📚 SQA Year 7 Business: Summer Bridging and Preparation Course | SQA 七年级商务：暑期预习与衔接课程
Welcome to the SQA Business bridging course, designed to help Year 7 students transition smoothly into the exciting world of business. This summer programme will introduce you to fundamental business concepts, terminology, and real-world applications that form the basis of the SQA Business Management curriculum. By the end of this course, you will feel confident and well-prepared to tackle your Business studies in the new academic year.
欢迎来到 SQA 商务衔接课程，旨在帮助七年级学生顺利过渡到精彩的商业世界。本暑期课程将向你介绍基本的商业概念、术语和实际应用，这些构成了 SQA 商务管理课程的基础。通过本课程的学习，你将自信满满，为在新学年学习商务做好充分准备。
1. What is Business? | 什么是商业？
Business refers to any activity that provides goods or services to consumers in exchange for money or other forms of value. The main goal of most businesses is to make a profit, but some organisations, like charities, aim to achieve social goals.
商业是指为消费者提供商品或服务以换取金钱或其他形式价值的任何活动。大多数企业的主要目标是盈利，但像慈善机构这样的组织则旨在实现社会目标。
Businesses can vary in size from a small local bakery to a large multinational corporation like Apple or Nike. Regardless of size, they all perform essential functions: producing, marketing, selling, and managing finances.
企业规模各异，从当地的小面包店到苹果或耐克这样的大型跨国公司。无论规模大小，它们都执行基本职能：生产、营销、销售和财务管理。
2. Needs and Wants | 需求与欲望
Needs are essential items required for survival, such as food, water, shelter and clothing. Wants are things we desire but are not necessary for survival, like smartphones, video games or luxury holidays.
需求是生存所必需的基本物品，如食物、水、住所和衣物。欲望是我们渴望但并非生存必需的东西，比如智能手机、电子游戏或豪华假期。
Businesses identify and satisfy both needs and wants. Understanding the difference helps companies decide what products to offer. For example, a supermarket sells both needs (bread, milk) and wants (chocolate, ice cream).
企业识别并满足需求和欲望。理解两者的区别有助于公司决定提供什么产品。例如，超市既销售必需品（面包、牛奶），也销售欲望品（巧克力、冰淇淋）。
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are tangible products that you can touch and own, such as a bicycle, a book or a pair of trainers. Services are intangible activities performed for you, like a haircut, a bus ride or a banking transaction.
商品是你可以触摸和拥有的有形产品，如自行车、书籍或运动鞋。服务是为你执行的无形活动，如理发、乘坐公交车或银行交易。
Modern economies rely on a mix of goods and services. Many businesses provide a combination of both; for instance, a restaurant offers a tangible meal (goods) along with the waiting and cooking service (services).
现代经济依靠商品和服务的混合。许多企业提供两者的组合；例如，餐厅提供有形的餐食（商品）以及侍应和烹饪服务（服务）。
4. Factors of Production | 生产要素
To produce goods and services, businesses need resources known as the four factors of production: Land (natural resources), Labour (human effort), Capital (man-made tools and machinery) and Enterprise (the drive to combine the other factors and take risks).
要生产商品和服务，企业需要被称为四种生产要素的资源：土地（自然资源）、劳动力（人力）、资本（人造工具和机器）和企业精神（整合其他要素并承担风险的动力）。
Land includes all natural resources like water, minerals and forests. Labour refers to the workforce. Capital includes factories, computers and vehicles. Enterprise is the entrepreneur’s skill in bringing everything together to create a viable business.
土地包括所有自然资源，如水、矿产和森林。劳动力指职工。资本包括工厂、计算机和车辆。企业精神是企业家将所有要素整合起来创造可行商业的技能。
5. Sectors of Industry | 产业部门
The economy is divided into three main sectors: Primary (extraction of raw materials), Secondary (manufacturing and construction), and Tertiary (services).
经济分为三个主要部门：第一产业（原材料开采）、第二产业（制造业和建筑业）和第三产业（服务业）。
The primary sector includes farming, fishing and mining. The secondary sector turns raw materials into finished products, like making cars from steel. The tertiary sector provides services such as retail, education and healthcare.
第一产业包括农业、渔业和采矿业。第二产业将原材料转化为成品，比如用钢铁制造汽车。第三产业提供零售、教育和医疗等服务。
6. Business Ownership Types | 企业所有权类型
There are several ways a business can be organised. The most common types are sole traders, partnerships, and limited companies (private and public).
企业有几种组织形式。最常见的有个体经营、合伙和有限公司（私营和上市）。
A sole trader is owned and run by one person. It is easy to set up but the owner has unlimited liability, meaning personal assets could be lost if the business fails. A partnership involves two or more people sharing skills and profits, but they also share unlimited liability unless a limited liability partnership is formed.
个体经营者由一人拥有和经营。设立简单，但所有人承担无限责任，即如果企业倒闭，个人资产可能受损。合伙企业由两人或多人共享技能和利润，但他们也分担无限责任，除非成立有限责任合伙企业。
Private limited companies (Ltd) can sell shares privately, and owners have limited liability. Public limited companies (PLC) can sell shares on the stock exchange. This is a higher level of complexity but allows access to greater funding.
