Year 7 AQA German: Formula & Rule Quick Reference Handbook | Year 7 AQA 德语:公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 7 AQA German: Formula & Rule Quick Reference Handbook | Year 7 AQA 德语:公式定理速查手册

Just as maths uses formulas to solve problems, German uses clear patterns and rules to build correct sentences. This quick reference handbook gathers all the essential ‘formulas’ you need to master Year 7 AQA German – from noun genders to verb endings, question structures and negation. Each rule is presented as a reusable pattern you can apply straight away.

正如数学用公式解题一样,德语也通过清晰的规律和规则来构建立正确的句子。本速查手册汇集了你掌握 Year 7 AQA 德语所需的所有核心“公式”——从名词性别、动词词尾到问句结构和否定形式。每条规则都以可复用的模式呈现,方便你直接套用。


1. Noun Genders and Plurals | 名词性别与复数形式

Every German noun has a gender: masculine (der), feminine (die) or neuter (das). There is no simple logic, so treat each noun as part of a ‘formula’ you must memorise. Plural forms also follow patterns, though many are irregular. Learning the noun together with its article is your first key formula.

每个德语名词都有性别:阳性 (der)、阴性 (die) 或中性 (das)。没有简单的逻辑可循,因此要把每个名词当作“公式”的一部分来记忆。复数形式同样遵循一定的模式,尽管不少是不规则的。将名词和冠词一起学习是你的第一条关键公式。

Gender Signal Example Singular Typical Plural
Masculine der der Hund (dog) die Hunde
Feminine die die Katze (cat) die Katzen
Neuter das das Buch (book) die Bücher

Tip: Always learn the colour-coded article with the noun, e.g. ‘der Tisch’ not just ‘Tisch’.

提示:学习名词时一定要连同冠词一起记,比如记 ‘der Tisch’ 而不只是 ‘Tisch’。


2. Definite and Indefinite Articles | 定冠词与不定冠词

The definite article (the) and indefinite article (a/an) change according to the case (nominative or accusative) and gender. Think of this as a lookup formula: pick the right cell from the table below. In Year 7 you mainly use the nominative (subject) and accusative (direct object) cases.

定冠词 (the) 和不定冠词 (a/an) 会根据格(主格或宾格)和性别发生变化。可以将此视为查表公式:从下表中选取正确的单元格。Year 7 阶段主要使用主格(主语)和宾格(直接宾语)。

Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative (subject) der / ein die / eine das / ein die / –
Accusative (object) den / einen die / eine das / ein die / –

Formula: ich habe einen Hund (I have a dog – Hund is masculine accusative).

公式:ich habe einen Hund(我有一只狗——Hund 是阳性宾格)。


3. Personal Pronouns | 人称代词

Pronouns replace nouns and are the building blocks of every verb formula. Learn them as a fixed set – like a times table. The nominative pronouns are used for the subject of the sentence.

代词替代名词,是每个动词公式的基石。将它们当作固定的集合来掌握——就像乘法口诀表。主格代词用于句子的主语。

English German
I ich
you (singular informal) du
he er
she sie
it es
we wir
you (plural informal) ihr
they sie
you (formal) Sie

Remember: the formal ‘Sie’ is always capitalised and takes the same verb form as ‘sie’ (they).

记住:尊称 ‘Sie’ 始终大写,且使用与 ‘sie’(他们)相同的动词形式。


4. Present Tense Regular Verbs | 现在时规则动词变位

The vast majority of German verbs follow a regular pattern in the present tense. This is your most important formula: remove the -en from the infinitive to find the stem, then add the correct ending for each person.

绝大多数德语动词在现在时中遵循规则的变位模式。这是你最重要的公式:从动词原形去掉 -en 得到词干,然后为每个人称加上正确的词尾。

Formula: stem + ending

公式:词干 + 词尾

Person Ending Example: spielen (to play) stem = spiel-
ich -e ich spiele
du -st du spielst
er/sie/es -t er spielt
wir -en wir spielen
ihr -t ihr spielt
sie/Sie -en sie spielen

Watch out for stems ending in -t, -d or consonant clusters: an extra -e is inserted before -st and -t (e.g. du arbeitest, er arbeitet).

注意以 -t、-d 或辅音丛结尾的词干:在 -st 和 -t 前会添加一个额外的 -e(例如 du arbeitest, er arbeitet)。


5. The Verbs sein and haben | 动词 sein 与 haben

Sein (to be) and haben (to have) are completely irregular but absolutely vital. They act as auxiliary verbs for the past tense later, but for now memorise them as two standalone formulas you cannot derive from rules.

Sein(是)和 haben(有)完全不规则,但至关重要。它们在将来时态中用作助动词,但就目前而言,请将它们当作无法通过规则推导的两条独立公式来记忆。

Person sein haben
ich bin habe
du bist hast
er/sie/es ist hat
wir sind haben
ihr seid habt
sie/Sie sind haben

Example formulas: Ich bin 12 Jahre alt (I am 12 years old). Wir haben einen Hund (We have a dog).

公式示例:Ich bin 12 Jahre alt(我12岁)。Wir haben einen Hund(我们有一只狗)。


6. Basic Word Order | 基本语序

The standard German sentence follows a strict subject–verb–object order in main clauses. This is the backbone you will use to plug in vocabulary. Think of it as the default word order formula; any change signals a special meaning.

德语标准陈述句在主句中遵循严格的主语—动词—宾语语序。这是你填入词汇的骨干框架。将其视为默认的语序公式;任何变动都表示特殊含义。

Formula: Subject + Verb + (Other elements)

公式:主语 + 动词 +(其他成分)

Ich spiele Fußball. (I play football.)
Wir essen Pizza. (We eat pizza.)
When an adverb or time phrase opens the sentence, the verb stays in second position but the subject moves after it: Heute spiele ich Fußball. (Today I play football.)

