📚 Year 7 CAIE Computing: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | Year 7 CAIE 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of computing is just as important as learning to code or understanding how hardware works. In Year 7 CAIE Computing, you will meet many new terms that describe the devices, processes, and ideas behind digital technology. This guide groups essential vocabulary into clear categories, with simple English explanations and matching Chinese translations to help you learn and remember every term quickly. Use it as a quick reference, a revision checklist, or a daily practice tool.
掌握计算机的语言，与学习编程或理解硬件工作原理同等重要。在 Year 7 CAIE 计算机课程中，你会遇到许多描述数字技术背后设备、过程和理念的新术语。本指南将必备词汇分类整理，配以简单的英文解释和对应的中文翻译，帮助你快速学习并记住每一个术语。你可以把它当作快速参考、复习清单或日常练习工具。
1. The Core Computer System | 计算机系统的核心
Every computer relies on a few fundamental parts that work together as a system. Understanding these components is the first step in computing.
每台计算机都依赖几个基本部件协同工作形成一个系统。了解这些部件是学习计算机的第一步。
Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer you can see and touch, such as the keyboard, mouse, monitor, and the circuits inside the case.
硬件指的是计算机中可以看见和触摸的物理部件，例如键盘、鼠标、显示器和机箱内部的电路。
Software is a set of instructions or programs that tell the hardware what to do. This includes your operating system, web browser, and games.
软件是告诉硬件该做什么的一组指令或程序，包括操作系统、网页浏览器和游戏等。
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) acts as the ‘brain’ of the computer. It processes instructions and performs calculations at incredible speed.
中央处理器（CPU）好比计算机的“大脑”，它以极高速度处理指令并执行运算。
Memory (RAM) temporarily stores the data and programs you are currently using. It is much faster than storage but loses its contents when the power is switched off.
内存（RAM）临时保存你正在使用的数据和程序。它比存储快得多，但断电后内容就会丢失。
Storage devices keep data permanently. A hard disk drive (HDD) uses spinning magnetic disks, while a solid‑state drive (SSD) uses flash memory with no moving parts.
存储设备永久保存数据。硬盘驱动器（HDD）使用旋转的磁性盘片，而固态硬盘（SSD）使用闪存，没有活动部件。
2. Input, Output, and Processing | 输入、输出与处理
Computers follow an essential pattern: they receive information, work on it, and then present a result. The vocabulary in this section helps you describe every step of that journey.
计算机遵循一个基本的模式：接收信息、处理信息，然后呈现结果。本节词汇帮助你描述这一过程的每一步。
An input device sends information into the computer. Common examples are keyboards for typing text, mice for pointing and clicking, and touchscreens that combine display with touch input.
输入设备将信息送入计算机。常见的例子有用于输入文字的键盘、用于指向和点击的鼠标，以及显示与触控结合的触摸屏。
An output device shows or plays back the results of the computer’s work. Monitors display images and text, speakers produce sound, and printers create physical copies on paper.
输出设备显示或播放计算机的工作成果。显示器展示图像和文字，扬声器发出声音，打印机在纸张上生成实物副本。
Some devices act as both input and output. A headset with microphone receives sound (input) and plays back voice or music (output). A USB drive can read data (input) and write data (output) too.
有些设备兼具输入和输出功能。带麦克风的耳机既接收声音（输入）又播放语音或音乐（输出）。U 盘同样能读取数据（输入）和写入数据（输出）。
Processing is what happens in between. The CPU takes the input data, follows program instructions, and sends the result to an output device or saves it to storage.
处理是在二者之间发生的步骤。CPU 获取输入数据，遵循程序指令，然后将结果发送到输出设备或保存到存储器。
3. Data, Information, and Binary | 数据、信息与二进制
Computers do not understand words or pictures directly—they only recognise two states: on and off. This section introduces how data is represented and the difference between raw data and meaningful information.
计算机并不直接理解文字或图片——它们只识别两种状态：开和关。本节介绍数据如何表示，以及原始数据与有意义信息之间的区别。
Data consists of raw, unprocessed facts such as numbers, letters, sound waves, or sensor readings. On its own, data has little meaning.
数据是未经处理的原始事实，比如数字、字母、声波或传感器读数。数据本身没有太多含义。
Information is data that has been organised, structured, or processed so that it becomes useful for humans. For example, the number 27 is data; knowing it is today’s temperature in degrees Celsius turns it into information.
信息是经过整理、结构化或处理之后变得对人类有用的数据。例如，数字 27 是数据；知道它是今天的气温（摄氏度）就将其变成了信息。
Binary is a number system that uses only two digits: 0 and 1. Each 0 or 1 is called a bit, and a group of 8 bits forms a byte. All text, images, and sounds are stored inside a computer as long patterns of bits.
