Year 7 AQA Physical Education: Key Vocabulary Quick Reference Guide | Year 7 AQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 7 AQA Physical Education: Key Vocabulary Quick Reference Guide | Year 7 AQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key terminology early in Year 7 Physical Education builds the foundation for understanding how the body works during exercise, how to train effectively, and how to stay safe and healthy. This guide presents essential AQA PE vocabulary in a clear, bilingual format, pairing every English term and explanation with its Chinese equivalent to speed up memorisation. Each section includes simple memory hooks and relatable examples so that you can recall definitions quickly in class or during assessments.

在七年级体育课程早期掌握关键术语，能为理解运动时身体如何运作、如何有效训练以及如何保持安全与健康打下基础。本指南以清晰的双语格式呈现 AQA 体育必学词汇，将每个英文术语及其解释与中文对应词配对，帮助加快记忆。每个部分都包含简单的记忆提示和生动例子，让你在课堂或测验中快速回想起定义。

1. Health-Related Components of Fitness | 健康相关体能组成部分

Health-related fitness components are directly linked to overall well-being and the ability to perform everyday activities without undue fatigue. These factors help reduce the risk of lifestyle-related diseases.

健康相关体能组成部分直接关系到整体健康以及在不感到过度疲劳的情况下完成日常活动的能力。这些因素有助于降低与生活方式相关疾病的风险。

Cardiovascular Endurance (Aerobic Endurance): The ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen to the working muscles during sustained physical activity. Example: long-distance running or swimming for more than 20 minutes.

心血管耐力（有氧耐力）： 心脏、肺和血管在持续性体力活动中向工作肌肉供氧的能力。例子：持续长跑或游泳超过 20 分钟。速记：心肺配合，长时间供氧。

Muscular Strength: The maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single maximal contraction. Example: performing a one-repetition maximum lift in weight training, such as a heaviest bench press.

肌肉力量： 一块肌肉或肌群在单次最大收缩中能产生的最大力量。例子：力量训练中的最大重量单次推举，如最重的卧推。记法：力大无穷，一次爆发。

Muscular Endurance: The capacity of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period without tiring. Example: holding a plank position or completing as many press-ups as possible in one minute.

肌肉耐力： 肌肉或肌群长时间对抗阻力重复收缩而不疲劳的能力。例子：保持平板支撑姿势或一分钟内尽可能多地完成俯卧撑。记法：反复收缩，持久不累。

Flexibility: The range of movement (ROM) possible at a joint, determined by the elasticity of muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Example: performing a split or touching your toes from a standing position.

柔韧性： 关节可能的活动范围，由肌肉、肌腱和韧带的弹性决定。例子：劈叉或站立位体前屈触脚尖。记法：关节活动度，拉伸见分晓。

Body Composition: The proportion of fat, muscle, bone, and other tissues that make up a person’s total body weight. A healthy body composition typically features a lower percentage of body fat relative to lean mass.

身体成分： 构成人体总体重的脂肪、肌肉、骨骼及其他组织的比例。健康的身体成分通常体脂百分比较低，瘦体重比例较高。记法：体脂比例秤，健康看得见。

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2. Skill-Related Components of Fitness | 技能相关体能组成部分

Skill-related fitness components are more about performance in sports and physical activities. They influence how well you can learn and execute specific movement skills.

技能相关体能组成部分更关乎运动表现和身体活动能力。它们影响你学习与执行特定动作技能的好坏。

Agility: The ability to change the body’s position and direction quickly and accurately while maintaining balance. Example: dribbling past opponents in football or basketball.

敏捷性： 在保持平衡的同时，快速而准确地改变身体位置和方向的能力。例子：足球或篮球中的运球过人。记法：快闪变向，身轻如燕。

Balance: The maintenance of the body’s centre of mass over its base of support, whether stationary (static balance) or while moving (dynamic balance). Example: a gymnast holding a handstand or a surfer riding a wave.

平衡： 无论是静止（静态平衡）还是移动中（动态平衡），将身体重心保持在支撑面之上的能力。例子：体操运动员倒立或冲浪者踏浪。记法：重心稳住，不倒翁。

Coordination: The integration of the nervous and muscular systems to produce smooth, efficient movements, often involving more than one body part. Example: hand-eye coordination in catching a ball or racket sports.

