Year 7 AQA Psychology: Core Knowledge Overview | Year 7 AQA 心理学：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 7 AQA Psychology: Core Knowledge Overview | Year 7 AQA 心理学：核心知识点梳理

In Year 7, you begin your journey into understanding the human mind and behaviour. This overview covers the essential topics in AQA Psychology, helping you build a solid foundation. Each concept is broken down into simple, manageable ideas, with key terms explained clearly. By the end of this revision guide, you will have a reliable knowledge base for class tests and future learning in psychology.

在七年级，你将踏上探索人类心智与行为的旅程。这份梳理涵盖了 AQA 心理学的核心主题，帮助你打下扎实的基础。每个概念都被分解为简单易懂的内容，关键术语也解释得十分清晰。通过这份复习指南，你将建立起可靠的知识体系，从容应对课堂测验并为未来的心理学学习做好准备。

1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. It seeks to understand how people think, feel, and act, both individually and in groups. Unlike everyday opinions, psychology relies on systematic research and evidence.

心理学是对心智和行为的科学研究。它试图理解人们如何思考、感受和行动，无论是个体还是群体。与日常观点不同，心理学依赖系统化的研究和证据。

The word ‘psychology’ comes from the Greek words ‘psyche’ (mind or soul) and ‘logos’ (study or knowledge). Psychologists ask questions like: Why do we forget things? How do we learn new skills? What makes us conform to a group? The goal is to describe, explain, predict, and sometimes change behaviour.

“心理学”这个词源自希腊语“psyche”（心灵或灵魂）和“logos”（研究或知识）。心理学家会提出这样的问题：我们为什么会忘记事情？我们如何学习新技能？是什么让我们顺从群体？其目标是描述、解释、预测，有时也改变行为。

2. The Brain and Nervous System | 大脑与神经系统

The brain is the control centre of the body, made up of billions of neurons. It is divided into key areas: the cerebrum (thinking, memory, and voluntary movement), the cerebellum (balance and coordination), and the brainstem (automatic functions like breathing and heartbeat).

大脑是身体的控制中心，由数十亿个神经元组成。它分为几个关键区域：大脑皮层（思维、记忆和随意运动）、小脑（平衡与协调）以及脑干（呼吸和心跳等自主功能）。

The nervous system has two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) – the brain and spinal cord – and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which connects the CNS to the rest of the body. Neurons transmit messages using electrical impulses and chemical signals across tiny gaps called synapses.

神经系统有两个主要部分：中枢神经系统（CNS）——包括脑和脊髓——以及周围神经系统（PNS），它将中枢神经系统与身体其他部分连接起来。神经元通过电冲动和化学信号在称为突触的微小间隙间传递信息。

Brain Region	Main Function	大脑区域	主要功能
Cerebrum	Thought, language, senses, voluntary movement	大脑皮层	思维、语言、感觉、随意运动
Cerebellum	Balance, posture, fine motor skills	小脑	平衡、姿势、精细动作
Brainstem	Breathing, heart rate, swallowing	脑干	呼吸、心率、吞咽

3. Memory: How We Remember | 记忆：我们如何记住

Memory is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Encoding turns sensory input into a code the brain can use. Storage holds the information over time, and retrieval brings it back into consciousness when needed.

记忆是编码、存储和提取信息的过程。编码将感觉输入转化为大脑可以使用的代码。存储将信息保持一段时间，提取则在需要时将其唤回意识。

The multi-store model describes three memory stores: sensory memory (holds information for milliseconds), short-term memory (STM, holds about 7 +/- 2 items for around 15–30 seconds), and long-term memory (LTM, potentially unlimited capacity and duration). Rehearsal helps transfer information from STM to LTM.

多存储模型描述了三种记忆存储：感觉记忆（保持信息几毫秒）、短期记忆（STM，约 7±2 个项目，保持约 15–30 秒）和长期记忆（LTM，容量和持续时间几乎无限）。复述有助于将信息从 STM 转移到 LTM。

4. Forgetting and Eyewitness Testimony | 遗忘与目击者证词

Forgetting can occur because of decay (the memory trace fades), interference (new or old information disrupts recall), or retrieval failure (the memory is there but cannot be accessed). Context-dependent memory shows that we recall better when we are in the same environment where we learned the information.

