📚 Sociology Key Terms Memory Guide for Year 7 OCR | 社会学词汇术语速记指南（Year 7 OCR）
Welcome to your Sociology memory guide for Year 7 OCR. This article breaks down the most important key terms you will meet, with clear bilingual explanations and memory tips. Use it to build a strong foundation for your studies and to feel confident in class discussions and assessments.
欢迎阅读你的 Year 7 OCR 社会学术语速记指南。本文拆解了你将遇到的最重要的关键术语，配以清晰的双语解释和记忆提示。用它来为你的学习打下坚实的基础，让你在课堂讨论和测评中充满自信。
1. Society | 社会
A society is a group of people who live in the same area and share a common culture, norms, and institutions. It is not just a crowd, but an organised community with patterns of relationships.
社会是指生活在同一地区并共享共同文化、规范和制度的一群人。它不只是一群人，而是一个有组织、有着人际关系模式的社区。
Think of a school as a miniature society: students and staff follow rules (norms), share traditions (culture), and belong to groups like classes or clubs (institutions).
可以把学校想象成一个微型社会：学生和员工遵守规则（规范），共享传统（文化），并属于班级或社团等团体（制度）。
2. Culture | 文化
Culture includes the beliefs, customs, language, arts, and ways of living that are shared by a society. It shapes how we see the world and what we consider ‘normal’.
文化包括一个社会所共有的信仰、习俗、语言、艺术和生活方式。它塑造了我们看待世界的方式以及我们认为“正常”的东西。
To remember this term, imagine an iceberg: the visible part includes food, clothing, and festivals, while the hidden part underneath holds deep values, expectations, and unspoken rules.
要记住这个术语，可以想象一座冰山：可见的部分包括食物、服装和节日，而水面下隐藏的部分则包含深层的价值观、期望和不成文的规则。
3. Socialisation | 社会化
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the culture of their society. It happens both formally, such as in schools, and informally, through family and friends.
社会化是个体学习其社会文化的终身过程。它既可以在学校等场景中正式进行，也可以通过家庭和朋友非正式地发生。
Primary socialisation occurs during early childhood within the family, teaching basic skills like language and manners. Secondary socialisation later happens through school, media, and peer groups, reinforcing wider social norms.
初级社会化发生在幼儿期的家庭内部，教授语言和礼仪等基本技能。次级社会化随后通过学校、媒体和同伴群体发生，强化更广泛的社会规范。
4. Norms | 规范
Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a group or society. They guide everyday actions, from saying ‘please’ to standing in a queue.
规范是一个群体或社会中被认为可以接受的、不成文的行为规则。它们指导着日常行为，从说“请”到排队等候。
Breaking a norm often results in a mild sanction, such as a disapproving look. If a student talks loudly in a library, they may receive stares or a quiet reminder, showing how norms control behaviour without formal punishment.
打破规范通常会导致温和的制裁，比如不赞成的眼神。如果学生在图书馆大声说话，他们可能会被注视或得到安静的提醒，这表明规范如何在没有正式惩罚的情况下控制行为。
5. Values | 价值观
Values are deeply held beliefs about what is right, wrong, desirable, or important in a society. They provide the foundation for norms and influence how institutions operate.
价值观是关于社会中对错、可取或重要之事的根深蒂固的信念。它们为规范提供了基础，并影响着制度的运作方式。
In many UK schools, values such as respect, fairness, and achievement are promoted daily. These values lead to norms like listening to the teacher, not cheating in tests, and trying your best.
在许多英国学校，尊重、公平和成就等价值观每天都被倡导。这些价值观导致了诸如听老师讲课、考试不作弊以及尽力而为等规范。
6. Roles | 角色
A role is a set of expected behaviours associated with a particular position in society. We all occupy multiple roles at once, such as student, friend, son or daughter.
角色是与社会中特定位置相关联的一系列预期行为。我们所有人都同时承担多个角色，例如学生、朋友、儿子或女儿。
Role conflict may happen when the expectations of two roles clash. For example, a young person might want to attend a friend’s party (friend role) but also needs to study for an exam (student role).
当两个角色的期望发生冲突时，可能会发生角色冲突。例如，一个年轻人可能想参加朋友的聚会（朋友角色），但也需要为考试学习（学生角色）。
7. Identity | 身份
Identity is how we see ourselves and how others see us. It is shaped by factors such as gender, ethnicity, nationality, social class, and personal interests.
身份是我们如何看待自己以及别人如何看待我们。它由性别、种族、国籍、社会阶级和个人兴趣等因素所塑造。
A useful memory trick is to think of identity as a jigsaw puzzle. Each piece represents a part of you — such as ‘music lover’, ‘daughter’, or ‘British’ — and together they form your unique picture.
一个有用的记忆技巧是把身份想象成一幅拼图。每一片都代表你的一部分——比如“音乐爱好者”、“女儿”或“英国人”——它们组合在一起构成了你独一无二的画面。
8. Institutions | 制度/机构
Institutions are the organised and enduring structures in society that serve a specific purpose. The family, education system, government, and religion are all examples of key institutions.
制度（或机构）是社会中有组织且持久的结构，为特定目的服务。家庭、教育体系、政府和宗教都是关键制度的例子。
Sociologists study how institutions like schools pass on culture and prepare young people for adult roles. For Year 7, remember that institutions are like the ‘big players’ that shape your daily life.
社会学家研究像学校这样的制度如何传递文化并使年轻人为成人角色做好准备。对 Year 7 学生来说，请记住制度就像塑造你日常生活的“大玩家”。
9. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification refers to the way society is divided into layers or strata based on factors like wealth, occupation, and status. This creates a hierarchy in which some groups have more resources and opportunities than others.
社会分层是指社会根据财富、职业和地位等因素被划分为不同层级或阶层的方式。这形成了一种等级制度，其中一些群体比另一些群体拥有更多的资源和机会。
A simple way to picture stratification is to think of a ladder. Those on the top rungs have greater access to high-quality education and healthcare, while those on the lower rungs may face more challenges.
想象社会分层的一个简单方法是梯子。处在较高梯级的人有更多机会获得优质教育和医疗保健，而处在较低梯级的人则可能面临更多挑战。
10. Gender | 性别
In sociology, gender is different from biological sex. Gender refers to the social and cultural expectations associated with being a boy or a girl, or a man or a woman. These expectations can change over time and between cultures.
在社会学中，性别与生物性征不同。性别指的是与男孩或女孩、男人或女人身份相关的社会和文化期望。这些期望会随时间推移和不同文化而改变。
Encourage yourself to spot gender norms in everyday life: think about the toys often marketed to boys and girls, or the chores given to children at home. Questioning these patterns helps you think like a sociologist.
鼓励自己在日常生活中发现性别规范：想想通常是卖给男孩和女孩的玩具，或者家里分配给孩子的家务。质疑这些模式能帮助你像社会学家一样思考。
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