📚 Summer Preview and Bridging Course for CAIE Year 7 Business Studies | CAIE Year 7 商务研究暑期预习与衔接课程
Welcome to your Year 7 Business Studies bridging course! Whether you are preparing for CAIE Lower Secondary or simply exploring the world of commerce for the first time, this article will introduce fundamental ideas in a clear and engaging way. You will learn what businesses do, why they exist, and how they interact with customers, workers, and the wider world.
欢迎参加 Year 7 商务研究衔接课程！无论你是在为 CAIE Lower Secondary 做准备，还是第一次探索商业世界，本文都将以清晰、有趣的方式介绍基本概念。你会了解企业做什么、为什么存在，以及它们如何与顾客、员工和更广阔的世界互动。
1. What is Business? | 什么是商务？
A business is any organisation that provides goods or services to customers in exchange for money. Businesses try to satisfy people’s needs and wants while earning a profit. They range from a single market stall to huge multinational corporations like Nike or Samsung.
商务是任何通过提供商品或服务来换取金钱的组织。企业在盈利的同时努力满足人们的需求和欲望。它们的规模从单一的集市摊位到像耐克或三星这样的大型跨国公司不等。
Businesses combine resources such as raw materials, labour, and machinery to create products that people value. Without businesses, many of the items we use daily—from smartphones to breakfast cereal—would not be available.
企业组合原材料、劳动力和机器等资源，创造出人们看重的产品。如果没有企业，我们日常使用的许多物品——从智能手机到早餐麦片——将无法获得。
2. Needs and Wants | 需求与欲望
A ‘need’ is something essential for survival, such as food, water, shelter, and clothing. A ‘want’ is something that makes life more enjoyable but is not necessary to stay alive, like a video game, designer trainers, or a holiday abroad.
‘需求’是生存所必需的东西，比如食物、水、住所和衣服。’欲望’是让生活更愉快但并非生存所必需的东西，比如电子游戏、名牌运动鞋或海外度假。
Businesses must understand the difference between needs and wants. Supermarkets sell both needs (bread, milk) and wants (chocolate, fizzy drinks). In an emergency, demand for needs changes very little, while demand for wants can fall sharply.
企业必须理解需求与欲望之间的区别。超市既卖需求品（面包、牛奶）也卖欲望品（巧克力、汽水）。在紧急情况下，对需求品的需求变化很小，而对欲望品的需求可能急剧下降。
Successful businesses often try to turn wants into perceived needs through advertising and branding, convincing customers that they ‘must have’ the latest product.
成功的企业常通过广告和品牌宣传，试图将欲望转化为感知需求，说服顾客他们’必须拥有’最新产品。
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are physical, tangible items that can be touched and stored, such as cars, books, and furniture. Services are intangible activities provided for customers, such as haircuts, education, and banking. Many businesses offer a combination of both.
商品是有形的、可以触摸和储存的实物，比如汽车、书籍和家具。服务是为顾客提供的无形活动，比如理发、教育和银行业务。许多企业同时提供两者的组合。
A smartphone is a good, but the warranty and customer support that come with it are services. A restaurant provides goods (the food) and services (the cooking and serving). Understanding this distinction helps businesses decide how to operate and market their offerings.
智能手机是商品，但附带的保修和客户支持则是服务。餐馆提供商品（食物）和服务（烹饪与招待）。理解这一区别有助于企业决定如何运营和推销其产品。
4. Factors of Production | 生产要素
All businesses need resources, called factors of production, to create goods and services. There are four main factors:
所有企业都需要资源，即生产要素，来创造商品和服务。主要有四个要素：
Land includes all natural resources such as forests, minerals, water, and land itself. Rent is the payment for land.
土地包括所有自然资源，如森林、矿产、水和土地本身。地租是对土地的报酬。
Labour is the human effort—both physical and mental—used in production. Workers receive wages or salaries.
劳动力是生产中使用的人类体力和脑力劳动。工人获得工资或薪金。
Capital refers to man-made tools and equipment used to produce goods and services, such as machinery, computers, and factories. Interest is the reward for capital.
资本指用于生产商品和服务的人造工具和设备，如机器、计算机和工厂。利息是对资本的回报。
Enterprise is the ability to combine the other three factors, take risks, and innovate. Entrepreneurs earn profit for their enterprise.
企业才能是组合其他三个要素、承担风险和创新的能力。企业家因其企业才能而获得利润。
5. Sectors of Industry | 产业部门
The economy is divided into three main sectors of industry. The primary sector extracts raw materials directly from nature, including farming, fishing, and mining.
