📚 Year 7 CAIE Biology: Complete Curriculum Overview | Year 7 CAIE 生物：课程大纲全面解析
Welcome to your complete guide to the Year 7 CAIE Biology syllabus. Whether you are starting secondary school or revising for Cambridge Checkpoint tests, this article breaks down every major topic into clear, bilingual explanations. We will explore the characteristics of life, cells, body systems, plants, ecosystems and the key scientific skills you need to succeed. Each section is designed to build your confidence and deepen your understanding of how living organisms work.
欢迎阅读七年级 CAIE 生物课程完全指南。无论你刚刚进入中学还是在为剑桥 Checkpoint 考试复习，本文都会用清晰的双语解释逐一拆解每个重要课题。我们将一起探索生物的特征、细胞、人体系统、植物、生态系统以及你必备的核心科学技能。每一个板块都旨在帮你建立信心，并加深对生命体运作方式的理解。
1. Introduction to Year 7 CAIE Biology | 七年级 CAIE 生物课程简介
The Year 7 biology course is part of Cambridge Lower Secondary Science. It introduces fundamental concepts that will be developed further in IGCSE Biology. Students learn to observe, question and experiment with living systems, laying the groundwork for scientific enquiry. Topics range from the microscopic world of cells to the macroscopic interactions within ecosystems.
七年级生物是剑桥初中科学课程的一部分。它引入了将在 IGCSE 生物中进一步发展的基础概念。学生将学习观察、质疑并用生命系统进行实验，为科学探究打好基础。课题范围涵盖从微观细胞世界到宏观生态系统中的相互作用。
Assessment in Year 7 typically includes written tests that measure knowledge (AO1), application (AO2) and experimental skills (AO3). Practical work is embedded throughout the year to help you collect data, make observations and draw conclusions safely.
七年级的考核通常包括书面测试，衡量知识（AO1）、应用（AO2）和实验技能（AO3）。全年贯穿实践操作，帮助你安全地收集数据、进行观察并得出结论。
2. Characteristics of Living Organisms (MRS GREN) | 生物的特征（MRS GREN）
The very first topic asks a simple but powerful question: what makes something alive? All living organisms share seven life processes, easily remembered by the acronym MRS GREN. Being able to recall and give examples of each process is essential for every Year 7 biologist.
第一个课题提出了一个简单却很有力的问题：是什么让一个东西成为生物？所有生物都共有七大生命过程，用首字母缩写 MRS GREN 就能轻松记住。能够回忆并举出每个过程的例子是每个七年级生物学习者的基本功。
Movement: An action by an organism that changes its position or place. Animals walk, swim or fly; plants slowly turn their leaves towards light.
运动： 生物体改变自身位置或处所的动作。动物会行走、游泳或飞行；植物会缓缓将叶片转向光源。
Respiration: A chemical reaction that releases energy from nutrients. This happens inside every living cell and is not the same as breathing.
呼吸（细胞呼吸）： 从营养物质中释放能量的化学反应。这发生在每个活细胞内部，与“呼吸动作”不是同一回事。
Sensitivity: The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment. For instance, pupils constrict in bright light, and roots grow towards water.
感应： 探测并对环境变化做出反应的能力。例如，瞳孔在强光下会收缩，根会朝着水分生长。
Growth: A permanent increase in size and complexity. Animals grow by increasing cell number, while plants also elongate cells.
生长： 体形和复杂度的永久性增加。动物通过增加细胞数量生长，植物还会拉长细胞。
Reproduction: The production of offspring. This can be sexual (involving two parents) or asexual (one parent).
繁殖： 产生后代。可以是有性繁殖（涉及两个亲本）或无性繁殖（一个亲本）。
Excretion: Removal of metabolic waste products, such as carbon dioxide from respiration and urea from protein breakdown.
排泄： 清除代谢废物，例如细胞呼吸产生的二氧化碳和蛋白质分解产生的尿素。
Nutrition: Obtaining food to provide energy and materials for growth. Plants make their own food by photosynthesis; animals consume other organisms.
营养： 获取食物以提供能量和生长所需的物质。植物通过光合作用自制食物；动物则摄取其他生物。
3. Cells – The Building Blocks of Life | 细胞——生命的基本单位
All living things are made of cells. Year 7 students learn to identify the structures of animal and plant cells and use a light microscope to observe them. The main parts you need to know are the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and, in plants, the cell wall, chloroplasts and permanent vacuole.
