📚 The Black Death Case Study: A Step-by-Step Guide | 黑死病案例研究：分步指南
Mastering historical case studies is a core skill in Year 7 Cambridge History. This guide walks you through a practical analysis of the Black Death, using a step-by-step approach that you can apply to any historical event. You will learn how to examine sources, weigh evidence, and build a balanced argument.
掌握历史案例分析是剑桥七年级历史的核心技能。本指南带你实战分析黑死病，使用分步方法，你可以应用到任何历史事件中。你将学会如何审阅史料、权衡证据、并构建平衡的论证。
1. Understanding Historical Case Studies | 理解历史案例分析
A historical case study is an in-depth investigation of a specific event, person, or development. It allows you to explore causes, consequences, and different viewpoints, just like a detective solving a puzzle.
历史案例分析是对特定事件、人物或发展的深入调查。它让你能够探索原因、后果和不同观点，就像侦探解谜一样。
In Cambridge History, you are expected to move beyond memorising dates. A good case study shows how you can use evidence to support your ideas and consider why historians sometimes disagree.
在剑桥历史中，要求你超越记忆日期。好的案例分析展示你如何运用证据支持观点，并思考历史学家有时为何意见不一。
In a case study, you act like a historian, questioning sources and forming your own interpretation.
在案例分析中，你像历史学家那样质疑史料并形成自己的解释。
2. Setting the Scene: The Black Death | 背景铺垫：黑死病
The Black Death was a devastating pandemic that swept across Europe between 1347 and 1351. It killed an estimated 30–50% of the population, reshaping medieval society forever.
黑死病是一场毁灭性的瘟疫，在1347年至1351年间席卷欧洲。它导致大约30%至50%的人口死亡，永远重塑了中世纪社会。
The disease is now believed to have been caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, spread by fleas on rats. However, at the time, people had no understanding of germs and offered explanations ranging from divine punishment to poisoned air.
现在认为该疾病由鼠疫耶尔森菌引起，通过老鼠身上的跳蚤传播。然而当时人们不懂微生物，提出了从天罚到毒空气的各种解释。
The plague caused not only mass death but also profound changes in art, religion, and the economy. For instance, the Danse Macabre motif became popular.
瘟疫不仅导致大量死亡，还引起艺术、宗教和经济的深刻变化。例如，“死亡之舞”主题变得流行。
3. Step 1: Gather and Classify Sources | 步骤一：收集和分类史料
Before you begin analysing, you need to collect relevant sources and sort them into primary and secondary categories. Primary sources come directly from the period; secondary sources are later interpretations.
在开始分析前，你需要收集相关史料，并将其分为原始资料和二手资料。原始资料直接来自当时；二手资料是后来的解读。
Here is a simple table to help you classify:
以下是一个有助于分类的简单表格：
| Type of Source | 史料类型 | Example | 例子 | Explanation | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| Primary | 原始 | Giovanni Boccaccio’s ‘Decameron’ (c. 1353) | 薄伽丘的《十日谈》（约1353年） | Eyewitness account of the plague in Florence | 佛罗伦萨瘟疫的亲历记述 |
| Primary | 原始 | A church burial register showing a spike in deaths | 显示死亡人数激增的教堂葬礼登记簿 | Quantitative data from the time | 当时的数据记录 |
| Secondary | 二手 | A modern textbook describing the economic impact | 描述经济影响的现代教科书 | Synthesises
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