经济体被分为三个主要产业部门。第一产业直接从自然界提取原材料，包括农业、渔业和采矿业。
The secondary sector converts raw materials into finished or semi-finished goods. Examples are car manufacturing, textile production, and construction.
第二产业将原材料转化为制成品或半制成品。例如汽车制造、纺织生产和建筑业。
The tertiary sector provides services to consumers and other businesses. This includes retail, transport, healthcare, education, and tourism. In developed countries, the tertiary sector often accounts for the largest share of employment.
第三产业为消费者和其他企业提供服务。这包括零售、运输、医疗、教育和旅游。在发达国家，第三产业往往占就业的最大份额。
6. Entrepreneurs and Enterprise | 企业家与创业精神
An entrepreneur is someone who spots a business opportunity, takes the risk of starting a new venture, and organises the other factors of production. Famous entrepreneurs include Elon Musk, Sara Blakely, and local business owners in your community.
企业家是发现商业机会、承担创业风险并组织其他生产要素的人。著名的企业家包括埃隆·马斯克、萨拉·布莱克利以及你所在社区的本地企业主。
Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs include creativity, determination, willingness to take calculated risks, and the ability to lead a team. They are not afraid of failure and often learn from mistakes.
成功企业家的特征包括创造力、决心、愿意承担经过计算的风险以及领导团队的能力。他们不惧怕失败，常常从错误中学习。
Enterprise benefits society by creating jobs, producing new products, and increasing competition, which can lead to lower prices and better quality for consumers.
创业精神通过创造就业、生产新产品和增加竞争使社会受益，这可以为消费者带来更低的价格和更高的质量。
7. Business Objectives | 企业目标
Business objectives are the aims or targets that a business works towards. While profit maximisation is a common objective, businesses may also pursue other goals depending on their stage of development and the values of their owners.
企业目标是企业努力实现的目的或指标。虽然利润最大化是一个常见目标，但企业也可能根据其发展阶段和所有者的价值观追求其他目标。
Survival is often the main objective for new businesses in their first year. Growth, measured by sales or number of outlets, becomes important later. Some firms aim to provide a high-quality service, support the local community, or minimise environmental damage.
生存通常是新企业在第一年的主要目标。以销售额或门店数量衡量的增长在后期变得重要。一些公司旨在提供高质量服务、支持当地社区或尽量减少环境破坏。
Social enterprises are businesses that exist primarily to benefit society or the environment. Any surplus income is reinvested into their mission rather than taken as profit by owners.
社会企业是主要为了造福社会或环境而存在的企业。任何盈余收入都重新投入到其使命中，而不是被所有者作为利润取走。
8. Stakeholders | 利益相关者
A stakeholder is any individual or group that has an interest in or is affected by the activities of a business. Stakeholders can be internal, such as employees and shareholders, or external, such as customers, suppliers, the local community, and the government.
利益相关者是对企业的活动感兴趣或受其影响的任何个人或团体。利益相关者可以是内部的，如员工和股东，也可以是外部的，如客户、供应商、当地社区和政府。
Different stakeholders often have conflicting interests. For instance, shareholders want high dividends, while employees may demand higher wages, and customers hope for low prices. A successful business must balance these competing demands.
不同的利益相关者往往有相互冲突的利益。例如，股东想要高额股息，而员工可能要求加薪，客户则希望低价。一个成功的企业必须平衡这些相互竞争的需求。
9. Types of Business Organisation | 企业组织类型
Businesses can be set up in several legal forms. The most common types at an introductory level are sole traders, partnerships, and limited companies. Each type differs in ownership, liability, and ability to raise funds.
企业可以以几种法律形式建立。入门阶段最常见的类型是个体经营者、合伙企业和有限公司。每种类型在所有权、责任和筹资能力方面有所不同。
| Sole Trader – owned and run by one person. The owner keeps all profits but has unlimited liability for debts. | 个体经营者——由一人拥有和经营。所有者获得全部利润，但对债务承担无限责任。 |
| Partnership – owned by 2–20 partners who share profits and risks. A deed of partnership outlines responsibilities. | 合伙企业——由2至20个合伙人共同拥有，分享利润和风险。合伙契约概述各自责任。 |
| Private Limited Company (Ltd) – a separate legal entity owned by shareholders. They enjoy limited liability but cannot sell shares to the public. | 私人有限公司（Ltd）——由股东拥有的独立法律实体。他们享有有限责任，但不能向公众出售股份。 |
Limited liability means that shareholders’ personal assets are protected; they can only lose the money they invested. This encourages more people to invest in businesses.
