📚 Statistical Report Writing: Framework and Sample | 统计报告写作框架与范文
In Year 7 Cambridge Statistics, you will often be asked to carry out a small investigation and write a statistical report. A clear report helps you organise your data, present your results and explain what you have discovered. This article provides a step-by-step framework for writing such a report, followed by a complete sample report on a typical Year 7 survey. You can use this guide to improve your own project work and gain confidence in statistical writing.
在剑桥 Year 7 统计课程中，你经常需要开展一项小型调查并撰写统计报告。一份清晰的报告能够帮助你整理数据、展示结果并解释你的发现。本文提供了一个循序渐进的写作框架，并附有一篇针对典型 Year 7 调查的完整范文。你可以借助这篇指南完善自己的项目作业，并增强统计写作的信心。
1. Understanding the Purpose of a Statistical Report | 理解统计报告的目的
A statistical report is not just a collection of numbers. Its main purpose is to answer a research question by presenting data in an organised way, performing simple calculations and then interpreting the findings. In Year 7, your report should be easy to read and show that you can work with data independently.
统计报告不仅仅是数字的堆砌。它的主要目的是通过有条理地呈现数据、进行简单的计算并解读结果，来回答一个研究问题。在 Year 7，你的报告应该通俗易读，并且能够展现你独立处理数据的能力。
Your teacher will look for evidence that you understand the difference between raw data and summarised information. A good report also explains why you collected the data in a certain way and what limitations your investigation might have. Keeping the purpose in mind from the start will stop you from simply listing numbers without any explanation.
老师会从中寻找证据，看你是否理解原始数据与汇总信息之间的区别。一份优秀的报告还会解释你为什么以某种方式收集数据，以及你的调查可能存在哪些局限性。从一开始就牢记这一目的，可以避免你只是罗列数字而没有说明。
2. Choosing a Clear Research Question | 选择清晰的研究问题
Your investigation must begin with a focused question that can be answered using data. The question should be specific and realistic for a Year 7 classroom. Examples include ‘What is the most common way Year 7 students travel to school?’ or ‘How many hours of sleep do students in my class get on a school night?’
你的调查必须从一个可以用数据回答的聚焦问题开始。这个问题应该具体，并且对 Year 7 的课堂来说是切实可行的。例如“Year 7 学生上学最常用的交通方式是什么？”或者“我班同学在上学日的晚上睡多少小时？”。
Avoid questions that are too broad, such as ‘What do students like?’ Instead, narrow your focus to one measurable topic. When you write the introduction of your report, always state your research question clearly so the reader knows exactly what you are trying to find out.
避免范围过宽的问题，例如“学生喜欢什么？”你应当把焦点缩小到一个可以衡量的主题上。在撰写报告的引言部分时，始终清晰地陈述你的研究问题，以便读者准确了解你要探究什么。
3. Data Collection Methods | 数据收集方法
Once you have a question, you need to decide how to collect data. In Year 7, the most common methods are questionnaires, simple observation or using secondary data from a reliable source. You should describe your method in a short paragraph, explaining who you asked, how many people took part and when the data was collected.
有了问题之后，你需要决定如何收集数据。在 Year 7，最常见的方法是问卷、简单的观察或使用来自可靠来源的二手数据。你应当用一小段文字描述你的方法，说明你询问了谁、多少人参与以及数据是何时收集的。
It is important to note whether your data is primary (collected by you) or secondary (collected by someone else). Also, mention any steps you took to make the data collection fair, such as asking every fifth student in a register to avoid bias.
重要的是要说明你的数据是原始数据（由你收集）还是二手数据（由他人收集）。同时，也要提及你采取了哪些步骤以保证数据收集的公平性，例如在点名册中每隔四人抽取一人来避免偏差。
4. Organising and Presenting Data | 数据整理与展示
Raw data is hard to understand, so your report must include organised tables and charts. A frequency table lists each category and how many times it appears. For numerical data, you might group values into intervals. In Year 7, you are expected to draw at least one bar chart, pictogram or pie chart by hand or using software.
原始数据难以理解，因此你的报告必须包含整理好的表格和图表。频数表列出每个类别及其出现的次数。对于数值型数据，你可以将数值分组为区间。在 Year 7，你应当至少绘制一个条形图、象形图或饼图，可以手绘或使用软件。
Every table and chart must have a clear title and labels. For example, a bar chart showing favourite fruits should have the fruit names on the horizontal axis and the frequency on the vertical axis. When you include a chart in your report, write one or two sentences underneath to say what the chart shows.
