📚 Year 7 AQA Psychology: Core Knowledge Overview | AQA 心理学7年级核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 7 journey into AQA Psychology. This guide gathers the most important concepts you need to understand and remember. We will explore the science of mind and behaviour through simple explanations and clear examples, linking each topic to the AQA specification so you can feel confident in class and at home.
欢迎开启7年级AQA心理学之旅。本指南汇集了你需要理解和记忆的最重要的概念。我们将通过简单的解释和清晰的例子探索心智与行为的科学，将每个主题与AQA考试大纲联系起来，让你在课堂和在家中都能充满信心。
1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. Psychologists observe, measure and experiment to understand why people think, feel and act the way they do. It is not just about mental illness; it covers memory, perception, child development, social interactions and much more.
心理学是对心智和行为的科学研究。心理学家通过观察、测量和实验来理解人们为什么这样思考、感受和行动。它不仅仅关乎心理疾病；它还涵盖记忆、感知、儿童发展、社会互动等等。
The word ‘psychology’ comes from the Greek words ‘psyche’ (mind or soul) and ‘logos’ (study). Modern psychology uses scientific methods to test theories about human nature. This makes it different from everyday opinions or common sense.
“心理学”一词源自希腊语“psyche”（心灵或灵魂）和“logos”（研究）。现代心理学使用科学方法来检验关于人性的理论。这使得它不同于日常观点或常识。
2. Research Methods in Psychology | 心理学的研究方法
Psychologists collect evidence through careful research methods. The most controlled method is the experiment, where a researcher manipulates one factor (the independent variable, IV) to see its effect on another factor (the dependent variable, DV). For example, testing whether background music (IV) affects memory test scores (DV).
心理学家通过严谨的研究方法收集证据。最可控的方法是实验，研究者操控一个因素（自变量，IV）以观察其对另一个因素（因变量，DV）的影响。例如，测试背景音乐（IV）是否影响记忆测试成绩（DV）。
All other variables must be controlled to avoid confusion. These are called extraneous variables. Researchers also use observations, questionnaires and interviews. Ethical guidelines ensure participants are not harmed, give informed consent and can withdraw at any time.
所有其他变量必须加以控制，以免混淆。这些被称为额外变量。研究者还使用观察、问卷和访谈。伦理准则确保参与者不受伤害、给予知情同意并且可以随时退出。
3. Memory: The Multi-Store Model | 记忆：多存储模型
Our memory is not one single system. The multi-store model, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, describes three separate stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Information flows from one store to the next if we pay attention and rehearse it.
我们的记忆并非单一系统。阿特金森和希夫林提出的多存储模型描述了三个独立的存储库：感觉记忆、短期记忆（STM）和长期记忆（LTM）。如果我们加以注意并进行复述，信息就会从一个存储库流向下一个。
Sensory memory holds raw information from the senses for less than a second. If we focus on something, it moves into STM. Short-term memory has a limited capacity of about 7 ± 2 chunks and lasts around 18–30 seconds without rehearsal.
感觉记忆将来自感官的原始信息保存不到一秒钟。如果我们专注于某事，它就会进入短期记忆。短期记忆的容量有限，约为7 ± 2个组块，在没有复述的情况下持续约18至30秒。
Through rehearsal, information transfers to long-term memory, which has potentially unlimited capacity and can last a lifetime. Forgetting from STM often happens through displacement or decay, while forgetting from LTM is usually due to retrieval failure.
通过复述，信息转移到长期记忆，它有着潜在的无限容量，可以持续一生。短期记忆的遗忘通常由干扰或消退引起，而长期记忆的遗忘则通常源于提取失败。
4. Perception: How We Interpret the World | 感知：我们如何解读世界
Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. It is not a passive recording; our brain actively constructs what we see, hear and feel. The same physical stimulus can be perceived differently depending on expectations, context and past experience.
感知是组织并解释感觉信息的过程。它并非被动的记录；我们的大脑主动构建我们所看到、听到和感觉到的东西。同样的物理刺激，由于期望、环境和过往经验的不同，可能会被不同地感知。
Key concepts in perception include visual illusions, which show how the brain can be fooled. The Gestalt laws, such as figure–ground and closure, explain how we naturally group separate elements into whole forms. Depth cues like linear perspective and relative size help us judge distance.
感知中的关键概念包括视错觉，它展示了大脑如何被愚弄。格式塔定律，例如图形–背景和闭合原则，解释了我们如何自然地将独立元素组合成整体。诸如线条透视和相对大小这类深度线索帮助我们判断距离。
5. Development: Early Brain Growth | 发展：早期大脑发育
Developmental psychology studies how people grow and change from birth to adulthood. In the early years, the brain develops rapidly, forming new connections (synapses) every second. Experiences shape this wiring in a process called neuroplasticity.
发展心理学研究人们从出生到成年如何成长和变化。在早期，大脑快速发展，每秒钟形成新的连接（突触）。经历在一个称为神经可塑性的过程中塑造了这种大脑线路。
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development suggests that children think in qualitatively different ways at different stages. For example, in the sensorimotor stage (0–2 years) babies learn through senses and movement, while in the preoperational stage (2–7 years) they begin to use symbols and language but are egocentric.
皮亚杰的认知发展理论认为，儿童在不同阶段的思维方式存在质的差异。例如，在感知运动阶段（0–2岁），婴儿通过感官和运动学习；而在前运算阶段（2–7岁），他们开始使用符号和语言，但仍以自我为中心。
6. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Social influence looks at how the presence of others affects our behaviour. Two major forms are conformity (changing behaviour to fit in with a group) and obedience (following orders from someone in authority). Both can be powerful even when we know the group or order is wrong.
