📚 Year 7 AQA Law: Key Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | AQA Year 7 法律：关键术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 AQA Law vocabulary memorisation guide! Mastering legal terms early builds a strong foundation for future study. This article provides clear definitions, memorable examples and clever memory tricks for each key term. Let’s unlock the language of law together.
欢迎阅读你的 Year 7 AQA 法律词汇速记指南！早日掌握法律术语能为将来的学习打下坚实基础。本文为每个关键术语提供清晰的定义、易记的例子和巧妙的记忆窍门。让我们一起解锁法律语言吧。
1. Introduction to Legal Vocabulary | 法律词汇入门
Legal vocabulary is the special set of words lawyers, judges and lawmakers use to describe rules, rights and court processes. Learning these terms early helps you understand how laws protect people and resolve disputes. Like any new language, regular practice and clever tricks make them stick.
法律词汇是律师、法官和立法者用来描述规则、权利和法庭程序的专门词汇。尽早学会这些术语有助于你理解法律如何保护人们并解决争议。像任何新语言一样，经常练习和巧妙的技巧能让你牢牢记住它们。
A ‘statute’ is a written law passed by Parliament. Think of it as a ‘statue’ that stands firm—once made, it remains until changed. ‘Legislation’ is the process of making these statutes, or the statutes themselves. The root ‘legis’ means law, just like in ‘legal’.
‘Statute’（成文法）是由议会通过的书面法律。可以把它想象成一座坚固的’雕像’——一旦树立就屹立不倒，直到被修改。’Legislation’（立法）是指制定这些成文法的过程，或指成文法本身。词根’legis’表示法律，就像’legal’（法律的）一样。
For example, when the government decides to change the school leaving age, it creates legislation. The result is a statute that everyone must follow.
例如，当政府决定改变离校年龄时，它就是在立法。其结果便是一部人人都必须遵守的成文法。
2. Core Concepts of Law | 法律核心概念
Law is a set of rules made by the state to keep order and protect people. Think of it as the game’s rulebook that everyone must play by. A ‘rule’ is a specific instruction, like ‘drive on the left’. Laws are stronger because breaking them can lead to punishment in court.
法律是由国家制定的一套维持秩序和保护民众的规则。可以把它想象成每个人都必须遵守的游戏规则手册。’规则’是一项具体的指示，比如’靠左行驶’。法律更具强制力，因为违反法律可能被法庭惩罚。
‘Justice’ means treating people fairly according to the law. The symbol is a blindfolded woman holding scales, showing that justice should be impartial. ‘Fairness’ is the everyday version—making sure decisions are equal and reasonable.
‘正义’（Justice）是根据法律公平对待人们。其标志是一位蒙眼手持天平的女神，表明正义应当不偏不倚。’公平’（Fairness）是日常说法，指确保决定是平等合理的。
Memory aid: Link ‘law’ with ‘order’, and picture a classroom where rules apply to all equally. When you hear ‘justice’, imagine the scales balancing both sides of a story.
记忆助手：将’法律’与’秩序’联系起来，想象一个规则人人平等的课堂。听到’正义’时，想象天平在平衡事态的两面。
3. Criminal Law Terms | 刑法术语
A ‘crime’ is an act or omission that breaks the law and is punishable by the state. Theft and assault are crimes. Remember: ‘crime’ sounds like ‘criminal’—someone who commits a crime.
‘犯罪’是指违反法律并应受国家惩罚的行为或不作为。偷窃和殴打都是犯罪。记住：’crime’ 听起来像 ‘criminal’（罪犯）——实施犯罪的人。
The ‘defendant’ is the person accused of the crime. They must ‘defend’ themselves in court. The ‘prosecution’ is the legal team trying to prove the defendant guilty; it comes from ‘prosecute’, meaning to pursue a case.
‘被告’（defendant）是被指控犯罪的人。他们必须在法庭上为自己’辩护’（defend）。’控方’（prosecution）是试图证明被告有罪的法律团队；它来自’prosecute’，意思是提起并追究案件。
The ‘verdict’ is the jury’s or judge’s decision: guilty or not guilty. The word comes from Latin ‘veredictum’, meaning ‘truly said’. The ‘sentence’ is the punishment given after a guilty verdict, like a fine or prison term.
‘裁决’（verdict）是陪审团或法官的决定：有罪还是无罪。这个词源自拉丁语’veredictum’，意为’说真话’。’刑罚’（sentence）是在有罪裁决后给予的惩罚，比如罚款或监禁。
Quick trick: Think of ‘verdict’ as a blend of ‘very’ and ‘dictate’—the truth is spoken. Picture a judge with a gavel delivering the ‘sentence’ like the final line of a story.