有限责任意味着股东的个人资产受到保护；他们最多只会损失所投资的钱。这鼓励更多人投资企业。
10. Introduction to Marketing | 市场营销入门
Marketing involves identifying customer needs and satisfying them in a profitable way. It is more than just advertising; it includes market research, product design, pricing, distribution, and promotion. The ‘marketing mix’ is often summarised as the 4Ps.
市场营销涉及识别顾客需求并以盈利方式满足它们。它不仅仅是广告；还包括市场调研、产品设计、定价、分销和促销。’营销组合’通常被概括为4P。
| Product – the good or service that meets the customer’s needs. It includes design, features, quality, and branding. | 产品——满足顾客需求的商品或服务。它包括设计、功能、质量和品牌。 |
| Price – the amount customers pay. Pricing strategies include cost-plus, competitive, and penetration pricing. | 价格——顾客支付的金额。定价策略包括成本加成、竞争性和渗透定价。 |
| Place – where and how products are sold, such as online, in supermarkets, or through wholesalers. | 渠道——产品的销售地点和方式，例如线上、超市或通过批发商。 |
| Promotion – activities that communicate with customers, including advertising, sales promotions, and social media. | 促销——与顾客沟通的活动，包括广告、促销活动和社交媒体。 |
A good marketing mix ensures that the right product is available at the right price, in the right place, with effective promotion. If one element is weak, the whole strategy may fail.
良好的营销组合确保合适的产品以合适的价格、在合适的地点、通过有效的促销触达顾客。如果其中一个要素薄弱，整个策略都可能失败。
11. Introduction to Finance | 财务入门
Understanding basic finance helps a business monitor its performance and make better decisions. Three fundamental terms are revenue, costs, and profit.
理解基本财务知识有助于企业监控业绩并做出更好的决策。三个基本术语是收入、成本和利润。
Revenue is the total money received from selling goods or services. It is calculated as: Quantity sold × Selling price.
收入是销售商品或服务所获得的总金额。计算公式为：销售数量 × 售价。
Costs are the expenses incurred in running a business, such as raw materials, rent, wages, and electricity. Costs can be classified as fixed (do not change with output, e.g. rent) or variable (change with output, e.g. raw materials).
成本是经营企业所产生的费用，如原材料、租金、工资和电费。成本可分为固定成本（不随产量变化，如租金）和变动成本（随产量变化，如原材料）。
Profit is the surplus when revenue is greater than total costs. If costs exceed revenue, the business makes a loss. Profit = Total Revenue − Total Costs.
利润是当收入大于总成本时的盈余。如果成本超过收入，企业则出现亏损。利润 = 总收入 − 总成本。
Even a profitable business can fail if it does not manage its cash flow carefully. Cash flow is the movement of money into and out of the business over time.
如果未能谨慎管理现金流，即使是盈利的企业也可能倒闭。现金流是资金在一段时间内流入和流出企业的运动。
12. Global Business and E-commerce | 全球商务与电子商务
Many businesses now operate across international borders. Globalisation means that products are designed in one country, manufactured in another, and sold worldwide. This allows firms to access cheaper resources and larger markets.
如今许多企业跨国经营。全球化意味着产品在一个国家设计、在另一个国家制造，并在全球销售。这使企业能够获得更便宜的资源和更大的市场。
E-commerce, or electronic commerce, refers to buying and selling goods online. Platforms like Amazon, Taobao, and eBay have changed how customers shop. Even traditional shops now often run websites to reach more customers.
电子商务指在线上买卖商品。像亚马逊、淘宝和易贝等平台已经改变了顾客的购物方式。就连传统商店现在也常常开设网站以接触更多顾客。
International trade brings benefits such as lower prices and greater variety, but it also creates challenges, including cultural differences, language barriers, and environmental concerns from transporting goods long distances.
国际贸易带来更低价格和更多选择等好处，但也带来挑战，包括文化差异、语言障碍和长途运输商品带来的环境问题。
The internet has also enabled many teenagers to start their own small online businesses, selling handmade crafts, digital products, or reselling items. A basic understanding of business gives young entrepreneurs a head start.
互联网也让许多青少年能够创办自己的小型在线企业，销售手工艺品、数字产品或转售物品。掌握基础的商务知识能让年轻创业者抢占先机。
Published by TutorHao | Business Studies Revision Series | aleveler.com
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