📚 Year 7 AQA Spanish: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Rules | 七年级 AQA 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册
Just as mathematics relies on essential formulas and theorems, mastering Spanish in Year 7 requires you to learn a set of ‘grammar formulas’ and ‘verb patterns’ that unlock accurate communication. This quick reference handbook compiles the fundamental rules you need for the AQA Spanish course – from article agreement to present tense conjugations. Use it alongside your class notes to reinforce your understanding and build confidence in both written and spoken Spanish.
就像数学依赖核心公式和定理一样，七年级学好西班牙语也需要掌握一套“语法公式”和“动词模式”，它们是准确交流的关键。这本速查手册汇集了 AQA 西班牙语课程所需的基本规则——从冠词搭配到一般现在时变位。配合课堂笔记使用，可以帮助你巩固理解，增强书面和口语表达的信心。
1. Definite and Indefinite Articles | 定冠词与不定冠词
In Spanish, every noun is either masculine or feminine, and articles must match the gender and number of the noun. The definite articles (equivalent to ‘the’) are el (masculine singular), la (feminine singular), los (masculine plural) and las (feminine plural). Indefinite articles (‘a/an’ or ‘some’) follow a similar pattern: un (m.s.), una (f.s.), unos (m.pl.) and unas (f.pl.).
在西班牙语中，每个名词都有阳性或阴性，冠词必须与名词的性和数保持一致。定冠词（相当于“the”）有 el（阳性单数）、la（阴性单数）、los（阳性复数）和 las（阴性复数）。不定冠词（’a/an’ 或 ‘some’）遵循类似模式：un（阳性单数）、una（阴性单数）、unos（阳性复数）和 unas（阴性复数）。
| Type | Masculine Singular | Feminine Singular | Masculine Plural | Feminine Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definite | el libro | la casa | los libros | las casas |
| Indefinite | un chico | una chica | unos chicos | unas chicas |
When you learn a new noun, always memorise its article as a pair – for example, ‘la mesa’ not just ‘mesa’ – so you automatically know its gender.
学习新名词时，永远要把冠词和名词作为一对来记忆——比如记 ‘la mesa’ 而不是仅仅 ‘mesa’——这样你就能自动掌握它的性。
2. Gender and Number of Nouns | 名词的性和数
Nouns in Spanish have grammatical gender: they are either masculine or feminine. A general ‘formula’ is that nouns ending in -o are often masculine (el niño, el libro), and nouns ending in -a are often feminine (la niña, la ventana). However, there are exceptions like la mano (hand) and el día (day), so treat this as a strong tendency rather than an absolute rule. To form plurals, add -s if the noun ends in a vowel, and -es if it ends in a consonant.
西班牙语名词有语法性别：它们要么是阳性要么是阴性。一个常用的“公式”是：以 -o 结尾的名词通常是阳性（el niño, el libro），以 -a 结尾的名词通常是阴性（la niña, la ventana）。但也有一些例外，比如 la mano（手）和 el día（日子），所以只把它当作一种强烈的趋势，而不是绝对规则。构成复数时，如果名词以元音结尾就加 -s，如果以辅音结尾就加 -es。
Additionally, nouns ending in -ión, -dad or -tad are typically feminine (la estación, la ciudad, la libertad). This pattern acts like a theorem that helps you deduce the gender of many abstract nouns.
此外，以 -ión、-dad 或 -tad 结尾的名词通常是阴性（la estación, la ciudad, la libertad）。这个模式就像一个定理，能帮助你推断大量抽象名词的性。
3. Adjective Agreement | 形容词一致规则
The ‘adjectives formula’ states that adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe. Most adjectives end in -o for masculine singular and change to -a for feminine singular. For plurals, add -s. Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant usually have the same form for both masculine and feminine singular, and add -es for plural.
“形容词公式”规定，形容词必须与它所修饰的名词在性和数上保持一致。大多数形容词以 -o 结尾表示阳性单数，变为 -a 表示阴性单数。复数形式加 -s。以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词通常在阳性和阴性单数中形式相同，复数加 -es。
un chico alto → una chica alta → unos chicos altos → unas chicas altas
In sentences, the adjective usually comes after the noun (la casa blanca), except in certain fixed expressions. The invariant formula for position is: Noun + Adjective, which is the opposite of English.
