📚 Quick Memory Guide to Philosophical Terms for Year 7 CIE Philosophy | Year 7 CIE 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Starting to study philosophy is like learning a new language. Words such as ‘epistemology’ or ‘utilitarianism’ might seem intimidating at first, but with the right memory tricks, they become easy to understand and remember. This guide covers the essential philosophical terms for Year 7 CIE Philosophy, providing clear definitions and simple mnemonics to help you master them quickly.
开始学习哲学就像学习一门新语言。”认识论”或”功利主义”这样的词起初可能让人望而生畏，但通过恰当的记忆技巧，它们会变得易于理解和记忆。本指南涵盖了 Year 7 CIE 哲学的核心术语，提供了清晰的定义和简单的速记法，帮助你快速掌握它们。
1. What is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？
Philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, and language. The word comes from Greek ‘philosophia’, meaning ‘love of wisdom’. A philosopher is a person who seeks wisdom by asking deep questions and examining arguments.
哲学是研究关于存在、知识、价值、理性和语言等根本问题的学科。这个词源于希腊语 ‘philosophia’，意为 ‘爱智慧’。哲学家是通过提出深刻问题并审视论证来寻求智慧的人。
Memory tip: Think of ‘Philo’ as ‘fellow’ – a fellow who loves to ask ‘Why?’ and seeks knowledge. The ‘sophy’ part sounds like ‘sofa’ – imagine a thinker sitting on a sofa pondering life’s big questions.
记忆技巧：把 ‘Philo’ 想成 ‘伙伴’ ——一个喜欢问 ‘为什么？’ 并寻求知识的伙伴。’sophy’ 发音类似 ‘沙发’ ——想象一位思想家坐在沙发上思考人生大问题。
Philosophy is divided into branches: Ethics (right and wrong), Epistemology (study of knowledge), Metaphysics (nature of reality), and Logic (rules of reasoning).
哲学分为多个分支：伦理学（对错）、认识论（知识研究）、形而上学（实在的本质）和逻辑学（推理规则）。
Quick mnemonic: ‘Every Elephant Makes Loud sounds’ to remember Ethics, Epistemology, Metaphysics, Logic.
快速速记：用 ‘Every Elephant Makes Loud sounds’ 来记忆 Ethics、Epistemology、Metaphysics、Logic。
2. Arguments: Premises and Conclusions | 论证：前提与结论
In philosophy, an argument is not a heated debate but a set of statements where some (premises) provide support for another (the conclusion). A premise is a reason or evidence given, and the conclusion is the claim that follows from those reasons.
在哲学中，论证不是激烈的争吵，而是一组陈述，其中一些（前提）为另一些（结论）提供支持。前提是给出的理由或证据，结论是从那些理由中得出的主张。
Example: Premise 1: All humans are mortal. Premise 2: Socrates is a human. Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
示例：前提一：所有人都会死。前提二：苏格拉底是人。结论：因此，苏格拉底会死。
Memory trick: Think of premises as the ‘P’ for ‘Pillars’ that hold up the ‘C’ for ‘Conclusion’ roof. Without strong premises, the roof falls.
记忆技巧：将前提想象成支撑结论屋顶的 ‘P’ （支柱）。没有有力的前提，屋顶就会坍塌。
3. Deduction and Induction | 演绎与归纳
Deductive reasoning moves from general principles to specific conclusions. If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. It is a ‘top-down’ approach that guarantees certainty.
演绎推理从一般原则走向具体结论。如果前提为真，则结论必然为真。这是一种自上而下的方法，保证确定性。
Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broader generalizations. Even if premises are true, the conclusion is only probable. It is a ‘bottom-up’ approach, building likelihood.
归纳推理从具体观察走向更广泛的概括。即使前提为真，结论也仅仅是可能的。这是一种自下而上的方法，建立可能性。
Memory aid: ‘Deduction = Definite conclusion, Induction = Increases probability.’ Also, note that the word ‘deduction’ shares the first three letters with ‘definite’.