每个表格和图表都必须有清晰的标题和标签。例如，展示最喜欢的水果的条形图应当在横轴上标注水果名称，在纵轴上标注频数。当你把图表放入报告时，在图表下方写上一两句话，说明图表显示的内容。
5. Calculating Summary Statistics | 计算汇总统计量
Summary statistics help you describe your data with numbers. In Year 7, you should be confident finding the mean, median, mode and range. These are sometimes called measures of central tendency and spread. Always show your working step by step in the report.
汇总统计量帮助你用数字描述数据。在 Year 7，你应该能熟练地求出平均数、中位数、众数和极差。这些有时被称为集中趋势和离散程度的度量。报告中要始终一步步展示你的计算过程。
Mean = Sum of all values ÷ Number of values
Median = Middle value when data is ordered
Mode = Most frequent value
Range = Largest value − Smallest value
When writing about these statistics, do not just state the numbers. Explain what they tell you. For instance, if the mean number of siblings is 1.8, you can say ‘On average, students in this class have just under two siblings.’
在撰写这些统计量时，不要仅仅陈述数字。要解释它们告诉你什么。例如，如果兄弟姐妹数量的平均数是 1.8，你可以说“这个班的学生平均有不到两个兄弟姐妹”。
6. Interpreting the Results | 分析结果
Interpretation means looking at your tables, charts and summary statistics and working out what the data is really telling you. Look for patterns, surprising values and comparisons. For example, if a bar chart shows that more than half the class chose ‘reading’ as a favourite hobby, that is a strong pattern worth discussing.
分析意味着审视你的表格、图表和汇总统计量，并弄清楚数据真正告诉你什么。要寻找规律、令人惊讶的数值并进行比较。例如，如果条形图显示超过一半的同学选择“阅读”作为最喜欢的爱好，这就是一个值得讨论的显著规律。
When interpreting data, always link your comments back to the original research question. If your question was about travel to school, your interpretation should focus on the most and least common methods. You can also suggest possible reasons for what you see, such as ‘The bus is most popular because many students live far from school.’
在分析数据时，始终将你的评论与最初的研究问题联系起来。如果你的问题是关于上学交通方式，你的分析就应该聚焦于最常见和最罕见的方式。你也可以对所见现象提出可能的原因，例如“公共汽车最普遍，因为许多学生住得离学校较远”。
7. Drawing Conclusions | 得出结论
Your conclusion should answer the research question directly and summarise the key findings. Start by restating the question and then provide a concise answer based on the data. For example, ‘In conclusion, the survey showed that the most popular sport among Year 7 students is football, chosen by 16 out of 30 pupils.’
你的结论应当直接回答研究问题，并总结关键发现。可以先重申问题，然后基于数据给出简洁的回答。例如，“总之，调查显示 Year 7 学生中最受欢迎的运动是足球，30 名学生中有 16 人选择了它。”
A good conclusion also reflects on the reliability of the results. You might say whether you think the sample was large enough or if the data might be different on another day. Avoid introducing completely new information in the conclusion – it should only wrap up what you have already presented.
一个好的结论还会反思结果的可靠性。你可以谈谈你是否认为样本量足够大，或者在另一天数据是否会不同。避免在结论中引入全新的信息——结论只应收束你已经呈现的内容。
8. Sample Report: Favourite Sports Survey | 范文：最喜爱运动调查
Below is a full statistical report written at a Year 7 level. The investigation asks the question ‘What are the favourite sports of Year 7 students in our school, and is there a difference between boys and girls?’ Read through the report and notice how each section follows the framework described above.
下面是一篇完整的 Year 7 水平统计报告。这项调查提出的问题是“我们学校 Year 7 学生最喜爱的运动是什么，男女生之间有差异吗？”通读报告，留意各部分是如何遵循上述框架的。
Title: Favourite Sports of Year 7 Students in Oakwood School
标题：奥克伍德学校 Year 7 学生最喜爱的运动
Introduction: This investigation aims to find out which sports are most popular among Year 7 students and whether boys and girls prefer different activities. I asked 30 students (15 boys and 15 girls) to name their single favourite sport. The results could help the school plan after-school clubs.
引言：本调查旨在了解 Year 7 学生中最受欢迎的运动，以及男女生是否偏好不同的活动。我询问了 30 名学生（15 名男生和 15 名女生），让他们说出自己最喜爱的一项运动。这些结果可以帮助学校规划课后俱乐部。
Method: I created a short questionnaire and handed it out during form time. Every student in my class responded. To keep the data simple, I asked each person to tick only one sport from a list of five: football, netball, swimming, basketball and tennis. I also recorded the gender of each participant.
方法：我制作了一份简短问卷，在班会时间发放。我班上的每位同学都作了回答。为了让数据简单明了，我要求每人从五项运动中只勾选一项：足球、篮网球、游泳、篮球和网球。我还记录了每位参与者的性别。
Results:
结果：
| Sport (运动) | Boys (男生) | Girls (女生) | Total (合计) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Football | 10 | 2 | 12 |
| Netball | 0 | 6 | 6 |
| Swimming | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| Basketball | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Tennis | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Table 1 shows that football received the highest total with 12 votes. Netball was popular only among girls, with no boys choosing it. Swimming, basketball and tennis had smaller numbers but appeared in both groups.