在句子中，形容词通常放在名词之后（la casa blanca），只有一些固定表达除外。位置的不变公式是：名词 + 形容词，这和英语正好相反。
4. Subject Pronouns | 主语代词
Subject pronouns are the ‘variables’ you plug into verb conjugations. The complete set for Year 7 AQA Spanish is: yo (I), tú (you, informal singular), él/ella/usted (he/she/you formal singular), nosotros/nosotras (we, masculine/feminine), vosotros/vosotras (you all, informal plural, used mainly in Spain) and ellos/ellas/ustedes (they, masculine/feminine/you all formal).
主语代词是代入动词变位的“变量”。AQA 七年级西班牙语的完整集合是：yo（我），tú（你，单数非正式），él/ella/usted（他/她/您），nosotros/nosotras（我们，阳性/阴性），vosotros/vosotras（你们，复数非正式，主要在西班牙使用）以及 ellos/ellas/ustedes（他们/她们/诸位）。
Note that Spanish often drops the subject pronoun because the verb ending itself indicates who is doing the action. The ‘omission formula’ is: Verb ending → subject information, making the pronoun optional unless you need clarity or emphasis.
请注意，西班牙语经常省略主语代词，因为动词词尾本身就表明了动作的执行者。“省略公式”是：动词词尾 → 主语信息，因此除非需要澄清或强调，否则代词可以省略。
5. Verbs ser and estar | 动词 ser 和 estar
Both ser and estar mean ‘to be’, but they follow distinct usage formulas. Ser is used for permanent or defining characteristics: identity, origin, time, and inherent qualities. Estar is used for temporary states, locations, and conditions. Think of ser as the ‘essence verb’ and estar as the ‘state verb’.
ser 和 estar 都表示“是”，但它们遵循不同的使用公式。Ser 用于永久性或定义性特征：身份、来源、时间和固有品质。Estar 用于暂时状态、位置和状况。可以把 ser 看作“本质动词”，把 estar 看作“状态动词”。
| Ser (permanent) | Estar (temporary/location) |
|---|---|
| Yo soy | Yo estoy |
| Tú eres | Tú estás |
| Él/Ella/Usted es | Él/Ella/Usted está |
| Nosotros/as somos | Nosotros/as estamos |
| Vosotros/as sois | Vosotros/as estáis |
| Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes son | Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes están |
A classic contrast: ‘Ella es inteligente’ (She is intelligent – a permanent trait) vs. ‘Ella está cansada’ (She is tired – a temporary state). Location always uses estar, even for buildings: ‘Madrid está en España’.
一个经典对比：’Ella es inteligente’（她很聪明——永久特质）vs. ‘Ella está cansada’（她很累——暂时状态）。地点永远使用 estar，即使是建筑物：’Madrid está en España’。
6. Verb tener and Idiomatic Expressions | 动词 tener 及其固定表达
Tener means ‘to have’, but it also appears in many fixed formulas that express age, sensations and states that in English use ‘to be’. The key formulas are: tener + number + años (to be … years old), tener hambre/sed (to be hungry/thirsty), tener calor/frío (to be hot/cold), tener sueño (to be sleepy) and tener miedo (to be scared).
Tener 意为“有”，但它也出现在许多固定公式中，用来表达年龄、感觉和状态，这些在英语里用 ‘to be’。关键公式是：tener + 数字 + años（……岁），tener hambre/sed（饿了/渴了），tener calor/frío（觉得热/冷），tener sueño（困了）和 tener miedo（害怕）。
¿Cuántos años tienes? Tengo doce años. | ¿Tienes hambre? Sí, tengo mucha hambre.
Here is the present tense conjugation of tener, which is irregular:
下面是 tener 的一般现在时变位，它是不规则的：
| Subject | Tener |
|---|---|
| yo | tengo |
| tú | tienes |
| él/ella/usted | tiene |
| nosotros/as | tenemos |
| vosotros/as | tenéis |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | tienen |
Memorize these expressions as chunks – they don’t translate literally and are extremely common in everyday conversation.
把这些表达当作语块来记忆——它们不能逐字翻译，在日常对话中极为常用。
7. Regular Present Tense Conjugations: -ar, -er, -ir | 规则动词现在时变位：-ar, -er, -ir
The most important ‘verb formula’ for Year 7 is the regular present tense pattern. Spanish verbs are classified into three families according to their infinitive ending: -ar, -er and -ir. To conjugate, remove the infinitive ending and add the corresponding set of endings. Think of it as a plug-and-play system: stem + ending.