协调性： 神经与肌肉系统协同工作，产生流畅高效的动作，通常需要多个身体部位参与。例子：接球或持拍运动中的手眼协调。记法：眼手配合，行云流水。

Power: The ability to exert a maximal amount of force in the shortest possible time; it combines strength and speed (explosive strength). Example: a long jumper taking off or a javelin throw.

爆发力： 在尽可能短的时间内发挥最大力量的能力，它结合了力量与速度（爆发力）。例子：跳远起跳或掷标枪。记法：力量 × 速度，瞬间释放。

Reaction Time: The time interval between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of a muscular response. Example: a sprinter responding to the starting gun or a goalkeeper diving to save a shot.

反应时间： 从刺激出现到肌肉开始做出反应之间的时间间隔。例子：短跑运动员听发令起跑或守门员扑救射门。记法：刺激到动作，快如闪电。

Speed: The ability to move all or part of the body over a set distance as quickly as possible. Example: a 100-metre sprint or a tennis serve velocity.

速度： 身体全部或局部在设定距离内尽可能快移动的能力。例子：100 米短跑或网球发球速度。记法：距离除以时间，争分夺秒。

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3. Principles of Training: FITT and SPORT | 训练原则：FITT 与 SPORT

Training principles are rules that guide how to plan an effective exercise programme. They ensure progress, prevent injury, and help avoid boredom or plateau.

训练原则是指导如何规划有效锻炼计划的规则。它们确保进步、预防受伤，并有助于避免乏味或平台期。

FITT Principle – Frequency: How often you exercise, usually measured in sessions per week. To improve fitness, a balance between training and recovery is essential.

FITT 原则 – 频率： 运动频率，通常以每周训练次数衡量。提升体能需平衡训练与恢复。记法：每周练几次。

FITT Principle – Intensity: How hard you work during each session, often monitored via heart rate, perceived exertion, or weight lifted. Increasing intensity challenges the body suitably.

FITT 原则 – 强度： 每次运动的辛苦程度，常通过心率、自感用力度或举重负荷监测。适当增加强度可挑战身体。记法：练得有多猛。

FITT Principle – Time: The duration of each training session, measured in minutes or hours. Longer sessions may improve endurance, while shorter, sharper sessions target speed or power.

FITT 原则 – 时间： 每次训练的时长，以分钟或小时计。较长时间可改善耐力，短而精的训练针对速度或爆发力。记法：练多久。

FITT Principle – Type: The mode or kind of exercise performed, such as running, cycling, swimming, or resistance training. Different types develop different fitness components.

FITT 原则 – 类型： 进行的运动方式或种类，例如跑步、骑行、游泳或抗阻训练。不同类型发展不同体能要素。记法：选什么运动。

SPORT – Specificity: Training must be relevant and appropriate to the activity, muscle groups, and energy systems you want to improve. A marathon runner trains differently from a sprinter.

SPORT – 专项性： 训练必须与你想要提升的活动、肌群及能量系统密切相关。马拉松跑者与短跑运动员的训练截然不同。速记：练什么像什么。

SPORT – Progression: Gradually increasing the demands placed on the body over time (raising frequency, intensity, or time). Too-rapid progression increases injury risk.

SPORT – 渐进性： 随时间逐渐增加对身体的负荷要求（提高频率、强度或时间）。过快增进会增加受伤风险。速记：慢慢加量，稳步向前。

SPORT – Overload: Working the body harder than it is normally accustomed to, in order to stimulate physiological adaptations and fitness gain. This must be done in manageable increments.

SPORT – 超负荷： 让身体承受比平常习惯更重的负荷，以刺激生理适应和体能增益。必须按可控增量进行。速记：超出舒适区，才有进步。

SPORT – Reversibility: The principle that fitness gains are reversible when training is stopped or markedly reduced; often summarised as ‘use it or lose it’. Detraining occurs within weeks.

SPORT – 可逆性： 训练停止或大幅减少时，体能增益会倒退的原则；常概括为“不用则废”。停训数周内即发生。速记：不练则退。

SPORT – Tedium (Variation): The need to vary training activities to keep performers mentally fresh and motivated. Boredom from monotonous training can lead to dropout and reduced effort.

