Year 7 CAIE English: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 7年级CAIE英语：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 7 CAIE English: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 7年级CAIE英语：公式定理速查手册

English, like mathematics, runs on reliable formulas and theorems. Once you memorise the core patterns of grammar, punctuation, and composition, you can decode any text and craft your own writing with confidence. This handbook collects the essential ‘equations’ every Year 7 learner needs for the CAIE Lower Secondary English curriculum – from the eight parts of speech to the PEEL paragraph, from punctuation operators to figurative language functions. Treat each entry as a proven rule: apply it, and your language accuracy will improve immediately.

英语和数学一样，也有一套可靠的公式和定理。一旦你记住语法、标点和写作的核心模式，就能解读任何文本，并自信地进行自己的创作。这本手册汇集了每一位7年级学生在CAIE初中英语课程中必备的’方程式’——从八大词性到PEEL段落，从标点运算符到修辞手法功能。把每一条都当作经过验证的规则来运用，你的语言准确度就会立刻提升。

1. Eight Parts of Speech | 八大词性公式

A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. Think of it as the subject or object variable in a sentence.

名词用来命名人、地点、事物或概念。可以把它看作句子中的主语或宾语变量。

A pronoun replaces a noun to avoid repetition (I, you, he, she, it, we, they).

代词代替名词以避免重复（我、你、他、她、它、我们、他们）。

A verb shows action or a state of being. Without a verb, a sentence cannot function.

动词表示动作或存在状态。没有动词，句子就无法运作。

An adjective describes a noun or pronoun, adding detail (tall, blue, curious).

形容词修饰名词或代词，增加细节（高的、蓝色的、好奇的）。

An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, often telling how, when, or where (quickly, very, yesterday).

副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，通常说明方式、时间或地点（快速地、非常、昨天）。

A preposition shows the relationship between a noun/pronoun and other words (in, on, under, between).

介词表示名词/代词与其他词语之间的关系（在……里面、在……上面、在……下面、在……之间）。

A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses. The coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) can be remembered by the formula FANBOYS.

连词连接单词、短语或从句。并列连词（因为、和、也不、但是、或者、然而、所以）可用公式 FANBOYS 来记忆。

An interjection expresses strong emotion and often stands alone (Wow! Ouch! Hey!).

感叹词表达强烈的情感，通常独立使用（哇！哎哟！嘿！）。

Part of Speech	Function	Example
Noun	Names	lion, city, freedom
Pronoun	Replaces noun	she, them, who
Verb	Action/state	jump, is, think
Adjective	Describes noun	bright, seven, that
Adverb	Modifies verb/adjective	softly, very, here
Preposition	Shows relation	by, for, across
Conjunction	Joins	and, but, because
Interjection	Exclaims	Oh! Hurray!

Knowing these eight categories is the first formula for any sentence analysis. Label every word you read, and you will quickly spot sentence patterns.

了解这八大类别是对任何句子进行分析的第一个公式。给你阅读的每个单词都标上词性，你就能迅速发现句子的模式。

2. Sentence Structures | 句型结构定理

A simple sentence contains one independent clause: it has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. Example: The cat slept.

简单句只包含一个独立分句：有主语和动词，并表达一个完整的意思。例：猫睡了。

A compound sentence joins two independent clauses using a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) or a semicolon. Formula: Independent clause + , FANBOYS + independent clause.

并列句用并列连词（FANBOYS）或分号连接两个独立分句。公式：独立分句 + , FANBOYS + 独立分句。

A complex sentence has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. A dependent clause begins with a subordinating conjunction (because, although, when, if). Formula: Dependent clause + , + independent clause, or Independent clause + dependent clause (no comma when dependent clause comes second).

复合句包含一个独立分句和至少一个从属分句。从属分句以从属连词（因为、虽然、当……时、如果）开头。公式：从属分句 + , + 独立分句，或独立分句 + 从属分句（从属分句在后时不用逗号）。

A compound-complex sentence combines at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause. Master this, and your writing will sound mature.

并列复合句至少包含两个独立分句和一个从属分句。掌握这一句型，你的写作听上去就会很成熟。

Key check: Every sentence must begin with a capital letter and end with a terminal punctuation mark ( . ? ! ).

关键检查点：每个句子必须以大写字母开头，并以句末标点（ . ? ! ）结束。

3. Punctuation Rules | 标点法则

Full stop (.) ends a declarative or imperative sentence. Question mark (?) ends a direct question. Exclamation mark (!) expresses strong feeling or a forceful command – use it sparingly.