快速记忆：将’verdict’ 想象成’very’和’dictate’ 的混合——真相被说出。想象法官拿着法槌宣判，就像故事的最后一句。
4. Civil Law Terms | 民法术语
Civil law deals with disputes between individuals or organisations, not crimes. In civil cases, the ‘claimant’ brings the case, complaining about a wrong. The word reminds us of ‘claim’—they claim something went wrong.
民法处理个人或组织之间的纠纷，而非犯罪。在民事案件中，’原告’（claimant）提起诉讼，声称受到了损害。这个词让我们想到 ‘claim’（声称）——他们声称出了状况。
The ‘defendant’ here is the person being sued. They must respond to the claim. If the claim succeeds, the defendant may have to pay ‘damages’—money to compensate for loss. Think of ‘damage’ to property or health.
民事案件中的’被告’（defendant）是被起诉的一方。他们必须对索赔作出回应。如果索赔成功，被告可能需要支付’损害赔偿金’（damages）——补偿损失的钱。联想财产或健康的’damage’（损害）。
An ‘injunction’ is a court order to stop someone from doing something, like tearing down a fence. The word shares ‘junct’ with ‘junction’—a joining point; an injunction stops an action at that point.
‘禁制令’（injunction）是阻止某人做某事的法院命令，例如禁止拆除围栏。这个词的’junct’和’junction’（连接点）同根——禁制令在那个点上制止行为。
5. Court Personnel | 法庭人员
A ‘judge’ is the official in charge of a court, making decisions on law and sometimes on facts. Think of a judge as someone who ‘judges’ fairly. In higher courts, judges wear robes and often wigs in the UK.
‘法官’（judge）是掌管法庭的官员，对法律问题有时也对事实问题作出裁决。把法官想象成一位公正’判断’的人。在英国的高等法院，法官会穿法袍，通常还戴假发。
A ‘jury’ is a group of twelve ordinary citizens who decide the facts and deliver a verdict in serious criminal trials. The word comes from ‘juris’, meaning law—just like ‘juror’ and ‘jurisdiction’.
‘陪审团’（jury）是由十二名普通公民组成的团体，在严重的刑事审判中决定事实并作出裁决。这个词源自’juris’，意思是法律——就像’juror’（陪审员）和’jurisdiction’（司法管辖权）一样。
A ‘magistrate’ is a volunteer who judges minor criminal cases in a Magistrates’ Court. They are not professional judges but receive training. ‘Barrister’ is a lawyer who represents clients in higher courts, named after the ‘bar’ in the courtroom where they stand. A ‘solicitor’ is a lawyer who gives legal advice and prepares cases, often meeting clients directly.
‘治安法官’（magistrate）是在治安法院审理轻微刑事案件的志愿法官。他们不是职业法官，但接受过培训。’出庭律师’（barrister）是在高等法院代表客户的大律师，因站在法庭的’围栏’（bar）后面而得名。’事务律师’（solicitor）是提供法律咨询和准备案件的律师，通常直接与客户见面。
Memory aid: The barrister argues at the ‘bar’, the solicitor ‘solicits’ information from clients, and the magistrate gives a ‘magisterial’ decision.
记忆助手：出庭律师在’bar’（围栏）前辩论，事务律师从客户那里’solicit’（征询）信息，治安法官作出’magisterial’（权威的）决定。
6. Legal Proceedings | 法律程序
A ‘trial’ is the formal examination of evidence in court to decide guilt or liability. Think of it as ‘trying’ the facts to reach a just conclusion. ‘Evidence’ is information used to prove or disprove facts, such as documents, witness statements or objects. The word shares a root with ‘evident’, meaning clear.
‘审判’（trial）是在法庭上对证据进行正式审查，以决定有罪或责任。将它想象成’trying’（试验）事实，以求得出公正结论。’证据’（evidence）是用来证明或否定事实的信息，例如文件、证人证词或物品。它的词根与’evident’（明显的）相同，意思是清晰的。
A ‘witness’ is someone who saw or knows something relevant and tells the court about it. During a trial, witnesses undergo ‘cross-examination’—questioning by the other side’s lawyer to test their evidence. Picture an ‘X’ crossing out weak answers.
