📚 Year 7 CAIE Biology: Exam Techniques and Marking Criteria | Year 7 CAIE 生物：答题技巧与评分标准
Mastering exam technique is just as important as knowing the content. This guide will help you understand how to answer questions effectively and how marks are awarded in Year 7 CAIE Biology, so you can maximise your score.
掌握考试技巧与掌握知识内容同等重要。本指南将帮助你理解如何有效回答问题以及Year 7 CAIE生物如何评分，从而最大化你的得分。
1. Understanding the Command Words | 理解指令词
Every question contains a command word that tells you the type of answer required. Ignoring it can cause you to lose marks even if you know the biology.
每个问题都包含一个指令词，它告诉你需要给出什么类型的答案。忽略指令词会导致你虽然懂得生物知识却丢分。
State / Name / Give – These ask for a short, factual answer. Just one word or a short phrase is enough. For example, “Name the organelle where photosynthesis occurs.” The answer is “Chloroplast.”
State / Name / Give – 这些要求一个简短、事实性的答案。一个词或一个短语就足够了。例如，“说出进行光合作用的细胞器名称。”答案是“叶绿体”。
Describe – You need to say what you see or what happens, including key details, but do not explain why. For example, “Describe the trend shown in the graph.” You might write, “The number of plants increases from 10 to 35 as light intensity rises from 0 to 500 lux, then stays constant.”
Describe（描述） – 你需要说出你看到的或发生的事情，包括关键细节，但不要解释原因。例如，“描述图表中显示的趋势。”你可以写：“随着光照强度从0勒克斯上升到500勒克斯，植物的数量从10增加到35，然后保持恒定。”
Explain – This asks you to give reasons or causes. Use “because” or “so that” in your answer. For example, “Explain why a plant wilts in hot weather.” You must state that water evaporates faster from the leaves and the cells lose turgor pressure.
Explain（解释） – 这要求你给出原因或理由。在答案中使用“因为”或“以便”。例如，“解释为什么植物在炎热天气会枯萎。”你必须说明水分从叶片蒸发得更快，细胞失去膨压。
Compare – Point out both similarities and differences. Use linking words like “both … and …” or “whereas”. For example, “Compare a plant cell and an animal cell.” Answer: “Both have a nucleus and cytoplasm, but a plant cell has a cell wall and chloroplasts, whereas an animal cell does not.”
Compare（比较） – 指出相同点和不同点。使用连接词，如“both … and …”或“whereas”。例如，“比较植物细胞和动物细胞。”答案：“两者都有细胞核和细胞质，但植物细胞有细胞壁和叶绿体，而动物细胞没有。”
Calculate – Perform a maths step and show your working. Always include units if asked.
Calculate（计算） – 执行数学步骤并展示你的计算过程。如果需要，一定要包含单位。
Suggest – You may need to apply your knowledge to a new situation. There may not be a single correct answer, but it must be scientifically logical.
Suggest（建议） – 你可能需要将知识应用到一个新情境中。可能没有一个唯一的正确答案，但必须具有科学逻辑性。
2. Using Precise Scientific Terminology | 使用精确的科学术语
Mark schemes reward correct biological vocabulary. Everyday words can be ambiguous and lose marks. For instance, say “respiration” not “breathing” (in a biological context, breathing is ventilation, respiration is the release of energy from glucose).
评分标准奖励正确的生物学术语。日常用词可能含糊不清而失分。例如，要用“respiration”（呼吸作用）而不是“breathing”（在生物学语境中，breathing是通气，respiration是从葡萄糖中释放能量）。
Write “carbon dioxide” and “oxygen” rather than “air” or “gas”.
使用“carbon dioxide”（二氧化碳）和“oxygen”（氧气），而不是“air”或“gas”。
When describing the parts of a microscope, use “eyepiece lens”, “objective lens”, “stage” etc. as given in your textbook.