私营有限公司（Ltd）可私下出售股份，所有者承担有限责任。公众有限公司（PLC）可在证券交易所出售股票。这更复杂，但能获得更多资金。
7. Stakeholders | 利益相关者
Stakeholders are individuals or groups that have an interest in the performance and decisions of a business. They can be internal (e.g., employees, owners) or external (e.g., customers, suppliers, government, local community).
利益相关者是对企业的业绩和决策有利益的个人或群体。他们可以是内部的（如员工、所有者）或外部的（如客户、供应商、政府、当地社区）。
Each stakeholder group has different objectives. Owners want profit, employees want job security and good wages, customers want quality products at fair prices, and the local community may want business to reduce pollution. Balancing these interests is crucial for long-term success.
每个利益相关者群体有不同的目标。所有者想要利润，员工想要工作稳定和良好工资，客户想要优质产品和公平价格，当地社区可能希望企业减少污染。平衡这些利益对长期成功至关重要。
8. Introduction to Marketing | 市场营销入门
Marketing is about identifying customer needs and wants, and delivering value through the right product, at the right price, in the right place, and with effective promotion. This is known as the Marketing Mix, or the 4Ps.
市场营销是关于识别客户的需求和欲望，通过正确的产品、合适的价格、恰当的地点和有效的促销来传递价值。这被称为营销组合，即 4P。
Product involves the design, features and quality of what is sold. Price is how much customers pay, considering costs and competition. Place refers to distribution channels—how products reach customers (e.g., shops, online). Promotion includes advertising, social media and sales promotions to communicate with customers.
产品涉及所售商品的设计、功能和质量。价格是顾客支付多少，要考虑成本和竞争。地点指分销渠道——产品如何到达客户（如商店、线上）。促销包括广告、社交媒体和销售促进来与客户沟通。
9. Introduction to Finance | 财务入门
Finance is about managing money within a business. Key concepts include revenue, costs, profit and cash flow. Revenue is the total income from selling goods or services. Costs are expenses incurred to run the business.
财务是关于在企业管理资金。关键概念包括收入、成本、利润和现金流。收入是销售商品或服务的总收入。成本是经营企业所产生的费用。
Profit is what remains after subtracting total costs from revenue. The basic profit equation is:
Profit = Revenue − Costs
利润是收入减去总成本后的剩余。基本利润等式是：利润 = 收入 − 成本。
A business must monitor its cash flow—the movement of money in and out—to ensure it can pay bills on time. For example, if a young entrepreneur sells bracelets for £5 each and the cost is £2, the profit per bracelet is £3. This helps students grasp basic numeracy in business contexts.
企业必须监控其现金流——资金的流入和流出——以确保能按时支付账单。例如，若年轻企业家以每个5英镑售卖手镯，成本2英镑，每个利润3英镑。这有助于学生在商业环境中掌握基本运算。
10. Business Planning | 商业策划
A business plan is a written document that describes a business’s objectives, strategies, target market and financial forecasts. It acts as a roadmap for the entrepreneur.
商业计划书是一份书面文件，描述企业的目标、策略、目标市场和财务预测。它充当企业家的路线图。
Key sections of a business plan include: executive summary, business description, market research, marketing strategy, and financial plan. Writing a plan encourages entrepreneurs to think critically about all aspects of the venture and can help secure funding from banks or investors.
商业计划书的关键部分包括：执行摘要、企业描述、市场调研、营销策略和财务计划。撰写计划书促使企业家批判性地思考创业的各个方面，并有助于从银行或投资者那里获得资金。
11. Business Ethics and Sustainability | 商业道德与可持续发展
Business ethics involves making decisions that are morally right, fair and responsible. This includes treating workers fairly, avoiding child labour, and being honest with customers.
商业道德涉及做出符合道德、公平和负责任的决策。这包括公平对待工人、避免使用童工以及对客户诚实。
Sustainability means operating in a way that does not harm the environment or deplete natural resources for future generations. Many businesses now adopt green practices like recycling, reducing carbon emissions, and using renewable energy. Consumers increasingly prefer ethical and sustainable brands.
可持续发展意味着以不损害环境或耗尽子孙后代自然资源的方式运营。许多企业现在采用绿色实践，如回收、减少碳排放和使用可再生能源。消费者越来越偏爱道德和可持续发展品牌。
12. Preparing for SQA Success | 为 SQA 成功做准备
To excel in SQA Business, you will need to combine knowledge with application. This summer bridging course has introduced key topics, but practice is essential. Try creating your own simple business plan, analyse your favourite brand’s marketing mix, or discuss business news with family.
要在 SQA 商务中脱颖而出，你需要将知识与应用相结合。这个暑期衔接课程介绍了关键主题，但练习至关重要。尝试创建自己的简单商业计划书，分析你喜爱品牌的营销组合，或与家人讨论商业新闻。
Stay curious and keep asking ‘why’ and ‘how’ businesses operate. The skills you develop—critical thinking, decision-making, and communication—will serve you well beyond the classroom.
保持好奇心，不断追问企业运营的“为什么”和“怎么做”。你所培养的技能——批判性思维、决策和沟通——将使你在课堂之外也受益匪浅。
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