📚 Year 7 CAIE English Literature: Formulas & Theorems Quick-Reference Handbook | Year 7 CAIE 英语文学公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your literary toolkit. In mathematics, a formula expresses information as symbols or patterns. In English Literature, we also have ‘formulas’—repeated structures, techniques, and patterns that help us understand and create meaning. This handbook gathers the most essential formulas and theorems for Year 7 CAIE English Literature, from simile to essay structure. Treat these as quick-reference cards: whenever you read a poem, analyse a character, or plan an essay, come back to these building blocks.
欢迎来到你的文学工具箱。在数学中，公式用符号或模式表达信息。在英语文学中，我们也有“公式”——重复的结构、手法和模式，帮助我们理解和创造意义。本手册汇集了 Year 7 CAIE 英语文学最核心的公式和定理，从明喻到论文结构。把它们当作速查卡：每当你读诗、分析人物或构思文章时，都可以回到这些基础构件上来。
1. What Are Literary Formulas? | 什么是文学公式？
A literary formula is a predictable pattern of words, sounds, or narrative elements that writers use to create specific effects. Just as you would apply a maths formula to solve an equation, you can apply a literary formula to decode a text. Recognising these formulas will sharpen your reading and give you confidence in your written analysis. In the CAIE Year 7 curriculum, mastering these patterns helps you move from describing a text to explaining how it works.
文学公式是作家用来创造特定效果的、可预测的词语、声音或叙事元素的模式。就像运用数学公式解方程一样，你可以运用文学公式来解读文本。识别这些公式能磨砺你的阅读能力，并让你在书面分析中充满信心。在 CAIE Year 7 课程中，掌握这些模式能帮助你从描述文本走向解释文本是如何运作的。
2. Simile Formula | 明喻公式
Simile = Subject + like / as…as + Object
明喻 = 主体 + 像 / 如同…一样 + 客体
A simile directly compares two unlike things by using the words ‘like’ or ‘as’. It highlights a shared quality. For example, ‘The goalkeeper was like a wall’ suggests the goalkeeper was impassable. Another common pattern is ‘as + adjective + as’, such as ‘The water was as cold as ice’. The formula forces you to identify three parts: the subject being compared, the comparison word, and the object it is compared to.
明喻通过使用“像”或“如同”等词直接比较两个不同的事物，突出它们的共同特质。例如，“守门员像一堵墙”暗示守门员坚不可摧。另一种常见模式是“如同 + 形容词 + 一样”，如“水如同冰一样寒冷”。这个公式要求你找出三个部分：被比较的主体、比较词以及被比作的客体。
| Formula | Example | Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| as + adj + as | as brave as a lion | 像狮子一样勇敢 |
| Subject + like | The clouds were like cotton wool. | 云朵像棉絮一样。 |
| as if / as though | He ran as if his life depended on it. | 他跑起来好像命悬一线。 |
When you spot a simile in a CAIE passage, name the subject and object, then explain the quality being linked. This moves your response from spotting a technique to analysing its effect.
当你在 CAIE 阅读材料中发现明喻时，先指出主体和客体，再解释它们联系起来的特质。这能让你的回答从发现手法走向分析效果。
3. Metaphor Formula | 隐喻公式
Metaphor = A is B (without like or as)
隐喻 = A 是 B（不用“像”或“如同”）
A metaphor states that one thing is another, creating a stronger, more direct image than a simile. For instance, ‘The classroom was a zoo’ does not mean a literal zoo; it means the room was noisy and chaotic. The formula helps you spot the hidden equation: the writer equates two dissimilar things to transfer qualities. Extended metaphors (also called conceits) stretch this equation over several lines or paragraphs.
隐喻宣称一件事物是另一件事物，创造出比明喻更强烈、更直接的意象。比如，“教室是个动物园”并不是说真的是个动物园，而是指房间里嘈杂混乱。这个公式帮助你发现隐藏的等式：作者将两个不同的事物等同起来，以转移特质。扩展隐喻（又称奇喻）会将这种等式延伸数行或数段。
To analyse a metaphor, break it into tenor (the subject) and vehicle (the image it is compared to). Ask: what quality is being transferred? For example, in ‘Her voice is velvet,’ tenor = voice, vehicle = velvet, transferred quality = smoothness and softness.
