic: ‘Questions On Icy Cars Slip’ for Questionnaire, Observation, Interview, Case Study. Remember that each method has strengths and weaknesses in terms of reliability and ecological validity.
一条快速记忆法：“Questions On Icy Cars Slip”（在结冰的汽车上问题滑倒）代表问卷 (Questionnaire)、观察 (Observation)、访谈 (Interview)、个案研究 (Case Study)。要记住各种方法在信度和生态效度方面各有长短。
7. Ethical Terms Made Easy | 伦理术语轻松学
Ethics are the rules about right and wrong that protect participants in psychological research. Informed consent means that participants must be told what the study involves in language they understand, and they must agree to take part voluntarily. They can withdraw at any time without penalty.
伦理是保护心理学研究参与者的对错规则。知情同意是指必须用参与者能理解的语言告知他们研究内容，他们必须自愿同意参加。他们可以随时退出而不受任何惩罚。
Confidentiality means keeping participants’ data private. Names are not used; instead, codes or numbers identify people. Deception is when researchers do not tell the full truth about the study before it begins, which is only allowed if absolutely necessary and followed by debriefing.
保密意味着保护参与者的数据隐私。不使用姓名，而是用代码或编号来识别个人。欺骗是指研究人员在研究开始前没有完全告知真相，这只有在绝对必要且之后进行事后的情况下才允许。
Debriefing happens at the end of a study, where the researcher explains the true purpose, answers questions, and makes sure the participant leaves feeling okay. Remember the ethics chain: ‘Consent First, Keep it Private, Explain Afterwards’, or ‘C.K.E.’
事后解释发生在研究结束时，研究人员解释真实目的，回答问题，并确保参与者离开时感觉良好。记住伦理链：“先同意，保隐私，后解释”，或者记“C.K.E.”（Consent, Keep, Explain）。
8. Social Psychology Starter Words | 社会心理学入门词汇
Social psychology looks at how people influence each other. Conformity is when you change your behaviour or beliefs to match those of a group. This can happen because you want to fit in (normative influence) or because you think the group knows better (informational influence).
社会心理学研究人们如何相互影响。从众是指你改变自己的行为或信念以与群体保持一致。这可能是因为你想融入（规范影响），或者因为你认为群体更懂（信息影响）。
Obedience is following a direct command from an authority figure, even if it goes against your personal wishes. A famous study by Milgram showed how ordinary people could obey instructions to harm others. Social norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour that a group expects its members to follow.
服从是遵从权威人物的直接命令，即使违背个人意愿。米尔格拉姆的一项著名研究显示了普通人可以服从指令去伤害他人。社会规范是群体期望其成员遵守的不成文行为规则。
A group is two or more people who interact and influence one another. To remember conformity vs obedience: ‘Conformity is going along with peers; obedience is following orders from a person with power.’ Imagine conformity as wearing the same school uniform as friends, and obedience as standing up when a teacher says so.
群体是由两个或以上相互影响、相互交往的人组成。要区分从众和服从：“从众是与同伴一致；服从是遵从权威人物的命令。” 想象从众是和朋友穿一样的校服，服从是老师说“起立”时就站起来。
9. Mnemonic Devices for Tricky Spellings | 拼写技巧助记法
Psychological terminology often contains long or oddly spelled words. A mnemonic is a tool that aids memory. An acronym is a word made from the first letters of a list, like ‘OIL RIG’ for Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain. You can create your own for psychology terms.
心理学术语通常有长而拼写奇怪的词。助记法是帮助记忆的工具。首字母缩略词是由列表的首字母组成的词，比如 ‘OIL RIG’（氧化是失电子，还原是得电子）。你可以为心理学术语创建自己的。
For spelling ‘behaviour’, break it into ‘be-have-i-our’ and say ‘Behave well, you are ours!’ For ‘hypothesis’, think ‘Hypo-the-sis’ and imagine a hippopotamus giving a thesis (hippo-thesis). For ‘dependent’ remember ‘de-pen-dent’ because it depends on the independent variable.
拼写 ‘behaviour’ 时，拆成 ‘be-have-i-our’ 并说“规矩点，你是我们的！” 对于 ‘hypothesis’，想象一头河马在交论文 (hippo-thesis)。对于 ‘dependent’，记 ‘de-pen-dent’，因为它依赖自变量。
A mind map can link related terms visually. For instance, draw a central bubble ‘Memory’ and branch out to ‘Encoding’, ‘Storage’, ‘Retrieval’, and then sub-branches like ‘Visual’, ‘Acoustic’. Colours and doodles make it stick.
思维导图可以视觉化地连接相关术语。例如，画一个中心泡泡“记忆”，然后分出“编码”、“储存”、“提取”分支，再分出“视觉”、“听觉”等子分支。颜色和涂鸦能加深记忆。
10. Applying Vocabulary: Real-Life Examples | 词汇应用：实例
When you are in a classroom, you are using selective attention to ignore the noises from the corridor and focus on your teacher’s voice. If you are also trying to scribble a note while listening, that is divided attention, and you might miss some information.
当你在教室里时，你正在使用选择性注意来忽略走廊的噪音，专注于老师的声音。如果你一边听讲一边匆忙记笔记，那就是分配性注意，你可能会遗漏一些信息。
If a friend suggests you all skip homework and you agree because everyone else plans to, that is conformity. The teacher requesting silence is an authority figure, and your immediate hush is obedience. Your memory of yesterday’s science formula is retrieval from long-term memory.
如果一个朋友提议你们都逃作业，你因为其他人也打算这样做而同意，那就是从众。老师要求安静是权威人物，你立刻安静下来就是服从。你对昨天理科公式的记忆是从长时记忆中提取。
When you read an ambiguous figure, your perception switches between two interpretations, showing that perception is an active brain process. Even when you smell cookies baking (sensation), your brain’s perception tells you they are sweet and warm.
当你观看两可图形时，你的知觉会在两种解释之间切换，表明知觉是大脑的主动过程。即使你闻到烤饼干的味道（感觉），你大脑的知觉也告诉你它们是香甜温暖的。
By connecting every new term to a scene from your daily life, you build strong neural pathways. Whenever you study, ask yourself: ‘Where have I seen this today?’
通过把每个新术语与你日常生活中的场景联系起来，你就建立了强大的神经通路。学习时别忘了问自己：“我今天在哪里见过这个？”
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