当描述显微镜部件时，使用“eyepiece lens”（目镜）、“objective lens”（物镜）、“stage”（载物台）等教科书中给出的术语。
Spell terms correctly – for example, “photosynthesis”, “chlorophyll”, “cytoplasm”. While a minor spelling error might be tolerated, illegible words or wrong terms lose marks.
正确拼写术语 – 例如，“photosynthesis”（光合作用）、“chlorophyll”（叶绿素）、“cytoplasm”（细胞质）。虽然微小的拼写错误可能被接受，但无法辨认或错误的术语会失分。
3. Structuring Longer Answers | 构建长答案
For questions worth 2 or more marks, structure your answer so that each mark point is clear. Use separate sentences or bullet points (if allowed).
对于分值2分或以上的题目，要构造答案，使每个得分点清晰。使用独立的句子或项目符号（如果允许）。
A 3-mark ‘Explain’ question often expects a cause, a mechanism, and a consequence. Example: “Explain how a fish is adapted to obtain oxygen from water.” 1. Gills have many thin filaments, providing a large surface area. 2. Blood flows close to the water, so oxygen diffuses quickly. 3. Water passes over the gills in one direction, maintaining a steep concentration gradient.
一个3分的“解释”题通常期望一个原因、一个机制和一个结果。示例：“解释鱼如何适应从水中获取氧气。” 1. 鳃有许多细丝，提供了大的表面积。 2. 血液紧贴水流，因此氧气迅速扩散。 3. 水单向流过鳃，维持了陡的浓度梯度。
Avoid long rambling paragraphs. Think: one sentence per idea. If the question asks for two ways a leaf is adapted for photosynthesis, write two separate sentences, each starting with “The leaf has …”.
避免冗长啰嗦的段落。思考：每个想法一句话。如果问题要求写出叶片适应光合作用的两种方式，就写两个独立的句子，每个句子以“叶子有…”开头。
For experiments, list the steps in a logical order. Number them if appropriate, but complete sentences are preferred.
对于实验，按逻辑顺序列出步骤。如果合适可以编号，但完整句子更受欢迎。
4. Describing Graphs and Data | 描述图表和数据
Many exam questions include graphs, tables, or bar charts. You must be able to spot trends and use numbers from the data.
许多考题包含图表、表格或条形图。你必须能够发现趋势并使用数据中的数字。
When describing a line graph: start by stating the overall trend. For example, “As temperature increases from 0°C to 30°C, the rate of reaction increases.” Then mention any anomalies or plateaus.
描述折线图时：首先陈述整体趋势。例如，“随着温度从0°C上升到30°C，反应速率增加。”然后提及任何异常点或平台区。
Use comparative phrases: “double”, “halved”, “three times greater”, “remained constant”. Always include the units and mention specific data points. For instance, “At 20°C the rate was 5 cm³/min, which doubled to 10 cm³/min at 30°C.”
使用比较短语：“翻倍”、“减半”、“大了三倍”、“保持恒定”。永远包含单位并提及具体的数据点。例如，“在20°C时速率为5 cm³/min，而在30°C时翻倍至10 cm³/min。”
In a table, focus on the highest and lowest values, and the general pattern. For example, “The number of bacteria was highest at pH 7 (200 colonies) and lowest at pH 4 (10 colonies).”
在表格中，关注最高和最低值以及总体模式。例如，“在pH 7时细菌数量最高（200个菌落），在pH 4时最低（10个菌落）。”
Never just list numbers. Explain what they mean. The examiner wants to see you can interpret data.
永远不要只是罗列数字。解释它们的含义。考官想看到你会解读数据。
5. Giving Explanations, Not Just Descriptions | 给出解释而不只是描述
A common error is giving a description when an explanation is asked. Always check the command word. Use because, so, therefore, this leads to, etc.
常见错误是当要求解释时却给出了描述。务必检查指令词。使用因为、所以、因此、这导致等。
Example: Question: “Explain why an athlete breathes faster during exercise.” Insufficient answer: “They breathe faster.” Good answer: “The muscles need more energy, so they respire more. This increases the demand for oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide, which must
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