遗忘可能是由于痕迹消退（记忆痕迹减弱）、干扰（新旧信息扰乱回忆）或提取失败（记忆存在但无法获取）。情境依赖记忆表明，当我们在学习信息时所处的同一环境中回忆时，效果更好。

Eyewitness testimony is often unreliable. Leading questions and post-event information can distort memory. Elizabeth Loftus found that the phrasing of a question (e.g., ‘smashed’ vs ‘hit’) could change how people remembered a car accident. This reminds us that memory is not a perfect recording.

目击者证词通常不可靠。引导性问题和事件后信息会扭曲记忆。伊丽莎白·洛夫特斯发现，问句的措辞（如“撞碎”与“碰撞”）能改变人们对车祸的记忆。这说明记忆并非完美的录像。

5. Learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning | 学习：经典条件反射与操作性条件反射

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience. Classical conditioning was first studied by Ivan Pavlov. He noticed that dogs salivated not only to food but also to the sound of a bell if the bell was repeatedly paired with food. The food is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), salivation to food is an unconditioned response (UCR), the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS), and salivation to the bell is the conditioned response (CR).

学习是因经验而产生的相对持久的行为变化。经典条件反射最初由伊万·巴甫洛夫研究。他发现狗不仅对食物分泌唾液，如果铃声反复与食物配对，狗也会对铃声分泌唾液。食物是无条件刺激（UCS），对食物的唾液分泌是无条件反应（UCR），铃声成为条件刺激（CS），对铃声的唾液分泌就是条件反应（CR）。

Operant conditioning, studied by B.F. Skinner, explains how consequences shape behaviour. Reinforcement (positive or negative) increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated, while punishment decreases it. For example, giving praise (positive reinforcement) encourages a student to answer more questions.

操作性条件反射由 B.F. 斯金纳研究，它解释后果如何塑造行为。强化（正强化或负强化）增加行为重复的可能性，而惩罚则降低其可能性。例如，给予表扬（正强化）会鼓励学生回答更多问题。

6. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从

Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief to fit in with a group. Solomon Asch conducted a famous experiment in which participants gave obviously wrong answers about line lengths just because everyone else did. This showed that people often conform due to normative social influence (wanting to be liked) or informational social influence (believing the group knows better).

从众是指改变行为或信念以融入群体。所罗门·阿什进行了一项著名实验，参与者竟因为其他人给出了明显错误的线段长度答案而跟随错误判断。这表明人们往往因规范社会影响（希望被喜欢）或信息社会影响（相信群体更了解情况）而从众。

Obedience involves following direct orders from an authority figure. Stanley Milgram’s study revealed that many people would obey instructions to deliver electric shocks to another person, even when they heard protests. While the full study raises ethical issues, it highlights how situational factors can powerfully affect behaviour.

服从是指遵循权威人物的直接命令。斯坦利·米尔格拉姆的研究揭示，许多人会服从指令对另一个人施加电击，即使听到了抗议声。虽然完整的研究引发了伦理争议，但它凸显了情境因素如何强有力地影响行为。

7. Emotions and Stress | 情绪与压力

Emotions are complex responses involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviours, and conscious experience. Basic emotions such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust appear to be universal across cultures. The amygdala, a small structure in the brain, plays a key role in processing fear and other emotions.

情绪是涉及生理唤醒、表达行为和意识体验的复杂反应。快乐、悲伤、恐惧、愤怒、惊讶和厌恶等基本情绪在不同文化中似乎普遍存在。大脑中的杏仁核虽小，却在处理恐惧和其他情绪中起着关键作用。

Stress is the body’s response to perceived threats or challenges (stressors). The fight-or-flight response prepares the body to either confront or escape danger, increasing heart rate and releasing adrenaline. Managing stress can involve relaxation techniques, exercise, talking to someone, or breaking tasks into smaller steps.