所有生物都由细胞构成。七年级学生将学习识别动物细胞和植物细胞的结构，并使用光学显微镜观察它们。你需要了解的主要部分是细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜，以及植物细胞特有的细胞壁、叶绿体和中央大液泡。
Nucleus: Controls the cell’s activities and contains genetic material (DNA). It acts as the command centre.
细胞核： 控制细胞的活动，内含遗传物质（DNA）。它就像指挥中心。
Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions take place. It fills the cell and supports organelles.
细胞质： 凝胶状物质，大多数化学反应在此发生。它充满细胞并支撑细胞器。
Cell membrane: A thin, flexible barrier that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It is partially permeable.
细胞膜： 一层薄而灵活的屏障，控制物质进出细胞。它具有选择透过性。
Cell wall (plants only): Made of cellulose, it gives the cell strength and a fixed shape. It is fully permeable.
细胞壁（仅植物）： 由纤维素构成，使细胞坚硬并保持固定形状。它是全透性的。
Chloroplasts (plants only): Contain chlorophyll, the green pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
叶绿体（仅植物）： 含有叶绿素，这种绿色色素能吸收光能进行光合作用。
Permanent vacuole (plants only): A large, fluid-filled sac that stores cell sap and helps maintain turgor pressure.
中央大液泡（仅植物）： 一个充满细胞液的大囊泡，储存物质并帮助维持膨胀压。
Using a microscope, you can view onion epidermis or cheek cells. Learn to calculate magnification (magnification = size of image ÷ actual size) and draw biological diagrams with clear labels.
使用显微镜，你可以观察洋葱表皮或口腔上皮细胞。学会计算放大倍数（放大倍数 = 图像大小 ÷ 实际大小）并绘制带清晰标注的生物图。
4. From Cells to Organ Systems | 从细胞到器官系统
Cells do not work alone. In multicellular organisms, cells group together to form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work together in organ systems. Understanding this hierarchy helps you see how the body is organised.
细胞并非独立工作。在多细胞生物中，细胞聚集形成组织，组织构成器官，器官协同工作形成器官系统。理解这一层级关系有助于看清身体是如何组织起来的。
Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of life. Example: a muscle cell.
细胞： 生命的基本结构和功能单位。例如：肌细胞。
Tissue: A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function. Example: muscle tissue contracts.
组织： 一群形态相似的细胞共同执行特定功能。例如：肌肉组织收缩。
Organ: Made of different tissues working together. Example: the heart contains muscle tissue, nerve tissue and blood.
器官： 由不同的组织协同构成。例如：心脏包含肌肉组织、神经组织和血液。
Organ system: A group of organs that carry out a major life process. Example: the circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels and blood.
器官系统： 一组器官共同完成一项主要生命过程。例如：循环系统包括心脏、血管和血液。
In Year 7 you will study several human organ systems, each explained in the sections that follow.
在七年级你将学习人体的多个器官系统，后续小节将逐一介绍。
5. Classification of Living Things | 生物的分类
To make sense of the enormous variety of life, scientists group organisms based on shared features. The largest groups are the five kingdoms: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctists and Prokaryotes (bacteria). In Year 7 you focus mainly on the animal and plant kingdoms, and on vertebrates and invertebrates.
为了理解种类繁多的生命，科学家根据共同特征对生物进行分组。最大的分类群是五界系统：动物界、植物界、真菌界、原生生物界和原核生物界（细菌）。七年级主要学习动物界和植物界，以及脊椎动物和无脊椎动物。
Vertebrates are animals with a backbone and are divided into five classes: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. Each class has distinctive features – for example, mammals have fur or hair and produce milk, birds have feathers and lay hard-shelled eggs.
脊椎动物是有脊柱的动物，可分为五个纲：哺乳动物、鸟类、爬行动物、两栖动物和鱼类。每一纲都有独特特征——例如，哺乳动物有皮毛并能哺乳，鸟类有羽毛并产硬壳卵。
Invertebrates lack a backbone. Key groups include arthropods (insects, arachnids, crustaceans, myriapods) as well as molluscs and worms. You will learn to use simple identification keys to classify organisms based on observable traits.