记忆辅助：’演绎 = 确定结论，归纳 = 增加概率。’ 另外，注意 ‘deduction’ 与 ‘definite’ 前三个字母相同。
4. Fallacies: Common Mistakes in Reasoning | 谬误：推理中的常见错误
A fallacy is an error in reasoning that weakens an argument. Fallacies often look persuasive but contain a flaw. Recognizing them helps you think more clearly and avoid being tricked.
谬误是推理中的错误，会削弱论证。谬误往往看起来有说服力，但包含缺陷。识别它们有助于你更清晰地思考，避免被误导。
Common fallacies include the Ad Hominem (attacking the person instead of the argument) and the Straw Man (misrepresenting someone’s view to make it easier to attack).
常见的谬误包括人身攻击谬误（攻击人而不是论证）和稻草人谬误（歪曲某人的观点以使其更容易被攻击）。
Memory trick: ‘Fallacy’ sounds like ‘false ease’ – a false sense of correctness. Straw Man: picture a scarecrow easily knocked down instead of the real argument. Ad Hominem: ‘Ad’ means ‘to’, ‘Hominem’ means ‘man’ – going after the man, not the ball.
记忆技巧：’Fallacy’ 听起来像 ‘false ease’ ——一种虚假的正确感。稻草人谬误：想象一个稻草人很容易被打倒，而不是真正的论点。人身攻击：’Ad’ 意思是 ‘指向’，’Hominem’ 意思是 ‘人’ ——针对人，而不是球。
5. Ethics and Morality | 伦理与道德
‘Ethics’ comes from the Greek ‘ethos’ meaning character or custom, and refers to systematic theories about what is right and wrong. ‘Morality’ derives from Latin ‘moralis’ and concerns practical rules and personal conduct.
‘伦理’ 源自希腊语 ‘ethos’，意为品格或习俗，指关于对错的系统理论。’道德’ 源自拉丁语 ‘moralis’，涉及实际规则和个人行为。
In simple terms, ethics is the study of principles (like a code of conduct for doctors), while morality is the actual practice of those principles in daily life (your personal sense of honesty).
简单来说，伦理学是对原则的研究（如医生的行为准则），而道德是这些原则在日常生活中的实际践行（你个人的诚实感）。
Mnemonic connection: ‘Ethics Explains; Morality Moves you to act.’ Think of ‘E’ for ‘Explain’, ‘M’ for ‘Motive’.
速记联系：’Ethics 解释；Morality 驱动你行动。’ 把 ‘E’ 想成 ‘解释’，’M’ 想成 ‘动机’。
6. Utilitarianism: The Greatest Happiness | 功利主义：最大幸福
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. It states that the best action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
功利主义是由边沁和穆勒发展的伦理学理论。它主张最好的行动是能为最大多数人带来最大幸福的那个行动。
To evaluate an action, consider its utility (usefulness) in increasing happiness and reducing suffering. This is sometimes called the ‘Greatest Happiness Principle’.
要评价一个行为，考虑它在增加幸福和减少痛苦方面的效用（有用性）。这有时被称为 ‘最大幸福原则’。
Fun memory trick: Break the word as ‘You-tility-arianism’. ‘You’ decide based on what brings the most ‘utility’ (usefulness) to everyone. Picture a scale balancing smiles and frowns.
有趣的记忆技巧：把单词拆成 ‘You-tility-arianism’。’You’ 根据什么能带来最多 ‘utility’（效用）来做决定。想象一个天平，上面平衡着笑脸和皱眉。
7. Thought Experiments: Imagining Possibilities | 思想实验：想象可能性
A thought experiment is an imaginary scenario used to explore ideas, test theories, or clarify concepts. Philosophers use them to examine intuitions without needing a physical lab.