‘证人’（witness）是看到或了解相关情况并向法庭陈述的人。在审判中，证人要接受’交叉盘问’（cross-examination）——由对方律师进行的提问，以检验证据。想象一个’X’划掉薄弱回答。
An ‘appeal’ is a request to a higher court to review a decision. If you think a mistake was made, you can ‘appeal’ as if turning to a higher authority with an ‘a-peel’ for help. ‘Bail’ means releasing an accused person until trial, sometimes with conditions. Imagine ‘bailing’ water out of a boat to stay afloat—a person on bail stays free temporarily.
‘上诉’（appeal）是请求上一级法院复审裁决。如果你认为出现了错误，就可以提起上诉，就像向更高权威求救（a-peel）。’保释’（bail）是指被告在审判前被释放，有时附带条件。想象从船里’舀水’（bailing）以保持漂浮——被保释的人暂时保持自由。
7. Rights and Responsibilities | 权利与责任
A ‘right’ is a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something. The right to a fair trial is protected by law. ‘Responsibility’ is the duty to act in a certain way or to take care of something. With rights come responsibilities.
‘权利’（right）是指拥有或做某事的道德或法律资格。获得公正审判的权利受法律保护。’责任’（responsibility）是按特定方式行事或照看某物的义务。享有权利的同时也要承担责任。
‘Presumption of innocence’ is the principle that a defendant is innocent until proven guilty. The prosecution must prove the case; the defendant does not have to prove innocence. Picture scales that start tipped in favour of the accused.
‘无罪推定’（presumption of innocence）是指被告在被证明有罪之前是无罪的原则。控方必须证明案件成立；被告无需自证无罪。想象天平一开始倾向被告一方。
The ‘burden of proof’ is the obligation to prove the facts in a case. In criminal law, this burden lies with the prosecution. Think of the proof as a heavy load the prosecution must carry over the line of reasonable doubt.
‘举证责任’（burden of proof）是证明案件中事实的义务。在刑法中，这一责任由控方承担。把证据想象成控方必须扛过合理怀疑界限的重担。
8. Contract Law Terms | 合同法术语
A ‘contract’ is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties. Everyday purchases are contracts. An ‘offer’ is a clear proposal to make a deal—’I will sell you this bike for £100.’ ‘Acceptance’ is the unqualified agreement to the offer’s exact terms.
‘合同’（contract）是两方或多方之间具有法律约束力的协议。日常购物就是合同。’要约’（offer）是作出交易的明确提议——’我愿意以100英镑把这辆自行车卖给你’。’承诺’（acceptance）是对要约条款的无条件同意。
‘Consideration’ is what each party gives or promises: money in exchange for a bike. The word ‘consider’ helps—both sides must ‘consider’ something of value moving between them. A ‘breach’ of contract occurs when one party fails to do what they promised. You can ‘breach’ a wall, or breach a promise.
‘对价’（consideration）是各方付出或承诺的内容：用钱换自行车。’consider’ 这个词有助于记忆——双方必须’diensider’有价值的东西在彼此之间转移。’违约’（breach）发生在一方未履行承诺时。你可以 breaching（破坏）一堵墙，也可以 breach（违反）承诺。
Remember this basic formula: Offer + Acceptance + Consideration = Contract. If any element breaks, you might have a breach.
记住这个基本公式：要约 + 承诺 + 对价 = 合同。如果任何一个要素破裂，就可能构成违约。
9. Tort Law Terms | 侵权法术语
A ‘tort’ is a civil wrong that causes harm or loss, leading to legal liability. It comes from the Latin word for ‘twisted’ or ‘wrong’. ‘Negligence’ is the most common tort: failing to take reasonable care to avoid causing injury or loss.
‘侵权’（tort）是造成损害或损失的民事过错，导致法律责任。它源自古拉丁语中表示’扭曲’或’错误’的词。’过失’（negligence）是最常见的侵权行为：未采取合理的注意以避免造成伤害或损失。
‘Duty of care’ is the legal obligation to avoid acts that could foreseeably harm others. A driver has a duty of care to pedestrians. ‘Causation’ links the breach of duty to the harm suffered. Ask: did the breach directly cause the injury?
‘注意义务’（duty of care）是避免可预见会损害他人的行为的法律义务。驾驶员对行人负有注意义务。’因果关系’（causation）将违反义务与所受损害联系起来。问一问：违反义务是否直接导致了伤害？
Two other useful terms: ‘nuisance’ (unreasonable interference with someone’s use of land, like loud noise) and ‘trespass’ (entering land without permission). Think of a ‘nuisance’ as an annoying neighbour, and ‘trespass’ as crossing a boundary without consent.