二进制是只使用 0 和 1 两个数字的数制。每个 0 或 1 称为一个位（比特），8 个位组成一个字节。所有文字、图像和声音在计算机内部都存储为长长的位模式。
Denary (or decimal) is the base‑10 number system we use every day. Knowing how to convert small denary numbers to binary and back is a key skill in Year 7 Computing.
十进制是我们日常使用的基数为 10 的数制。懂得如何将较小的十进制数转换为二进制再转换回来，是 Year 7 计算机课程的一项关键技能。
4. Software Types and the Operating System | 软件类型与操作系统
Software comes in many forms, each with a special job. The operating system sits at the centre, managing everything else.
软件有许多形式，各有专门的用途。操作系统居于中心，管理其他一切。
System software helps the computer run itself. The most important piece is the operating system (OS), such as Microsoft Windows, macOS, or Linux. The OS controls hardware, runs applications, and provides a user interface.
系统软件帮助计算机自身运行。最重要的一块是操作系统，比如 Microsoft Windows、macOS 或 Linux。操作系统控制硬件、运行应用程序并提供用户界面。
Application software lets users do specific tasks. Word processors create documents, spreadsheets handle numbers, web browsers display websites, and games entertain.
应用软件让用户完成特定任务。文字处理软件创建文档，电子表格处理数字，网页浏览器显示网站，游戏则提供娱乐。
Utility software performs maintenance or security functions. Antivirus scanners, disk cleanup tools, and backup programs are all examples of utilities.
实用软件执行维护或安全功能。杀毒扫描程序、磁盘清理工具和备份程序都属于实用软件。
Graphical User Interface (GUI) is the visual way we interact with computers using windows, icons, menus, and a pointer (WIMP). Most modern operating systems provide a GUI.
图形用户界面（GUI）是我们通过窗口、图标、菜单和指针（WIMP）与计算机交互的可视化方式。大多数现代操作系统都提供图形用户界面。
5. Networks and the Internet | 网络与互联网
A computer becomes far more powerful when it connects to others. This section covers the basic vocabulary of networking, from small home setups to the global Internet.
当计算机彼此连接时，它的能力就强大了许多。本节涵盖从小型家庭设置到全球互联网的基本网络词汇。
A network is a group of two or more computers linked together so they can share resources such as files, printers, or an internet connection.
网络是由两台或更多计算机连接而成的群体，以便共享文件、打印机或互联网连接等资源。
A Local Area Network (LAN) covers a small geographical area, like a school building, an office, or a home. Ethernet cables and Wi‑Fi are typical ways to build a LAN.
局域网（LAN）覆盖小范围的地理区域，比如校舍、办公室或家庭。以太网线缆和 Wi‑Fi 是构建局域网的典型方式。
A Wide Area Network (WAN) spans large distances—towns, countries, or even the whole world. The Internet is the biggest example of a WAN.
广域网（WAN）跨越城镇、国家甚至全世界等大范围距离。互联网就是最大的广域网实例。
The Internet is a global network of networks. It is not the same as the World Wide Web, which is a collection of web pages accessed via the Internet.
互联网是全球性的网际网络。它不等同于万维网，后者是通过互联网访问的网页集合。
A router directs data traffic between networks. At home, a router often connects your LAN to the Internet and may include a Wi‑Fi access point.
路由器在网络之间引导数据流量。在家庭中，路由器通常将你的局域网连接到互联网，并可能包含 Wi‑Fi 接入点。
6. The World Wide Web and Digital Communication | 万维网与数字通信
Web‑based terms appear constantly in computing lessons. Understanding them helps you navigate the online world safely and confidently.
与网络相关的术语在计算机课上频繁出现。理解这些术语有助于你安全、自信地畅游在线世界。
A web browser is an application for viewing websites. Examples include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and Safari.
网页浏览器是用于查看网站的应用程序。常见的例子有 Google Chrome、Mozilla Firefox、Microsoft Edge 和 Safari。
A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address you type into a browser to find a specific page, such as https://www.example.com. It tells the browser exactly where a resource lives on the web.
URL（统一资源定位符）是你输入浏览器以找到特定页面的地址，例如 https://www.example.com。它准确告诉浏览器资源在网络上的位置。
A hyperlink, or simply ‘link’, is a clickable connection from one web page or document to another. Links can be text, images, or buttons.
超链接（或简称“链接”）是从一个网页或文档跳转到另一个的可点击连接。链接可以是文字、图像或按钮。
Search engines like Google, Bing, or DuckDuckGo help you find information on the web by typing keywords. They do not search the live Internet every time—they search their own huge index of cached pages.
像 Google、Bing 或 DuckDuckGo 这样的搜索引擎通过输入关键词帮助你查找网络上的信息。它们并非每次都搜索实时互联网，而是搜索自己庞大的已缓存页面索引。
Email (electronic mail) lets you send messages and files over the Internet. Attachments, CC (carbon copy), and BCC (blind carbon copy) are common email features.