无脊椎动物没有脊柱。重要类群包括节肢动物（昆虫、蛛形纲、甲壳动物、多足类）以及软体动物和蠕虫。你将学会使用简单的检索表，根据可见特征对生物进行分类。
6. Plants: Structure and Photosynthesis | 植物：结构与光合作用
Plants are essential to life on Earth. In this topic you explore the main organs of a flowering plant – root, stem, leaf and flower – and how each contributes to survival. The leaf is the main site of photosynthesis, the process that produces food for the plant and oxygen for almost all other life.
植物对地球生命至关重要。本课题你将探索开花植物的主要器官——根、茎、叶和花——以及它们各自对生存的贡献。叶片是光合作用的主要场所，这一过程为植物制造养料并为几乎所有其他生物提供氧气。
The word equation for photosynthesis is:
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
光合作用的文字方程式为：
二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气
Photosynthesis requires light energy captured by chlorophyll and takes place in chloroplasts. Glucose is used immediately for respiration or converted into starch for storage. The leaf is adapted with a large surface area, a thin shape, stomata for gas exchange, and veins to transport water and sugars.
光合作用需要叶绿素捕获的光能，并在叶绿体中进行。葡萄糖会立即用于呼吸作用，或转化为淀粉储存起来。叶片具有适应特征：较大的表面积、薄片状、进行气体交换的气孔，以及运输水分和糖分的叶脉。
7. Humans: Nutrition and Digestion | 人体：营养与消化
Humans need a balanced diet containing carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), vitamins, minerals, fibre and water. Each nutrient plays a specific role: carbohydrates provide energy, proteins support growth and repair, lipids serve as an energy store and insulation, and vitamins and minerals keep the body healthy.
人类需要包含碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类、维生素、矿物质、纤维素和水的均衡饮食。每种营养素都有独特作用：碳水化合物提供能量，蛋白质支持生长与修复，脂类作为能量储备和绝缘体，维生素和矿物质维持身体健康。
The digestive system breaks down large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble ones that can be absorbed into the blood. Organs you must know include the mouth (mechanical digestion), oesophagus, stomach (chemical digestion with acid and enzymes), small intestine (digestion and absorption), large intestine (water absorption) and anus.
消化系统将大块不可溶的食物分子分解为可被血液吸收的小分子可溶物质。你必须了解的器官包括口腔（物理消化）、食道、胃（通过胃酸和酶进行化学消化）、小肠（消化与吸收）、大肠（吸收水分）和肛门。
Enzymes are special proteins that speed up digestion. For example, amylase breaks starch into sugars. The liver and pancreas also play vital roles by producing bile and digestive juices.
酶是加速消化的特殊蛋白质。例如淀粉酶将淀粉分解为糖。肝脏和胰腺也通过分泌胆汁和消化液发挥关键作用。
8. Humans: The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems | 人体：呼吸系统与循环系统
Breathing brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. The respiratory system includes the trachea, bronchi, and lungs containing tiny air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange takes place. Oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out by diffusion.
呼吸将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳。呼吸系统包括气管、支气管以及含有微小气囊（肺泡）的肺，气体交换就在肺泡中进行。氧气通过扩散进入血液，二氧化碳通过扩散排出。
The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients and waste products around the body. The heart acts as a pump, pushing blood through arteries, veins and capillaries. You will learn to identify the four chambers of the heart and describe the double circulation (pulmonary and systemic).
循环系统将氧气、营养物质和废物运送到全身。心脏像水泵一样，推动血液流经动脉、静脉和毛细血管。你将学会辨认心脏的四个腔室并描述双循环（肺循环和体循环）。
Blood is composed of red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (fight infection), platelets (help clotting) and plasma (transports dissolved substances). A healthy lifestyle with exercise and a balanced diet supports these systems.
血液由红细胞（运输氧气）、白细胞（抵抗感染）、血小板（帮助凝血）和血浆（运输溶解物质）组成。健康的生活方式包括锻炼和均衡饮食，有助于维护这些系统。
9. Skeleton, Muscles and Movement | 骨骼、肌肉与运动
The human skeleton provides support, protects internal organs, allows movement and produces blood cells in the bone marrow. Year 7 learners should recognise major bones such as the skull, ribcage, spine, femur and pelvis.
人类骨骼提供支撑、保护内脏、实现运动并在骨髓中制造血细胞。七年级学生应认识主要骨骼，如颅骨、肋骨、脊柱、股骨和骨盆。
Joints are places where two or more bones meet. Freely movable (synovial) joints like the knee and elbow are held together by ligaments and lubricated by synovial fluid. Cartilage cushions the bone ends and prevents wear.