社会影响考察他人的在场如何影响我们的行为。两种主要形式是从众（改变行为以融入群体）和服从（听从权威人士的命令）。即使我们知道群体或命令是错误的，这两者都可能十分强大。
Asch’s experiments on conformity showed that many people will give an obviously wrong answer just because others do. Milgram’s obedience studies revealed that ordinary people might deliver what they believed were painful electric shocks when instructed by an authority figure.
阿希关于从众的实验表明，许多人仅仅因为别人这样做，就会给出明显错误的答案。米尔格拉姆的服从研究揭示，当权威人物发出指令时，普通人可能会施加他们认为痛苦的电击。
Several factors influence conformity and obedience: group size, unanimity, proximity of the authority, and personal responsibility. Understanding these forces helps us recognise social pressures in everyday life.
影响从众和服从的因素有很多：群体大小、一致性程度、权威的接近程度以及个人责任感。理解这些力量有助于我们识别日常生活中的社会压力。
7. Language and Thought | 语言与思维
Language is a system of symbols and rules that allows us to communicate complex ideas. Psycholinguistics examines how language develops, how we produce and understand speech, and whether language shapes thought – an idea known as linguistic relativity.
语言是一套由符号和规则组成的系统，使我们能够交流复杂的想法。心理语言学考察语言如何发展、我们如何产生和理解言语，以及语言是否塑造思维——这一观点被称为语言相对论。
Piaget argued that thought develops before language, while Vygotsky emphasised that language and thought are intertwined, with inner speech playing a key role in guiding our actions. Non-verbal communication, such as body language and facial expressions, also conveys rich information.
皮亚杰认为思维先于语言发展，而维果茨基强调语言和思维相互交织，内部言语在指导我们行动方面起着关键作用。非语言沟通，如身体语言和面部表情，也传递着丰富的信息。
8. The Brain and Nervous System | 大脑与神经系统
The brain is our body’s control centre, containing around 86 billion neurons. These nerve cells use electrical impulses and chemicals (neurotransmitters) to send messages. Key brain regions include the frontal lobe (thinking, planning), temporal lobe (hearing, memory), occipital lobe (vision) and parietal lobe (touch, spatial awareness).
大脑是我们身体的控制中心，包含大约860亿个神经元。这些神经细胞利用电冲动和化学物质（神经递质）来传递信息。关键脑区包括额叶（思维、计划）、颞叶（听觉、记忆）、枕叶（视觉）和顶叶（触觉、空间感知）。
The nervous system divides into the central nervous system (CNS – brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS – nerves throughout the body). The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions like heartbeat and digestion.
神经系统分为中枢神经系统（CNS——大脑和脊髓）和外周神经系统（PNS——遍布全身的神经）。自主神经系统控制诸如心跳和消化这类不随意活动。
Understanding brain lateralisation shows that the two hemispheres have specialised functions: for most people, the left hemisphere handles language, while the right is more involved in spatial tasks and creativity.
理解大脑侧化可以知道，两个半球具有专门的功能：对大多数人来说，左半球处理语言，而右半球更多地参与空间任务和创造性活动。
9. Psychological Problems: An Introduction | 心理问题：简介
Psychological problems refer to patterns of thinking, feeling or behaving that cause distress and interfere with daily life. Common examples include depression and anxiety. It is important to understand that these are health conditions, not personal weaknesses, and can affect anyone.
心理问题指的是导致痛苦并干扰日常生活的思维、感受或行为模式。常见的例子包括抑郁症和焦虑症。重要的是要明白，这些都是健康状况，而非个人的弱点，并且可能影响任何人。
Key symptoms of depression might include persistent low mood, loss of interest in activities, fatigue and changes in sleep or appetite. Anxiety disorders often involve excessive worry, restlessness and physical signs such as a racing heart.
抑郁症的主要症状可能包括持续的情绪低落、对活动失去兴趣、疲劳以及睡眠或食欲的改变。焦虑症通常涉及过度的担忧、坐立不安，以及心跳加速等身体迹象。
Biological explanations point to neurotransmitter imbalances, while psychological approaches highlight negative thought patterns or learned behaviours. Treatments range from talking therapies (like CBT) to medication, and often combine both.
生物学解释指向神经递质失衡，而心理学方法则强调消极的思维模式或习得的行为。治疗方法从谈话疗法（如认知行为疗法）到药物治疗不等，并且常常两者结合。
10. Key Terms and Concepts to Review | 需要复习的关键术语与概念
To succeed in Year 7 Psychology, it helps to build a strong vocabulary. Here are some essential terms to recall: independent variable (the factor you change), dependent variable (the factor you measure), hypothesis (a testable prediction), and validity (whether a study measures what it claims to measure).
为了在7年级心理学中取得成功，建立扎实的词汇库会很有帮助。以下是一些需要牢记的基本术语：自变量（你改变的因素）、因变量（你测量的因素）、假设（可检验的预测）以及效度（研究是否测量了它声称要测量的东西）。
Other important concepts include ethical issues, such as the right to withdraw and protection from harm. Use flashcards to pair definitions with examples, and always link new knowledge to the AQA specification topics we have covered.
其他重要概念包括伦理问题，例如随时退出的权利和免于伤害的保护。使用闪卡将定义与例子配对，并始终将新知识与我们已覆盖的AQA大纲主题联系起来。
Regular retrieval practice – testing yourself without looking at notes – is one of the most effective revision techniques. Explain concepts aloud to a friend or draw simple diagrams of the multi-store model and the brain.
定期进行提取练习——在不看笔记的情况下测试自己——是最有效的复习技巧之一。向朋友大声解释概念，或绘制多存储模型和大脑的简单示意图。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导