电子邮件让你通过互联网发送消息和文件。附件、抄送（CC）和密送（BCC）是常见的电子邮件功能。
7. Programming and Computational Thinking | 编程与计算思维
Programming begins with the language of logic and problem‑solving. Even before typing code, you need to think in clear steps.
编程始于逻辑和问题解决的语言。甚至在你输入代码之前，就需要学会用清晰的步骤来思考。
An algorithm is a precise step‑by‑step set of instructions for solving a problem or completing a task. A recipe, a set of dance moves, and a computer program are all algorithms.
算法是解决问题或完成任务的一套精确的、逐步的指令。一份食谱、一套舞蹈动作和一段计算机程序都属于算法。
A program is a sequence of instructions written in a programming language that a computer can execute. It is the practical implementation of one or more algorithms.
程序是用编程语言编写的、计算机能够执行的指令序列。它是一个或多个算法的实际实现。
Sequence, selection, and iteration are the three building blocks of structured programming. Sequence means doing steps in order. Selection uses conditions (if‑then‑else) to make decisions. Iteration means repeating a section of code—using loops like ‘for’ or ‘while’.
顺序、选择和迭代是结构化编程的三大构建模块。顺序意味着按次序执行步骤。选择使用条件（if‑then‑else）来做决策。迭代意味着重复一段代码——使用像 for 或 while 这样的循环。
Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors (bugs) in a program. Logical errors are often harder to spot than syntax errors because the program still runs, just not as intended.
调试是查找并修复程序中错误（bug）的过程。逻辑错误通常比语法错误更难发现，因为程序依然能运行，只是运行结果不符合预期。
Decomposition is breaking a complex problem down into smaller, more manageable parts. This makes designing a solution much easier and is one of the core skills of computational thinking.
分解是将复杂问题拆解成更小、更容易处理的部分。这让方案设计变得容易得多，是计算思维的核心技能之一。
8. Keeping Data Safe: Security and Ethics | 保护数据安全：安全与道德
With great digital power comes responsibility. This section introduces the vocabulary you need to discuss staying safe online and respecting others.
数字的力量越大，责任也越大。本节介绍讨论安全上网和尊重他人所需的相关词汇。
A password is a secret string of characters used to prove your identity. Strong passwords use a mix of upper‑ and lower‑case letters, digits, and symbols, and are at least 8–12 characters long.
密码是用于证明身份的秘密字符串。强密码会混合使用大小写字母、数字和符号，并且长度至少达到 8–12 个字符。
Encryption scrambles data so that only someone with the correct key can read it. It is used to protect messages, online payments, and stored files from prying eyes.
加密将数据打乱，使得只有拥有正确密钥的人才能解读。它被用于保护消息、在线支付和存储文件免受窥探。
Malware (malicious software) is any program designed to harm a computer or steal information. Viruses, worms, trojans, and spyware are all types of malware.
恶意软件是指任何旨在损害计算机或窃取信息的程序。病毒、蠕虫、木马和间谍软件都属于恶意软件。
Phishing is a fake email or website trick that tries to steal your personal details, such as passwords or bank numbers. Legitimate companies never ask for your password by email.
网络钓鱼是一种试图窃取你个人详情（如密码或银行账号）的虚假邮件或网站骗局。正规公司绝不会通过邮件索要你的密码。
Digital citizenship means using technology responsibly and ethically. It covers respect for privacy, avoiding cyberbullying, and understanding copyright when using images, music, or text created by others.
数字公民意味着负责任地、合乎道德地使用技术。它包括尊重隐私、避免网络欺凌，以及在使用他人创作的图像、音乐或文字时理解版权。
9. Inside a Computer: Data Storage and File Management | 计算机内部：数据存储与文件管理
Organising data inside a computer requires a few more terms you will use every day in practical lessons.
在计算机内部组织数据，还需要一些你每天在实践课上都会用到的术语。
A file is a collection of data stored under a name. Every photo, document, or song exists as a file. Each file has a name and an extension that tells the OS what type of data it contains, such as .docx for a Word document or .jpg for an image.
文件是以一个名称存储的数据集合。每张照片、每个文档或每首歌都以文件形式存在。每个文件都有文件名和扩展名，后者告诉操作系统它所包含的数据类型，例如 .docx 表示 Word 文档，.jpg 表示图像。
A folder (or directory) is a virtual container that holds files and other folders. A well‑organised folder structure helps you find your work quickly.
文件夹（或目录）是存放文件和其他文件夹的虚拟容器。结构合理的文件夹有助于快速找到你的作业。
Cloud storage saves your files on remote servers accessed via the Internet. Services like Google Drive, OneDrive, and iCloud let you reach your data from any device with an internet connection.