句号（.）结束陈述句或祈使句。问号（?）结束直接问句。感叹号（!）表达强烈的情感或强硬的命令——请谨慎使用。

Comma (,) separates items in a list, sets off introductory elements, and isolates non-essential information. Never join two independent clauses with only a comma; that error is called a comma splice.

逗号（,）分隔列举中的项目，隔开引导成分，并将非必要信息分离出来。千万不要只用一个逗号来连接两个独立分句，这种错误叫作逗号拼接。

Apostrophe (‘) shows possession (the girl’s book) or marks a contraction (can’t = cannot). Never use an apostrophe to form a plural.

撇号（’）表示所有格（女孩的书）或构成缩写（can’t = cannot）。切勿用撇号来构成复数。

Quotation marks (” “) enclose direct speech or a quotation. In British English, single quotation marks are often preferred, but CAIE accepts either style if used consistently. Example: ‘I’m tired,’ she said.

引号（’ ‘）标注直接引语或引文。英式英语通常偏好单引号，但CAIE接受任一种风格，只要前后一致即可。例：’我累了，’她说。

Colon (:) introduces a list, an explanation, or a quotation. Semicolon (;) links closely related independent clauses without a conjunction.

冒号（:）引导列举、解释或引文。分号（;）在不使用连词的情况下连接关系紧密的独立分句。

Parentheses ( ) and dashes – – enclose extra information. Dashes create a stronger break than commas.

括号（）和破折号 – – 包含附加信息。破折号比逗号造成的停顿更强。

4. Subject–Verb Agreement | 主谓一致定理

A singular subject takes a singular verb (The dog barks). A plural subject takes a plural verb (The dogs bark). This is the most fundamental agreement formula.

单数主语搭配单数动词（狗叫）。复数主语搭配复数动词（狗们叫）。这是最基本的一致公式。

When the subject is a collective noun (team, family, class), it may take a singular verb if the group acts as one unit, or a plural verb if individuals act separately. In formal academic writing, the singular is safer.

当主语是集合名词（团队、家庭、班级）时，如果群体作为一个整体行动，动词用单数；如果成员各自行动，动词用复数。在正式的学术写作中，用单数更稳妥。

Phrases like ‘as well as’, ‘together with’, and ‘along with’ do not make a singular subject plural. The verb agrees with the main subject. Example: The teacher, as well as the students, was excited.

像’as well as’、’together with’、’along with’ 这样的短语并不会让单数主语变成复数。动词要与主要主语保持一致。例：老师，还有学生们，都很兴奋。

Indefinite pronouns (everyone, somebody, each) are singular and take singular verbs. ‘Everyone is ready’ is correct.

不定代词（每个人、某人、每一个）都是单数，配合单数动词使用。’Everyone is ready’ 是正确的。

Subjects joined by ‘and’ usually take a plural verb. However, if ‘and’ joins two parts of a single idea (Fish and chips is my favourite meal), a singular verb is used.

由’and’连接的主语通常搭配复数动词。但如果’and’连接的是一个整体概念的两个部分（鱼和薯条是我最爱的一道菜），则用单数动词。

5. Tenses Overview | 时态公式

Simple present: base form (or base + -s for third-person singular). Used for habits, facts, and general truths. Signal words: every day, always, usually.

一般现在时：动词原形（第三人称单数加 -s）。用于习惯、事实和普遍真理。提示词：每天、总是、通常。

Present continuous: am/is/are + -ing form. Used for actions happening now or temporary situations. Signal words: now, at the moment, currently.

现在进行时：am/is/are + 动词-ing形式。用于此刻正在发生的动作或临时情况。提示词：现在、此刻、目前。

Simple past: regular verbs add -ed; irregular verbs change form. Used for completed actions at a specific time in the past. Signal words: yesterday, last week, in 2020.

一般过去时：规则动词加 -ed；不规则动词改变形式。用于过去特定时间完成的动作。提示词：昨天、上周、在2020年。

Past continuous: was/were + -ing form. Used for actions that were in progress at a past moment or interrupted by another action.

过去进行时：was/were + 动词-ing形式。用于过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，或被另一个动作打断的动作。

Present perfect: have/has + past participle. Links the past and the present; used for experiences, recent events, and results. Signal words: ever, never, just, already, since, for.

现在完成时：have/has + 过去分词。连接过去与现在；用于经历、近期事件和结果。提示词：曾经、从未、刚刚、已经、自从、延续。

Future forms: ‘will’ + base verb (instant decisions, promises, predictions), ‘going to’ (plans, evidence-based predictions), present continuous for arranged plans.