SPORT – 单调性（变化）： 需变换训练活动以使练习者精神焕发、保持动力。单调训练带来的枯燥可导致退出和努力下降。速记：花样翻新，防止枯燥。

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4. Body Systems: Skeleton and Muscles | 身体系统：骨骼与肌肉

Knowing the names and functions of major bones and muscles helps you understand movement analysis, posture, and how to protect the body during sport. All movement relies on the skeletal and muscular systems working together.

知晓主要骨骼与肌肉的名称和功能，有助于理解动作分析、体姿以及如何在运动中保护身体。所有运动都依赖骨骼与肌肉系统协同工作。

Skeleton – Cranium: The skull bone that protects the brain. It provides a hard protective casing for one of the most vulnerable organs.

骨骼 – 颅骨： 保护大脑的头部骨骼。它为最脆弱的器官之一提供坚硬保护壳。记法：头盔一样的骨头。

Skeleton – Clavicle (Collarbone): A long bone linking the shoulder to the sternum. It is easily fractured in contact sports.

骨骼 – 锁骨： 连接肩膀与胸骨的长骨。在接触性运动中容易骨折。记法：肩膀前横骨。

Skeleton – Scapula (Shoulder Blade): The flat triangular bone at the back of the shoulder, providing attachment for many muscles. It forms part of the shoulder girdle.

骨骼 – 肩胛骨： 肩后部扁平的三角形骨，为众多肌肉提供附着点。是肩带的一部分。记法：背上蝶形骨。

Skeleton – Humerus: The long bone in the upper arm, running from shoulder to elbow. It acts as a lever during throwing actions.

骨骼 – 肱骨： 上臂的长骨，从肩部延伸至肘部。投掷动作中充当杠杆。记法：上臂一根棒。

Skeleton – Radius and Ulna: The two bones in the forearm; the radius is on the thumb side, the ulna on the little-finger side. They enable wrist rotation.

骨骼 – 桡骨与尺骨： 前臂的两根骨头；桡骨在拇指侧，尺骨在小指侧。它们使手腕能旋转。记法：前臂双骨，拇指侧为桡。

Skeleton – Pelvis: The large bony structure at the base of the spine, linking the upper body to the legs. It supports trunk stability and transmits force during running.

骨骼 – 骨盆： 脊柱底部的大骨性结构，连接上半身与双腿。跑步时支撑躯干稳定性并传递力。记法：腰带状骨环。

Skeleton – Femur: The thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the body. It withstands huge forces during jumping and landing.

骨骼 – 股骨： 大腿骨，身体最长最结实的骨头。跳跃落地时承受巨大力量。记法：大腿王者骨。

Skeleton – Tibia and Fibula: The two lower leg bones; the tibia is the larger weight-bearing shin bone, the fibula is thinner and alongside it. The tibia is essential for running.

骨骼 – 胫骨与腓骨： 小腿的两根骨头；胫骨是较粗大的承重小腿骨，腓骨较细位于其侧。跑步时胫骨至关重要。记法：小腿双骨，粗胫细腓。

Joints – Ball and Socket: A joint in which the rounded head of one bone fits into a cup-like socket of another, allowing movement in many directions. Examples: shoulder and hip.

关节 – 球窝关节： 一块骨的圆头嵌入另一块骨的杯状窝内，允许多方向活动。例子：肩关节与髋关节。记法：万能旋转头。

Joints – Hinge Joint: A joint that allows movement mainly in one plane, like a door hinge. Examples: elbow and knee. Flexion and extension are the primary movements.

关节 – 铰链关节： 主要允许在一个平面运动，如同门铰链。例子：肘关节与膝关节。屈和伸为主要动作。记法：单方向开合。

Muscles – Biceps: Located at the front of the upper arm, it flexes (bends) the elbow. It contracts concentrically during a bicep curl lifting phase.

肌肉 – 肱二头肌： 位于上臂前侧，使肘部屈曲（弯曲）。做弯举上提阶段时向心收缩。速记：前臂弯起靠它。

Muscles – Triceps: Located at the back of the upper arm, it extends (straightens) the elbow. It works as the antagonist to the biceps.

