📚 Year 7 CAIE Business: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 7 CAIE 商务：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong business vocabulary is the first step toward success in Year 7 CAIE Business Studies. This guide breaks down essential terms with clear definitions, memory tips and examples, making it easier to remember and apply them in class and exams.
打下扎实的商务词汇基础是 Year 7 CAIE 商务学习成功的第一步。本指南把关键术语分解为清晰的定义、记忆技巧和实例，让你更容易记住并在课堂和考试中运用它们。
1. Needs and Wants | 需要与想要
Needs are goods or services that people require to survive, such as food, water, shelter and basic clothing. Wants are items that make life more comfortable or enjoyable but are not essential for living, like video games, holidays or luxury cars. A quick test: ask “Can I survive without it?” – if yes, it is a want; if no, it is a need.
需要是人们生存所必需的商品或服务，例如食物、水、住所和基本衣物。想要是那些让生活更舒适或更愉悦但并非生存必需的东西，比如电子游戏、度假或豪华汽车。一个简单的测试：问自己”没有它我能活吗？”——如果能，那是想要；如果不能，那是需要。
Speed memory: Use the phrase “Needs keep you alive; wants help you thrive.” Picture a need list vs. a wish list on a whiteboard.
快速记忆： 记住”需要让你活命，想要让你活得滋润”。想象白板上一份必需品清单与一份愿望清单。
2. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are physical, tangible products that can be seen and touched, like pencils, bread or smartphones. Services are intangible actions or activities provided by others, such as haircuts, teaching or banking. When you buy a mobile phone (good) and use a network plan (service), you experience both.
商品是有形的、可以看见和触摸的实物产品，如铅笔、面包或智能手机。服务是由他人提供的无形行动或活动，例如理发、教学或银行服务。当你购买手机（商品）并使用了通信套餐（服务），你就同时体验了两者。
Memory tip: “Goods are things you can drop on your foot; services are things you experience.” Compare a haircut (service) with a hairbrush (good).
记忆技巧： “商品是能砸到你脚上的东西，服务是你体验的东西”。比较理发（服务）和发刷（商品）。
- Goods: a pen, a burger (physical) – 商品：笔、汉堡（实物）
- Services: education, bus ride (experience) – 服务：教育、乘公交（体验）
3. Factors of Production | 生产要素
Businesses need four resources to produce goods or services: Land, Labour, Capital and Enterprise. These are known as the factors of production. They are the building blocks of any business activity.
企业需要四种资源来生产商品或服务：土地、劳动力、资本和企业精神。这些被称为生产要素，它们是任何商业活动的基石。
Memory acronym: Remember “CELL” – Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour. “CELL” reminds you that all four are essential like cells in a body.
记忆首字母法： 记住”CELL” – 资本 (Capital)、企业精神 (Enterprise)、土地 (Land)、劳动力 (Labour)。”CELL” 就像身体细胞一样，四个要素缺一不可。
Definitions at a glance:
- Land: natural resources like water, minerals, forest – 土地：水、矿产、森林等自然资源
- Labour: human effort, both physical and mental – 劳动力：人的体力和脑力付出
- Capital: man-made tools, machinery, buildings used in production – 资本：用于生产的人工制造的工具、机器和建筑
- Enterprise: the skill of combining the other factors and taking risks to start a business – 企业精神：组合其他生产要素并承担风险创业的技能
4. Scarcity and Choice | 稀缺性与选择
Scarcity exists because resources are limited while wants are unlimited. This fundamental economic problem forces individuals and businesses to make choices about how to use resources. Without scarcity, there would be no need for choice.
稀缺性之所以存在，是因为资源有限而欲望无限。这个根本的经济问题迫使个人和企业必须就如何使用资源做出选择。如果没有稀缺性，就无需选择。
Memory trick: Imagine a “scarce” piece of cake at a party with many guests – you must decide who gets it. Scarcity = not enough for everyone.
记忆窍门： 想象派对上只有一小块蛋糕 (“scarce” 稀缺) 而客人很多——你必须决定给谁。稀缺性 = 不够分给所有人。
5. Opportunity Cost | 机会成本
Opportunity cost is the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made. It represents the value of what you give up. Every decision has an opportunity cost, even deciding to study instead of playing sport.
机会成本是做出选择时所放弃的次优选项。它代表你所放弃之物的价值。每个决定都有机会成本，即使决定学习而非运动也是如此。
Example: If you have £5 and choose a book over a cinema ticket, the opportunity cost is the enjoyment of the film you could have watched. Think “Lost alternative.”