将来时形式：’will’ + 动词原形（即时决定、承诺、预测），’going to’（计划、有证据的预测），现在进行时用于已经安排好的计划。

Consistency is key: once you choose a narrative tense (usually past or present), stick to it unless a logical shift in time occurs.

保持时态一致是关键：一旦选定了叙事时态（通常是过去时或现在时），就要坚持使用，除非时间上出现了合理的切换。

6. Figurative Language Devices | 修辞手法公式

Simile compares two unlike things using ‘like’ or ‘as’. Formula: A is like B. Example: Her smile was like sunshine.

明喻使用’like’或’as’比较两个不同的事物。公式：A像B。例：她的笑容如阳光般灿烂。

Metaphor directly states one thing is another, without ‘like’ or ‘as’. Formula: A is B. Example: Life is a rollercoaster.

隐喻直接说一件事物是另一件事物，不用’like’或’as’。公式：A是B。例：人生是一场过山车。

Personification gives human qualities to non-human things. Formula: Object/idea + human action/feeling. Example: The wind whispered through the trees.

拟人赋予非人类事物以人的特质。公式：物体/概念 + 人的动作/感受。例：风在树间低语。

Onomatopoeia uses words that imitate sounds (buzz, sizzle, crash). It makes description vivid.

拟声词使用模仿声音的词语（嗡嗡、嘶嘶、哗啦）。它使描写变得生动。

Alliteration repeats the same consonant sound at the beginning of closely connected words. Formula: Consonant sound repetition. Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

头韵在紧密相连的单词开头重复相同的辅音。公式：辅音重复。例：Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

Hyperbole is extreme exaggeration for effect. Example: I’ve told you a million times.

夸张是为了效果而极端的夸大。例：我已经告诉过你一百万次了。

When reading, label the device and ask: Why did the writer choose it? How does it make the reader feel or picture the idea?

在阅读时，标注出修辞手法，并问一问：作者为什么选择它？它让读者产生了怎样的感受，或如何帮助读者在脑海中构想那个概念？

7. PEEL Paragraph Formula | PEEL段落公式

PEEL is a proven structure for analytical paragraphs: Point, Evidence, Explanation, Link.

PEEL是分析性段落的一个成熟结构：论点、证据、解释、联结。

Point: State your main idea clearly in one sentence. This is the topic sentence that tells the reader what the paragraph will prove.

论点：用一句话清楚地陈述你的主要观点。这是一个主题句，告诉读者本段将要证明什么。

Evidence: Support your point with a direct quotation, a specific example, or a fact from the text. Introduce it with a phrase like ‘For instance,’ or ‘The writer states…’

证据：用直接引文、具体实例或文本中的事实来支撑你的论点。用’例如，’或’作者写道……’之类的短语来引出证据。

Explanation: Analyse the evidence. What does it show? Why is it important? This is where you explain how the evidence proves your point. Use phrases like ‘This suggests that…’ or ‘The effect on the reader is…’

解释：分析证据。它说明了什么？为什么重要？在这一步，你要解释证据如何证明了你的论点。使用诸如’这表明……’或’对读者产生的影响是……’这样的表达。

Link: Tie the paragraph back to the overall question or transition to the next idea. A quick sentence like ‘Therefore, the character’s anger directly leads to the conflict’ keeps your essay on track.

联结：将段落回扣到整体问题上，或过渡到下一个观点。一句简短的话，如’因此，人物的愤怒直接导致了冲突’，能让你的论文始终在正轨上。

Common mistake: giving evidence without explanation. Always ask ‘So what?’ after you insert a quote, and answer that question in your explanation.

常见错误：给出证据却没有解释。在插入引文之后，永远要问一句’那又怎样？’，并在解释部分回答这个问题。

8. Story Writing Formula | 故事创作定理

Every narrative needs a clear structure: Orientation, Complication, Resolution. Some teachers add a Coda (an ending reflection).

每个叙事都需要一个清晰的结构：开端、冲突、解决。有些老师还会加上尾声（终结性的反思）。

Orientation introduces the characters, setting, and time. Hook your reader from the very first sentence – start with action, dialogue, or a vivid description.

开端介绍人物、背景和时间。从第一个句子就要勾住读者——可以用动作、对话或生动的描写来开头。

Complication is where the problem or conflict emerges. Build tension by using short sentences, strong verbs, and sensory details. Show, don’t tell: instead of ‘She was scared,’ write ‘Her hands trembled and her throat tightened.’