七年级最重要的“动词公式”是规则一般现在时的模式。西班牙语动词按照其不定式词尾分为三个家族：-ar、-er 和 -ir。变位时，去掉不定式词尾，加上相应的一套词尾。可以把它看作一个即插即用的系统：词干 + 词尾。
| Subject | -ar (hablar) | -er (comer) | -ir (vivir) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | hablo | como | vivo |
| tú | hablas | comes | vives |
| él/ella/usted | habla | come | vive |
| nosotros/as | hablamos | comemos | vivimos |
| vosotros/as | habláis | coméis | vivís |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | hablan | comen | viven |
The -er and -ir endings are very similar; the only differences appear in the nosotros and vosotros forms. The ‘infinitive rule of thumb’ is that once you know the pattern for one -ar verb, you can conjugate hundreds of regular -ar verbs correctly.
-er 和 -ir 词尾非常相似；区别只出现在 nosotros 和 vosotros 形式中。“不定式经验法则”是，一旦你掌握了一个 -ar 动词的模式，你就能正确变位数以百计的规则 -ar 动词。
8. Common Irregular Verbs: ir, hacer, jugar | 常用不规则动词：ir, hacer, jugar
Not all verbs follow the regular patterns; some are like ‘special theorems’ that you must memorise separately. The most essential irregular verbs for Year 7 are ir (to go), hacer (to do/make) and the stem-changing verb jugar (to play).
并非所有动词都遵循规则模式；有些就像“特殊定理”，必须单独记忆。七年级最重要的不规则动词是 ir（去）、hacer（做）和词干变化动词 jugar（玩）。
| Subject | ir | hacer | jugar (ue) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | voy | hago | juego |
| tú | vas | haces | juegas |
| él/ella/usted | va | hace | juega |
| nosotros/as | vamos | hacemos | jugamos |
| vosotros/as | vais | hacéis | jugáis |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | van | hacen | juegan |
Notice that jugar is a stem-changing verb: the u in the stem changes to ue in all forms except nosotros and vosotros. This ‘boot’ shape pattern applies to many other common verbs like dormir (to sleep) and poder (to be able to).
请注意，jugar 是一个词干变化动词：词干中的 u 变为 ue，只有 nosotros 和 vosotros 形式不变。这种“靴子形”模式适用于许多其他常用动词，如 dormir（睡觉）和 poder（能够）。
9. Question Words and Sentence Structure | 疑问词和问句结构
Forming questions in Spanish follows simple formulas. You can often turn a statement into a question by just raising your intonation in speech, or by adding question marks in writing: ¿Tú hablas español? (Do you speak Spanish?). However, using question words gives you more precision. The key interrogatives are: ¿Qué? (What?), ¿Quién? (Who?), ¿Dónde? (Where?), ¿Cuándo? (When?), ¿Por qué? (Why?), ¿Cómo? (How?), and ¿Cuánto/a? (How much?) / ¿Cuántos/as? (How many?).
西班牙语构疑问句遵循简单的公式。通常，你只需在说话时提高语调，或在书写时加上问号，就能把陈述句变成问句：¿Tú hablas español?（你说西班牙语吗？）。然而，使用疑问词能让你表达得更精确。关键的疑问词有：¿Qué?（什么？）、¿Quién?（谁？）、¿Dónde?（哪里？）、¿Cuándo?（什么时候？）、¿Por qué?（为什么？）、¿Cómo?（怎样？）和 ¿Cuánto/a?（多少？）/ ¿Cuántos/as?（多少个？）。
The structural formula for a question is: Question word + verb + subject (optional) + rest of sentence? Example: ¿Dónde vives tú? In answers, you often drop the subject and repeat the verb: Vivo en Londres.
疑问句的结构公式是：疑问词 + 动词 + 主语（可选）+ 句子其余部分？ 例如：¿Dónde vives tú? 在回答中，通常省略主语并重复动词：Vivo en Londres.
10. Numbers, Dates and Telling Time | 数字、日期和时间的表达
Mastering the formulas for numbers, dates and time is essential for everyday classroom communication. The cardinal numbers from 1 to 31 form the basis: uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez, once, doce, trece, catorce, quince, dieciséis, diecisiete, dieciocho, diecinueve, veinte, veintiuno … treinta y uno. The date formula is: Es el + number + de + month. For example: Es el cinco de mayo. The first day of the month is an exception: Es el primero de enero.
掌握数字、日期和时间的表达公式对日常课堂交流至关重要。基数词 1 到 31 是基础：
Published by TutorHao | Year 7 西班牙语 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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