关节是两块或多块骨头相接的部位。膝关节和肘关节等可自由活动的（滑膜）关节由韧带连接，并由滑液润滑。软骨缓冲骨端并防止磨损。
Muscles work in antagonistic pairs to move bones. For example, when the biceps contracts, the triceps relaxes, bending the arm. Tendons attach muscles to bones, transmitting the force generated.
肌肉成对拮抗工作以移动骨骼。例如，肱二头肌收缩时肱三头肌舒张，手臂弯曲。肌腱将肌肉附着在骨上，传递产生的力。
10. Reproduction and Growth | 繁殖与生长
Reproduction is one of the defining features of life. In Year 7, you are introduced to the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to produce genetically varied offspring. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and produces clones.
繁殖是生命的决定性特征之一。七年级将介绍有性繁殖和无性繁殖的区别。有性繁殖涉及雄配子和雌配子（精子和卵子）的结合，产生遗传上多样的后代。无性繁殖只涉及一个亲本并产生克隆体。
In humans, puberty is the stage when the body becomes capable of reproduction. Hormones trigger physical changes such as growth spurts and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. The menstrual cycle and production of gametes are often introduced in simple terms.
在人类中，青春期是身体具备繁殖能力的阶段。激素会引发身体变化，如快速生长和第二性征的发育。经期和配子的产生通常以简单的术语引入。
In plants, reproduction can be sexual (flowers, pollination, fertilisation, seed dispersal) or asexual (runners, bulbs, tubers). You will also study seed germination and the conditions needed for growth.
在植物中，繁殖可以是有性的（花、传粉、受精、种子传播）或无性的（匍匐茎、鳞茎、块茎）。你还将学习种子萌发及其所需的条件。
11. Ecosystems and Food Chains | 生态系统与食物链
An ecosystem includes all the living organisms in an area interacting with each other and their physical environment. Key vocabulary includes habitat, population, community and ecosystem. Producers (plants) make their own food; consumers eat other organisms; decomposers (bacteria and fungi) break down dead material.
生态系统包括一个区域内的所有生物及其彼此之间以及与物理环境之间的相互作用。重要术语包括栖息地、种群、群落和生态系统。生产者（植物）制造自己的食物；消费者摄取其他生物；分解者（细菌和真菌）分解死亡物质。
A food chain shows the flow of energy from a producer to a series of consumers. Arrows point in the direction of energy transfer. For example:
grass → grasshopper → frog → owl
食物链显示了从生产者到一系列消费者的能量流动。箭头指向能量传递的方向。例如：
草 → 蚱蜢 → 青蛙 → 猫头鹰
Food webs combine many interconnected food chains. You will interpret pyramids of numbers and biomass, and learn how toxins can accumulate through bioaccumulation. Environmental changes, such as a decrease in a prey species, can affect the entire community.
食物网将许多相互关联的食物链组合起来。你将解释数量金字塔和生物量金字塔，并了解毒素如何通过生物累积作用积聚。环境变化，例如某种猎物减少，会影响整个群落。
12. Variation, Adaptation and How to Ace Biology | 变异、适应与生物学高分秘诀
Members of the same species show variation – differences in characteristics. Variation can be continuous (height) or discontinuous (blood group), and it is influenced by genes and the environment. You will also explore how organisms are adapted to survive in their habitats, from camels in the desert to cacti storing water.
同一物种的个体之间存在变异——特征上的差异。变异可以是连续的（如身高）或不连续的（如血型），受基因和环境共同影响。你还将探索生物如何通过适应在栖息地中生存，从沙漠中的骆驼到储水的仙人掌。
Adaptations may be structural (thick fur), behavioural (hibernation) or functional (venom production). Understanding adaptation helps explain why certain species thrive in specific ecosystems.
适应可能是结构性的（厚皮毛）、行为性的（冬眠）或功能性的（产生毒液）。理解适应有助于解释为什么某些物种能在特定生态系统中繁盛。
To succeed in Year 7 CAIE Biology, always link new facts to real examples. Use labelled diagrams, practise past paper questions and write definitions in your own words. Active revision and hands-on experiments will sharpen your enquiry skills and boost your test confidence.
要想在七年级 CAIE 生物中取得成功，始终将新学知识与实际例子联系起来。使用标注清晰的简图，练习过往真题，并用你自己的话写出定义。主动复习和动手实验会提升你的探究技能，并增强你的考试信心。
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