另外两个有用的术语：’妨害’（nuisance）（不合理地干扰他人使用土地，如大声喧哗）和’侵入’（trespass）（未经允许进入他人土地）。把 ‘nuisance’ 想象成烦人的邻居，把 ‘trespass’ 想象成未经同意越过边界。
10. Constitutional Law Terms | 宪法术语
‘Constitution’ is the set of fundamental principles that govern a state. The UK has an uncodified constitution, meaning it comes from statutes, conventions and court decisions. ‘Parliament’ is the supreme law-making body, made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Monarch. The word contains ‘parley’—to talk.
‘宪法’（constitution）是治理国家的一套根本原则。英国拥有不成文宪法，这意味着它源自成文法、惯例和法院裁决。’议会’（Parliament）是最高立法机构，由下议院、上议院和君主组成。这个词包含’parley’——会谈。
The ‘Monarch’ is the King or Queen, who today has a ceremonial role in law-making, granting Royal Assent. ‘Separation of powers’ is the idea that the legislative, executive and judicial branches should be separate to prevent abuse of power. Think of three doors that cannot be opened by the same key.
‘君主’（Monarch）是国王或女王，如今在立法中扮演礼仪性角色，给予御准。’权力分立’（separation of powers）是指立法、行政和司法三个分支应当分离，以防止权力滥用。想象三扇门不能用同一把钥匙打开。
‘Rule of law’ means no one is above the law; everyone must obey it equally. This principle is the foundation of a democratic society.
‘法治’（rule of law）意味着没有人能凌驾于法律之上；每个人都必须平等遵守法律。这一原则是民主社会的基石。
11. Latin Phrases in Law | 法律中的拉丁短语
‘Mens rea’ means ‘guilty mind’—the intention to commit a crime. Memory trick: think of ‘men’s reason’ gone wrong. ‘Actus reus’ is the ‘guilty act’—the physical element of a crime. Together, they form the basis of criminal liability.
‘Mens rea’ 意为’犯罪意图’——实施犯罪的意图。记忆窍门：想象’男人的理由’（men’s reason）出了错。’Actus reus’ 是’犯罪行为’——犯罪的物理要素。两者共同构成刑事责任的基础。
‘Habeas corpus’ translates to ‘you shall have the body’. It is a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a court. It protects against unlawful detention. Imagine shouting ‘You have the body—bring them here!’
‘Habeas corpus’ 译作’你必须带其人出庭’。它是一种令状，要求将被捕者带上法庭。它保护人们免遭非法拘禁。想象高喊’你有这个人——把他带来！’
‘Prima facie’ means ‘at first sight’—sufficient evidence to establish a case unless disproved. If a case looks clear initially, it has a prima facie case. ‘Sub judice’ means ‘under judgment’—a case being considered by a court, so public discussion should be avoided.
‘Prima facie’ 意为’初见就成立’——除非被反驳，否则有足够证据立案。如果一个案件起初就看起来明确，它就是表面证据成立。’Sub judice’ 意为’在审理中’——一个正在被法院审议的案件，因此应避免公开讨论。
12. Memory Techniques for Legal Terms | 法律术语记忆技巧
Use repetition: write each term and its definition three times while saying it aloud. Create flashcards with the English term on one side and the definition plus a doodle on the other. The image reinforces memory.
使用重复法：边大声朗读，边将每个术语及其定义默写三遍。制作闪卡，一面写英文术语，另一面写定义并画上小图。图像能强化记忆。
Build stories: link several terms in a short tale. For example, ‘A claimant made an offer to a defendant, but without consideration there was no contract, so the case went to trial.’ Stories make abstract terms concrete.
编故事：用短故事串联几个术语。例如，’原告向被告提出要约，但没有对价就没有合同，于是案件进入审判。’故事能让抽象术语变得具体。
Use mnemonics and acronyms: for the four elements of a contract (Offer, Acceptance, Consideration, Intention) remember ‘OACI’—like ‘okay’. Connect Latin phrases to funny images: ‘mens rea’ to a man with a thief’s mask, ‘actus reus’ to an actor committing a crime on stage.
使用助记法和首字母缩略词：合同的四个要素（要约、承诺、对价、意图）可以记为’OACI’——听起来像’okay’。将拉丁短语与搞笑图像联系起来：’mens rea’ 想象成戴小偷面具的男人，’actus reus’ 想象成在舞台上表演犯罪行为的演员。
Peer teaching: explain a term to a friend or family member. If you can teach it, you know it. Regular review before sleep also boosts long-term retention.
同伴教学：向朋友或家人解释一个术语。如果你能教会别人，证明你已掌握。睡前定期复习也能促进长期记忆。
Published by TutorHao | Law Revision Series | aleveler.com
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