压力是身体对感知到的威胁或挑战（压力源）的反应。战斗或逃跑反应使身体准备好对抗或逃离危险，表现为心率加快和肾上腺素释放。管理压力可以包括放松技巧、锻炼、找人倾诉或将任务分解为更小的步骤。

8. Introduction to Research Methods | 研究方法简介

Psychologists use scientific methods to investigate behaviour. Common methods include experiments (manipulating an independent variable to see its effect on a dependent variable), observations (watching behaviour in natural or controlled settings), questionnaires (self-report data), and case studies (in-depth study of one person or small group).

心理学家使用科学方法研究行为。常见方法包括实验（操纵自变量以观察其对因变量的影响）、观察（在自然或受控环境中观察行为）、问卷（自我报告数据）和个案研究（对一个人或一小群人的深入研究）。

Key terms: The independent variable (IV) is what the researcher changes. The dependent variable (DV) is what is measured. Ethics are vital – participants must give informed consent, be protected from harm, and have their data kept confidential. When evaluating studies, we consider reliability (consistency) and validity (accuracy).

关键术语：自变量（IV）是研究者改变的变量。因变量（DV）是被测量的变量。伦理至关重要——参与者必须给出知情同意，免受伤害，其数据必须保密。在评估研究时，我们考虑信度（一致性）和效度（准确性）。

9. Psychological Problems: An Introduction | 心理问题简介

Mental health is just as important as physical health. Psychological problems like anxiety disorders and depression affect how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. Anxiety involves excessive worry and physical symptoms such as a racing heart. Depression can cause persistent low mood, loss of interest, and changes in sleep or appetite.

心理健康与身体健康同等重要。焦虑障碍和抑郁等心理问题会影响一个人的思维、情绪和行为。焦虑涉及过度担忧和心跳加速等身体症状。抑郁可能导致持续的情绪低落、兴趣丧失以及睡眠或食欲变化。

It is crucial to understand that these are real conditions, not signs of weakness. Many effective treatments exist, including talking therapies (e.g., counselling, cognitive behavioural therapy) and medication. Reducing stigma around mental health encourages people to seek help early.

关键在于要认识到这些都是真实的健康问题，并非软弱的表现。存在许多有效的治疗方法，包括谈话疗法（如咨询、认知行为疗法）和药物治疗。减少对心理健康的污名化有助于鼓励人们尽早寻求帮助。

10. Key Terms and Revision Checklist | 关键术语与复习清单

Use this checklist to test yourself on the core concepts covered. Tick each one when you can explain it clearly and give an example.

使用这份清单来检验自己对核心概念的掌握程度。当你能够清晰解释并举例时，请在每一项旁打勾。

Psychology: scientific study of mind and behaviour / 心理学：对心智和行为的科学研究

Neuron: nerve cell that transmits information / 神经元：传递信息的神经细胞
Encoding, storage, retrieval / 编码、存储、提取

Short-term memory vs long-term memory / 短期记忆与长期记忆
Eyewitness testimony and leading questions / 目击者证词与引导性问题

Classical conditioning (Pavlov’s dogs) / 经典条件反射（巴甫洛夫的狗）
Operant conditioning: reinforcement and punishment / 操作性条件反射：强化与惩罚

Conformity (Asch) and obedience (Milgram) / 从众（阿什）与服从（米尔格拉姆）
Fight-or-flight response / 战斗或逃跑反应

Independent variable and dependent variable / 自变量与因变量
Ethical guidelines in research / 研究中的伦理准则

Stigma and mental health / 污名化与心理健康

Create mind maps linking these ideas together. For example, connect ‘memory’ to ‘eyewitness testimony’ and ‘forgetting’. Regular self-quizzing and explaining concepts to a friend will strengthen your recall. Psychology becomes much easier when you see the real-life links.

制作思维导图将这些概念联系起来。例如，将“记忆”与“目击者证词”和“遗忘”相连。定期自测和向朋友解释概念将强化你的记忆。当你看到现实生活的联系时，心理学就会变得容易得多。

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Year 7 AQA Psychology: Core Knowledge Overview | Year 7 AQA 心理学：核心知识点梳理