云存储将文件保存在可通过互联网访问的远程服务器上。像 Google Drive、OneDrive 和 iCloud 这类服务，让你在任何有网络连接的设备上都能访问自己的数据。
Backup means making an extra copy of important data on a separate storage medium. If the original is lost or damaged, you can restore it from the backup. The 3‑2‑1 rule recommends three copies, on two different media types, with one copy stored off‑site.
备份是指将重要数据在另一个存储介质上额外拷贝一份。如果原件丢失或损坏，你可以从备份中恢复。3‑2‑1 规则建议保留三份副本，使用两种不同介质类型，并有一份存放在异地。
10. Emerging Technology and Everyday Computing Terms | 新兴技术与日常计算术语
Computing never stands still. Here are a few modern terms that frequently appear in news, lessons, and your own digital life.
计算机领域从不停步。这里有几个常在新闻、课堂和你自己的数字生活中出现的现代术语。
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence by machines. Voice assistants, recommendation systems on video platforms, and self‑driving car research all use AI techniques.
人工智能（AI）是用机器模拟人类智能。语音助手、视频平台上的推荐系统以及自动驾驶汽车研究都用到了人工智能技术。
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes everyday objects connected to the Internet—such as smart watches, home thermostats, and even fridges. These devices collect and exchange data automatically.
物联网（IoT）是指连接到互联网的日常物品——比如智能手表、家用温度控制器，甚至冰箱。这些设备自动收集并交换数据。
Bandwidth measures how much data can travel through a network connection in a given time. Higher bandwidth means faster downloads and smoother streaming.
带宽衡量网络连接在给定时间内能传输多少数据。带宽越高，下载就越快，流媒体播放也更流畅。
Latency is the delay between sending a request and receiving a response. Low latency is crucial for online gaming and video calls; high latency causes lag and buffering.
延迟是发送请求到收到响应之间的时延。低延迟对在线游戏和视频通话至关重要；高延迟会导致卡顿和缓冲。
A URL’s domain name is the human‑friendly part of a web address, like ‘example.com’. An IP address, such as 192.168.1.1, is the numerical label that computers use to find each other on a network. The Domain Name System (DNS) works like a phonebook, translating domain names into IP addresses.
网址中的域名是网址中对人类友好的部分，比如“example.com”。IP 地址，如 192.168.1.1，是计算机用于在网络上互相寻找的数字标签。域名系统（DNS）的作用就像电话簿，将域名翻译成 IP 地址。
11. Quick Reference Table of Common Abbreviations | 常见缩写速查表
Computing is full of abbreviations. Keeping a short list handy can make reading technical text much faster.
计算机领域充满了缩写。手边备一份简短清单，能让阅读技术类文本快得多。
| Abbreviation | Stands for | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| CPU | Central Processing Unit | 中央处理器 |
| RAM | Random Access Memory | 随机存取存储器 |
| ROM | Read Only Memory | 只读存储器 |
| HDD / SSD | Hard Disk Drive / Solid State Drive | 硬盘驱动器 / 固态硬盘 |
| OS | Operating System | 操作系统 |
| GUI | Graphical User Interface | 图形用户界面 |
| LAN / WAN | Local Area Network / Wide Area Network | 局域网 / 广域网 |
| URL | Uniform Resource Locator | 统一资源定位符 |
| DNS | Domain Name System | 域名系统 |
| IP | Internet Protocol | 互联网协议 |
| AI | Artificial Intelligence | 人工智能 |
| IoT | Internet of Things | 物联网 |
12. How to Use This Guide Effectively | 如何有效使用本指南
Build your vocabulary step by step. Read one section at a time and try to explain each term out loud, first in English and then in Chinese. Write your own definitions on flash cards and test yourself regularly. When you encounter these words in your lessons or while using a computer, pause and say the term aloud—active recall is one of the most powerful ways to move new vocabulary into your long‑term memory.
按部就班地积累词汇。每次读一个章节，并尝试先英文后中文大声解释每个术语。把自己的定义写在抽认卡上，定期测试自己。当你在课堂上或使用电脑时遇到这些词，停下来大声说出来——主动回忆是把新词汇转入长期记忆的最有效方法之一。
For tricky pairs like ‘data and information’ or ‘LAN and WAN’, draw comparison tables. Use the table in Section 11 as a model. Group words by topic and create mind maps—visual connections often make abstract terms much easier to grasp. Most importantly, practise using these terms in full sentences rather than reciting them in isolation.
对于像“数据与信息”或“局域网与广域网”这样容易混淆的词组，可以绘制对比表格。以第 11 节中的表格为模板。按主题将词汇分组并制作思维导图——视觉化的联系常常让抽象术语更容易理解。最重要的是，要用完整的句子练习使用这些术语，而不是孤立地背诵。
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