Ich spiele Fußball.(我踢足球。)
Wir essen Pizza.(我们吃披萨。)
当副词或时间短语位于句首时,动词仍保持在第二位,但主语后移:Heute spiele ich Fußball.(今天我踢足球。)


7. Asking Questions | 提问

German uses two main question formulas: yes/no questions (verb first) and w-questions (question word + verb + subject). Mastering these structures allows you to turn any statement into a question quickly.

德语使用两种主要的提问公式:一般疑问句(动词在句首)和特殊疑问句(疑问词 + 动词 + 主语)。掌握这些结构让你能迅速将任何陈述句变为问句。

Yes/No formula: Verb + Subject + …?

一般疑问公式:动词 + 主语 + …?

Spielst du Gitarre? (Do you play guitar?) – Statement: Du spielst Gitarre.

Spielst du Gitarre?(你会弹吉他吗?)——陈述句:Du spielst Gitarre。

W-question formula: Question word + Verb + Subject + …?

特殊疑问公式:疑问词 + 动词 + 主语 + …?

Question Word Meaning Example
Was What Was machst du? (What are you doing?)
Wo Where Wo wohnst du? (Where do you live?)
Wann When Wann kommst du? (When are you coming?)
Wer Who Wer ist das? (Who is that?)
Wie How Wie heißt du? (What is your name?)
Warum Why Warum lachst du? (Why are you laughing?)

8. Negation with nicht and kein | 否定词 nicht 与 kein

Negating a German sentence depends on whether you are negating a whole statement or a noun. Use ‘nicht’ to negate verbs, adjectives or the entire idea, and ‘kein’ (with the correct ending) to negate nouns that would otherwise have an indefinite article or no article.

在德语中,否定一个句子取决于你是在否定整个陈述还是否定一个名词。使用 ‘nicht’ 来否定动词、形容词或整个意思,而使用 ‘kein’(带有正确的词尾)来否定原本带不定冠词或不带冠词的名词。

nicht formula: nicht usually goes at the end of the sentence or before the element you want to negate.

nicht 公式:nicht 通常位于句末或位于你想否定的成分之前。

Ich verstehe nicht. (I don’t understand.)
Das ist nicht mein Buch. (That is not my book.)

kein formula: kein + noun (with endings like ein). Used to say ‘not a’ or ‘no’.

kein 公式:kein + 名词(词尾与 ein 相同)。用于表示“没有一个”或“没有”。

Case/Gender kein- form Example
Nom. masc. kein Ich habe keinen Hund. (I have no dog.)
Acc. masc. keinen Er kauft keinen Apfel. (He buys no apple.)
Nom./Acc. fem. keine Sie hat keine Katze. (She has no cat.)
Nom./Acc. neut. kein Das ist kein Problem. (That is no problem.)
Plural keine Wir haben keine Bücher. (We have no books.)

9. Adjective Endings (Introduction) | 形容词词尾(入门)

In Year 7, you mostly meet adjectives after the verb sein (predicative adjectives), where they take no ending. When adjectives come before a noun, they need an ending that matches the article and case. At this stage, learn the simple formula for adjectives after ‘ein’ and ‘der’ words in the nominative case.

在 Year 7 阶段,你遇到的形容词大多跟在动词 sein 之后(表语形容词),此时形容词无需添加词尾。当形容词位于名词前时,需要添加与冠词和格相匹配的词尾。目前,先学习形容词在 ‘ein’ 和 ‘der’ 类词后、主格情况下的简单公式。

Predicative formula: sein + adjective (no ending)

表语公式:sein + 形容词(无词尾)

Der Hund ist groß. (The dog is big.)

Attributive formula (nominative): definite article + adjective + -e / indefinite article + adjective + -er/-e/-es

定语公式(主格):定冠词 + 形容词 + -e / 不定冠词 + 形容词 + -er/-e/-es

Gender With definite article (the big …) With indefinite article (a big …)
Masculine der große Hund ein großer Hund
Feminine die große Katze eine große Katze
Neuter das große Buch ein großes Buch
Plural die großen Hunde – (no indefinite article plural, use keine)

10. Numbers, Dates and Time | 数字、日期与时间

Numbers, dates and times follow rigid patterns you can learn as formulas. Knowing these enables you to talk about age, birthdays, timetables and everyday schedules.

数字、日期和时间遵循固定的模式,你可以把它们当作公式来学习。掌握这些后,你就能谈论年龄、生日、时间表和日常作息。

Numbers 1–20 must be memorised. From 21 onwards, the formula is: unit + und + tens, written as one word (e.g. 21 = einundzwanzig, 45 = fünfundvierzig).

数字 1–20 必须记忆。从 21 开始,公式为:个位 + und + 十位,书写为一个单词(例如 21 = einundzwanzig, 45 = fünfundvierzig)。

Date formula: ‘der’ + ordinal number + month. Ordinals are formed by adding -te to numbers up to 19, and -ste from 20 onwards, e.g. der erste Mai (1st May), der zwanzigste Juli (20th July).

日期公式:‘der’ + 序数词 + 月份。序数词由在 1-19 数字后加 -te、20 及以上加 -ste 构成,例如 der erste Mai(5月1日), der zwanzigste Juli(7月20日)。

Time formula: Es ist + hour + Uhr + (minutes). For half past, use ‘halb’ + next hour: halb drei = 2:30. For quarter past/to: Viertel nach/vor + hour.

时间公式:Es

Published by TutorHao | Year 7 德语 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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