冲突是问题或矛盾出现的地方。通过短句、有力的动词和感官细节来营造张力。要展示，不要直说：别写’她很害怕’，要写’她的双手在颤抖，喉咙发紧’。

Resolution brings the story to a satisfying close. The problem is solved, or the character learns something. Avoid a rushed ending; let the moment breathe.

解决为故事带来一个令人满意的结局。问题得到解决，或者人物有所领悟。要避免仓促结尾，让那一刻有充分的呼吸空间。

Plan your story using a plot graph: Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action, Resolution. Even a short piece benefits from this blueprint.

用情节曲线来规划你的故事：开端、发展、高潮、回落、结局。即便是一篇短文，这个蓝图也能让它更加出色。

Edit using the ARMS and CUPS strategy: Add detail, Remove unnecessary words, Move sentences, Substitute weak words; and check Capitalisation, Usage, Punctuation, Spelling.

用ARMS和CUPS策略进行编辑：增加细节、删去多余的词、移动句子、替换弱词；再检查大写、用法、标点、拼写。

9. Comprehension Question Types | 阅读理解题型公式

CAIE comprehension questions follow predictable patterns. Recognise the formula and you will know exactly what the examiner wants.

CAIE阅读理解题目遵循着可预测的模式。认清这些公式，你就能准确地知道考官想要什么。

Literal questions: The answer is directly stated in the text. Scan for key words and copy the exact information. Formula: Find + retrieve.

字面理解题：答案在文中直接给出。扫描关键词，并抄录准确的信息。公式：查找 + 提取。

Inferential questions: Read between the lines. The answer is suggested but not spelled out. Use clues from the text plus your own reasoning. Formula: Text clue + own knowledge → inference.

推断题：读懂字里行间的意思。答案是暗示出来的，而非明白写出的。运用文中的线索加上你自己的推理。公式：文本线索 + 自身知识 → 推断。

Vocabulary in context: Use the sentences around an unknown word to guess its meaning. Look for synonyms, antonyms, or examples nearby.

语境词汇题：利用生词周围的句子来推测词义。寻找附近的同义词、反义词或举例。

Writer’s purpose and effect: Ask ‘Why did the writer choose this word/image/technique, and how does it affect the reader?’ Use the formula: The writer uses [technique] to create [effect] so that the reader feels/understands…

作者意图与效果题：问一问’作者为什么选择这个词语/意象/技巧，它给了读者怎样的影响？’使用公式：作者运用[技巧]来营造[效果]，从而使读者感受到/理解到……

Summary question: Identify only the main points linked to the question. Write in your own words, in chronological order, within the given word limit. Avoid examples, repetition, and personal opinion.

概要题：只找出与题目相关的主要点。用自己的话、按时间顺序来写，控制在给定的字数以内。避免举例、重复和个人观点。

Always read the question twice and underline the command word: identify, explain, summarise, compare. The command word tells you the required output format.

始终把题目读两遍，并在指令词下划线：识别、解释、总结、比较。指令词告诉了你所需的输出格式。

10. Vocabulary Building Strategies | 词汇扩展定理

A rich vocabulary is built, not born. Use the ‘Word Family’ formula: when you learn one word, simultaneously learn its noun, verb, adjective, and adverb forms. Example: success (n.), succeed (v.), successful (adj.), successfully (adv.).

丰富的词汇是构建出来的，而非天生的。运用’词族’公式：当你学习一个单词时，同时学习它的名词、动词、形容词和副词形式。例：success（名），succeed（动），successful（形），successfully（副）。

Prefixes and suffixes are morpheme equations. Common prefixes: un- (not), re- (again), pre- (before). Common suffixes: -able (can be), -less (without), -ment (result of). Breaking a word into base + prefix + suffix reveals its meaning.

前缀和后缀是语素方程式。常见前缀：un- （不），re- （再），pre- （之前）。常见后缀：-able （可被），-less （没有），-ment （……的结果）。把一个单词拆分为词根+前缀+后缀，就能揭示其含义。

Synonyms and antonyms expand your expressive range. Instead of ‘big’, choose ‘enormous’, ‘massive’, or ‘gigantic’. Instead of ‘bad’, use ‘terrible’, ‘dreadful’, or ‘appalling’.

同义词和反义词能扩大你的表达范围。别只说’big’，可以选用’enormous’、’massive’或’gigantic’。别只说’bad’，试试’terrible’、’dreadful’或’appalling’。

Keep a personal vocabulary journal. For each new word, write the definition, a sample sentence, and a synonym. Review it weekly.