肌肉 – 肱三头肌： 位于上臂后侧，使肘部伸展。是肱二头肌的拮抗肌。速记：手臂伸直它发力。

Muscles – Quadriceps: The large muscle group at the front of the thigh, responsible for extending the knee. Crucial for kicking, jumping, and running.

肌肉 – 股四头肌： 大腿前侧大肌群，负责伸膝。对踢、跳、跑至关重要。记法：大腿前侧四合一。

Muscles – Hamstrings: The group of muscles at the back of the thigh, responsible for flexing the knee and extending the hip. Sprinters often strain this area.

肌肉 – 腘绳肌： 大腿后侧肌群，负责屈膝和伸髋。短跑运动员常拉伤此处。记法：大腿后侧火车轨。

Muscles – Abdominals: Stomach muscles that help flex the trunk and stabilise the core. A strong core protects the spine and improves posture.

肌肉 – 腹肌： 胃部肌肉，帮助屈曲躯干并稳定核心。强壮的核心保护脊柱、改善体姿。记法：腹肌守护者。

Muscles – Pectorals: Chest muscles that help move the arm forward and across the body. Heavily involved in press-ups and throwing.

肌肉 – 胸肌： 胸部肌肉，帮助手臂前推和横跨身体。在俯卧撑和投掷中大量参与。记法：胸肌推推推。

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5. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Terms | 心血管与呼吸系统术语

The heart, blood vessels, and lungs work together to deliver oxygen and remove waste products during exercise. Understanding these terms helps you interpret data from heart-rate monitors and fitness tests.

心脏、血管与肺部协同工作，在运动中输送氧气并清除废物。理解这些术语有助于你解读心率监测仪和体能测试数据。

Heart Rate (HR): The number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm). Resting heart rate is typically lower in fitter individuals. Maximum heart rate can be estimated as 220 minus age.

心率 (HR)： 心脏每分钟跳动的次数 (bpm)。体适能较好者静息心率通常较低。最大心率可用 220 – 年龄估算。速记：心跳咚咚每分钟。

Stroke Volume: The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart in one heartbeat. Regular endurance training increases stroke volume.

每搏输出量： 每次心跳从左心室泵出的血液量。规律耐力训练可增加每搏输出量。记法：一跳泵出多少血。

Cardiac Output: The total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated as stroke volume × heart rate. It rises dramatically during intense exercise.

心输出量： 心脏每分钟泵出的总血量，计算为每搏输出量 × 心率。高强度运动中显著上升。记法：每分钟泵血量。

Tidal Volume: The amount of air breathed in and out during a normal, resting breath. During exercise, tidal volume increases to take in more oxygen.

潮气量： 静息状态下正常呼吸时吸入和呼出的空气量。运动时潮气量增加以摄取更多氧气。速记：一呼一吸寻常量。

Vital Capacity: The maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation. It indicates the size and efficiency of the lungs.

肺活量： 最大吸气后能用力呼出的最大气量。它反映肺部大小和效率。速记：深吸猛呼全气量。

Breathing Rate: The number of breaths taken per minute. Like heart rate, it rises during physical activity to supply more oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.

呼吸频率： 每分钟呼吸次数。与心率类似，在运动中升高以提供更多氧气并排出二氧化碳。记法：每分钟呼吸次数。

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6. Basic Movement and Exercise Terms | 运动与动作基本术语

Every movement can be described using standard anatomical terminology. This vocabulary is vital for analysing technique and understanding which muscles are working.

每个动作都可以用标准的解剖学术语描述。这套词汇对于分析技术动作和理解哪些肌肉在用力至关重要。

Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two bones at a joint, usually involving a bending movement. Example: bending the elbow to bring the hand towards the shoulder.

屈曲： 关节处两块骨之间的角度减小，通常是弯曲动作。例子：屈肘使手靠近肩膀。速记：角度变小，弯起来。

Extension: Increasing the angle between two bones, or straightening a joint. Example: straightening the knee from a bent position.

伸展： 关节处两块骨之间的角度增大，或伸直关节。例子：从屈膝位伸直膝盖。速记：角度变大，伸直去。

Abduction: Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body. Example: raising your arm sideways away from your body.Published by TutorHao | Year 7 体育 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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