例子： 如果你有5英镑，选择买书而不是电影票，那么机会成本就是你本可以观看的电影所带来的乐趣。记住”失去的替代方案”。
6. Entrepreneurs | 企业家
An entrepreneur is a person who organises the other factors of production and takes the risk of starting and running a business. Entrepreneurs are often innovative and willing to face uncertainty to earn a profit. They drive new ideas and job creation.
企业家是组织其他生产要素并承担创业和经营风险的人。企业家通常富有创新精神，愿意为赚取利润面对不确定性。他们推动新创意和创造就业机会。
Memory link: Think of famous entrepreneurs like local bakers or tech founders. “Entrepreneur = Enter + risk” – someone who enters a market taking risks.
记忆联想： 想想当地面包师或科技创始人那样的企业家。“企业家 (Entrepreneur) = 进入 (Enter) + 风险”——进入市场并承担风险的人。
7. Adding Value | 增加价值
Adding value is the process of increasing the worth of a product or service by enhancing its features, design or convenience. The difference between the cost of materials and the selling price is the added value. A raw potato becomes more valuable when made into chips – that is adding value.
增加价值是通过提升产品功能、设计或便利性来增加产品或服务价值的过程。原材料成本与销售价格之间的差额就是增加的价值。生土豆做成薯片后变得更值钱——这就是增加价值。
Tip: Think “transformation boost” – turning simple ingredients into a finished meal increases value. Every process step that makes the product more desirable adds value.
提示： 记住”加工增值”——把简单原料变成成品餐点会提升价值。每一个让产品更讨喜的加工环节都在增加价值。
8. Specialisation | 专业化
Specialisation occurs when individuals, businesses or countries focus on producing a limited range of goods or services where they have an advantage. It can boost productivity and efficiency. A baker who only makes wedding cakes becomes faster and more skilled at that task.
专业化发生在个人、企业或国家专注于生产他们具有优势的有限范围的商品或服务时。它可以提高生产力和效率。只做婚礼蛋糕的面包师做这事会更快而且更熟练。
Memory aid: ‘Special’ in specialisation means doing one special task really well. Think “divide and conquer” – splitting work into smaller, expert parts.
记忆辅助： “专业化 (Specialisation)” 中的 “Special” 意味着做好一件特别的任务。记住”分工协作”——把工作拆分成更小的专家任务。
9. Business Sectors | 商业部门
Economic activity is divided into three sectors: primary (extracting raw materials, e.g. farming, mining), secondary (manufacturing and construction, e.g. car assembly, house building) and tertiary (providing services, e.g. retail, banking, education).
经济活动分为三个部门：第一产业（提取原材料，例如农业、采矿）、第二产业（制造和建筑，例如汽车组装、房屋建造）和第三产业（提供服务，例如零售、银行、教育）。
Easy recall with ‘PST’: Primary (grow/dig), Secondary (make/build), Tertiary (help/serve). Visualise a chain: tree cut (primary) → table made (secondary) → shop sells it (tertiary).
用 “PST” 轻松记忆： 第一产业 (种植/开采)、第二产业 (制造/建造)、第三产业 (帮助/服务)。想象一条链：砍树 (初级) → 做成桌子 (次级) → 商店销售 (第三级)。
10. Stakeholders | 利益相关者
Stakeholders are individuals or groups that have an interest in the activities and success of a business. Common stakeholders include owners (want profit), employees (want fair pay), customers (want quality products), suppliers, the local community and the government.
利益相关者是对企业的活动和成功有利益关系的个人或群体。常见的利益相关者包括所有者（想要利润）、员工（想要公平薪酬）、顾客（想要优质产品）、供应商、当地社区和政府。
Memory strategy: Think of a “stakeholder pizza” – everyone gets a slice (stake) of the business. Each group cares about different things, but all are linked to the business.
记忆策略： 想象一个”利益披萨”——每个相关者都分得一块（利益）。每个群体关心的事情不同，但都与这家企业紧密相关。
11. Profit, Revenue and Costs | 利润、收入与成本
Revenue is the total money a business receives from selling its goods or services. Costs are the expenses involved in production. Profit is the positive difference when revenue is greater than costs. If costs exceed revenue, the business makes a loss.
收入是企业销售商品或服务所收到的总金额。成本是生产过程中产生的开支。利润是当收入大于成本时的正向差额。如果成本超过收入，企业就出现亏损。
Profit = Revenue − Costs
Memory phrase: “PRC” – Profit needs Revenue to beat Costs. Picture a seesaw with revenue on one side
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