准备一本个人的词汇日志。对每一个新词，写下定义、例句和一个同义词。每周复习一次。

Use Frayer Model: divide a page into four quadrants – definition, characteristics, examples, and non-examples. This deep processing fixes words in long-term memory.

运用Frayer模型：把一页纸分成四个象限——定义、特征、例子和非例子。这种深层处理能把单词牢牢固定在长时记忆里。

Read widely: fiction, non-fiction, newspapers, and poetry. The more you encounter a word in context, the more naturally you will use it yourself.

广泛阅读：小说、非虚构作品、报纸和诗歌。你在语境中碰到一个词的次数越多，你就越能自然地运用它。

11. Spelling Formulas | 拼写定理

The ‘i before e except after c’ rule works for words like ‘believe’ and ‘receive’, but watch out for exceptions (weird, science, their).

‘i 在 e 之前，除非前面有 c’ 这条规则适用于 ‘believe’ 和 ‘receive’ 等单词，但要小心例外（weird, science, their）。

Doubling consonants: when adding -ing or -ed to a one-syllable word with one vowel and one final consonant, double the consonant (hop → hopping, but hope → hoping because of the silent ‘e’).

双写辅音：当给一个单音节单词（含一个元音和一个末尾辅音）加 -ing 或 -ed 时，要双写末尾辅音（hop → hopping，但 hope → hoping，因为有沉默的 e）。

Silent letters often follow historical patterns: k before n (knee), w before r (write), b after m (lamb). No simple formula, so visual memory is crucial.

沉默字母通常遵循历史模式：k在n前（knee），w在r前（write），b在m后（lamb）。没有一个简单的公式，因此视觉记忆至关重要。

Homophones are words that sound alike but have different spellings and meanings. Master the most common pairs: there/their/they’re, your/you’re, to/two/too. Create a personal mnemonic for each.

同音异义词是发音相同但拼写和意义不同的词。要掌握最常见的几组：there/their/they’re，your/you’re，to/two/too。为每一组创造一个个人记忆口诀。

The ‘drop the e’ rule: when adding a vowel suffix (-ing, -ed, -er), drop the silent e (make → making). Keep the e before a consonant suffix (-ment, -ful) (excitement, hopeful).

‘去 e’ 规则：当添加元音后缀（-ing, -ed, -er）时，去掉不发音的 e（make → making）。在辅音后缀（-ment, -ful）之前，保留 e（excitement, hopeful）。

12. Editing and Proofreading Checklist | 校对与编辑清单定理

After completing any piece of writing, run the ‘CUPSS’ algorithm: Capitalisation, Usage, Punctuation, Spelling, Sentence structure.

在完成任何写作之后，运行’CUPSS’算法：大写、用法、标点、拼写、句子结构。

Capitalisation: first word of every sentence, proper nouns (London, Monday, July), the pronoun ‘I’, and titles. Never capitalize seasons (spring, summer) or random common nouns for emphasis.

大写：每个句子的首词、专有名词（伦敦、星期一、七月）、代词’I’以及标题。永远不要为了强调而给季节（春天、夏天）或随机的普通名词大写。

Usage: check subject-verb agreement, correct tense, proper pronoun case (he/him, I/me), and no double negatives (I don’t have no time → I don’t have any time).

用法：检查主谓一致、正确的时态、恰当的代词格（他/他、我/我），以及没有双重否定（I don’t have no time → I don’t have any time）。

Punctuation: scan for missing commas in complex sentences, apostrophe errors, and end punctuation. Read aloud; if you pause, you may need a comma.

标点：扫描复合句中缺失的逗号、撇号错误和句子结尾的标点。大声读出来；如果你停顿了，或许就需要一个逗号。

Spelling: use a dictionary, spellcheck, or phonics to verify. Watch for homophone traps and common misspellings (definitely, separate, necessary).

拼写：用词典、拼写检查或自然拼读法来核实。留意同音异义词陷阱和常见拼写错误（definitely, separate, necessary）。

Sentence structure: ensure every sentence is complete, avoid run-ons and fragments. Vary your sentence openings and length for rhythm.

句子结构：确保每个句子都是完整的，避免流水句和残句。变换你的句子开头和长度，创造节奏感。

Finally, read your work backwards, sentence by sentence. This disrupts the flow of meaning and helps you focus on surface errors.

最后，倒着读你的作品，一句一句地读。这会打断意义的连贯性，帮助你专注于表层错误。

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Year 7 CAIE English: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 7年级CAIE英语：公式定理速查手册