表 1 显示足球获得的总票数最高，为 12 票。篮网球仅在女生中受欢迎，没有男生选择。游泳、篮球和网球的票数较少，但在两组中都有出现。
Summary statistics for total frequencies:
总频数的汇总统计量：
Mode = Football (12 votes)
Range = 12 − 3 = 9 votes
I did not calculate the mean for this data because the categories are not numbers and an average sport does not make sense. For the boys’ results, the mode is football (10). For the girls, the mode is netball (6) followed by swimming (3).
我没有计算这组数据的平均数，因为类别不是数字，计算平均运动是没有意义的。就男生结果而言，众数是足球（10）。女生的众数是篮网球（6），其次是游泳（3）。
Analysis: The data clearly shows that football is the favourite sport overall. However, when we split the results by gender, a strong difference appears: boys overwhelmingly prefer football, while girls tend to choose netball. Swimming attracts a fairly even number of boys and girls, which suggests it could be a good option for a mixed after-school club.
分析：数据清楚地表明足球是总体上最受喜爱的运动。然而，当我们按性别拆分结果时，就出现了明显的差异：男孩压倒性地偏好足球，而女孩则倾向于选择篮网球。游泳吸引的男女生人数相当平均，这表明它可能是混性别课后俱乐部的一个不错选项。
The range of 9 shows that the sports are not equally popular. Tennis received the fewest votes, possibly because fewer students have access to tennis courts. One limitation is that I only asked 30 students in one class; results might be different in other classes or year groups.
极差为 9 表明各项运动的受欢迎程度并不均等。网球获得的票数最少，这可能是因为能接触到网球场的学生较少。一个局限是，我只在一个班询问了 30 名学生；其他班级或年级的结果可能会有所不同。
Conclusion: In answer to the research question, the favourite sport of Year 7 students in this sample is football, with 12 out of 30 votes. There is a clear difference between boys and girls: boys strongly favour football, while most girls favour netball. Swimming is the most balanced choice. To improve the investigation next time, I would survey more students from different classes and possibly add more sports to the list.
结论：针对研究问题，在本次样本中，Year 7 学生最喜爱的运动是足球，获得了 30 票中的 12 票。男女生之间存在明显差异：男生强烈偏爱足球，而大多数女生偏爱篮网球。游泳是最均衡的选择。为了下次改进调查，我会调查来自不同班级的更多学生，并可能在列表中增加更多运动项目。
9. Common Mistakes to Avoid | 常见错误及避免方法
Many Year 7 students lose marks by forgetting to give their chart a title or by not labelling the axes. Always double-check that every table and chart can be understood on its own. Another common mistake is calculating the mean for categorical data, which is meaningless.
许多 Year 7 学生因为忘记给图表加标题或没有标注坐标轴而失分。一定要反复检查，确保每个表格和图表都能独立被理解。另一个常见错误是计算分类数据的平均数，那是没有意义的。
Some students also write conclusions that do not link back to the research question, or they include opinions without data support. Remember to base every statement in your conclusion on the evidence you have collected. If a result is surprising, say it is surprising, but do not guess without reasoning.
还有些学生写的结论没有与研究问题联系起来，或者包含了没有数据支持的个人观点。请记住，结论中的每句话都要以你收集的证据为基础。如果某个结果很令人惊讶，可以说它令人惊讶，但不要没有理由地随意猜测。
10. Checklist for a Good Statistical Report | 优秀统计报告检查清单
Use this checklist before handing in your work. If you can tick every box, your report is likely to be clear and complete.
在提交作业前，请使用这份检查清单。如果你能勾选每一个项目，你的报告就很可能是清晰完整的。
- I have stated a clear research question.
- 我已陈述了一个清晰的研究问题。
- My method section explains how, when and from whom data was collected.
- 我的方法部分解释了数据是如何、何时以及从谁那里收集的。
- I have included at least one well-labelled frequency table and one chart.
- 我至少包含了一个标注明确的频数表和一个图表。
- Where appropriate, I have calculated mean, median, mode and range and shown my working.
- 在合适的情况下，我计算了平均数、中位数、众数和极差，并展示了计算过程。
- My analysis describes patterns and links back to the question.
- 我的分析描述了数据的规律并与问题联系起来。
- The conclusion directly answers the research question and mentions any limitations.
- 结论直接回答了研究问题，并提到了任何局限性。
- All spelling and grammar have been checked.
- 所有拼写和语法都已检查过。
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