思想实验是一种想象的情景，用于探索观念、检验理论或澄清概念。哲学家利用它们在不需要物理实验室的情况下审视直觉。
Famous examples: the ‘Trolley Problem’ (should you sacrifice one to save five?) and the ‘Ship of Theseus’ (if you replace all parts, is it the same ship?).
著名的例子：’电车难题’（你应该牺牲一个人来救五个人吗？）和 ‘忒修斯之船’（如果你更换了所有部件，它还是同一艘船吗？）。
Memory phrase: ‘Thought experiments are like ‘What if…’ movies in your mind.’ Visualize a cinema screen with a question mark to trigger recall.
记忆短语：’思想实验就像你脑海中的 ‘如果……会怎么样’ 电影。’ 想象一块带有问号的电影屏幕来触发回忆。
8. Skepticism: Can We Know Anything? | 怀疑论：我们能知道任何事吗？
Skepticism is the philosophical view that we should question whether knowledge is possible. Some skeptics doubt that we can ever be absolutely certain about anything, even the external world.
怀疑论是一种哲学观点，认为我们应该质疑知识是否可能。一些怀疑论者怀疑我们能否对任何事物绝对确定，甚至怀疑外部世界。
A radical skeptic might ask: ‘How do you know you are not dreaming right now?’ This challenges the reliability of our senses.
一个极端怀疑论者可能会问：’你怎么知道你现在不是在做梦？’ 这挑战了我们感官的可靠性。
Memory aid: Think of a ‘skeptic’ as someone who ‘skips’ easy answers. ‘Skip-tical’ – they skip over assumptions and demand proof.
记忆辅助：将 ‘skeptic’ 想成一个会 ‘跳过’ 简单答案的人。’Skip-tical’ ——他们跳过假设，要求证据。
9. Metaphysics: What is Real? | 形而上学：什么是真实？
Metaphysics investigates the most fundamental nature of reality, asking questions like ‘What is time?’, ‘Do numbers exist independently?’, and ‘What makes something the same thing over time?’.
形而上学探究实在的最根本性质，提出诸如 ‘时间是什么？’、’数字独立存在吗？’ 以及 ‘是什么让某物在一段时间内保持同一？’ 等问题。
The word comes from Greek ‘meta’ (beyond) and ‘physika’ (physical). So it literally means ‘beyond physics’ – the study of what lies behind the physical world.
这个词来自希腊语 ‘meta’（在……之上）和 ‘physika’（物理）。所以字面意义是 ‘物理学之上’ ——研究位于物理世界背后之物的学科。
Quick memory: ‘Meta’ = ‘above’ or ‘after’. Picture a ladder that goes beyond the physical world into a realm of pure concepts.
快速记忆：’Meta’ = ‘在上方’ 或 ‘之后’。想象一把梯子，通往物理世界之上，进入纯概念的领域。
10. Paradoxes: Puzzles in Logic | 悖论：逻辑谜题
A paradox is a statement or situation that seems to contradict itself but may contain a hidden truth. In philosophy, paradoxes help us uncover flaws in our reasoning or assumptions.
悖论是一种看似自相矛盾但可能隐含真理的陈述或情境。在哲学中，悖论帮助我们揭示推理或假设中的缺陷。
The famous ‘Liar Paradox’: ‘This statement is false.’ If it is true, then it is false; if it is false, then it is true. It creates a loop of contradiction.
著名的 ‘说谎者悖论’：’这句话是假的。’ 如果它是真的，那么它就是假的；如果它是假的，那么它就是真的。这形成了一个矛盾循环。
Memory trick: ‘Paradox’ sounds like ‘pair of docks’ – imagine two docks that appear to connect but actually lead in opposite directions. Or think ‘paradox = parallel doxas (opinions) that clash’.
记忆技巧：’Paradox’ 听起来像 ‘一对码头’ ——想象两个看起来相连但实际上通向相反方向的码头。或者想想 ‘paradox = 互相冲突的平行观点’。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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