分析隐喻时，将它拆解为本体（被描述的对象）和喻体（用来比较的意象）。问一问：转移了什么特质？例如，在“她的声音是丝绒”中，本体 = 声音，喻体 = 丝绒，转移的特质 = 丝滑与柔软。
4. Personification Formula | 拟人公式
Personification = Non‑human object + Human action / emotion / quality
拟人 = 非人类事物 + 人的动作 / 情感 / 特质
Personification gives human characteristics to animals, objects, or abstract ideas. It makes the description vivid and helps readers relate to the non‑human subject. A classic example is ‘The angry storm swallowed the village.’ Here, ‘angry’ and ‘swallowed’ are human attributes applied to a storm. The formula reminds you to look for a human verb or adjective paired with a non‑human noun.
拟人赋予动物、物品或抽象概念以人的特征。它使描写生动，并帮助读者与非人类的主体建立联系。一个经典的例子是“愤怒的风暴吞噬了村庄”。这里的“愤怒”和“吞噬”就是施加在风暴上的人的特点。这个公式提醒你寻找搭配非人类名词的人类动词或形容词。
Common personification verbs include whisper, dance, devour, smile, and rage. When you annotate a text, circle any non‑human subject and underline the human‑linked word. Then discuss why the writer chose to personify it: to create mood, to suggest power, or to make a scene unforgettable.
常见的拟人动词包括低语、舞蹈、吞噬、微笑和发怒。当你批注文本时，圈出非人类主语，并在与人相关的词下划线。然后讨论作者为何选择将其拟人化：是为了营造氛围、暗示力量，还是为了让场景令人难忘。
5. Alliteration & Assonance Formulas | 头韵与半谐音公式
Alliteration = Repetition of initial consonant sounds in nearby words
头韵 = 临近词语中首辅音的重复
Assonance = Repetition of vowel sounds within words close together
半谐音 = 相邻词语内元音的重复
Alliteration creates rhythm and can draw attention to a phrase. The tongue‑twister ‘Sally sells seashells by the seashore’ repeats the /s/ sound. In poetry, alliteration often reinforces meaning: a soft /l/ sound might suggest calmness, while a harsh /k/ sound can mimic conflict. Assonance, on the other hand, is the repetition of vowel sounds like the long /i/ in ‘The light of the fire is a bright sight.’ It makes lines musical and can link ideas through sound.
头韵能创造节奏，并能吸引人们对某个短语的注意。绕口令“Sally sells seashells by the seashore”重复了 /s/ 音。在诗歌中，头韵常能强化意义：轻柔的 /l/ 音可能暗示平静，而生硬的 /k/ 音则可以模仿冲突。另一方面，半谐音是元音的重复，比如“The light of the fire is a bright sight”中的长元音 /ai/。它使诗句富有音乐性，并通过声音连接思想。
| Technique | Recorded Formula | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Alliteration | Same consonant at word starts | Peter Piper picked… |
| Assonance | Same vowel sound in stressed syllables | The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain. (/eɪ/) |
When you note these sound patterns, always link them to mood or meaning. For example, alliteration of ‘b’ in ‘buzzing bees’ imitates the insect sound through onomatopoeic effect, making the description more immersive.
当你注意到这些声音模式时，始终将它们与氛围或意义联系起来。例如，“嗡嗡的蜜蜂”中“b”的头韵通过拟声效果模仿了昆虫的声音，使描写更加身临其境。
6. Rhyme Scheme Formula | 押韵公式
Rhyme scheme = Labelling end sounds with letters (A, B, C…)
押韵方案 = 用字母标记行末韵脚（A, B, C…）
To find a rhyme scheme, look at the last word of each line. Give the first end sound the label ‘A’. Any line that rhymes with it also gets ‘A’. The next new sound gets ‘B’, and so on. The pattern that emerges is the stanza’s rhyme scheme. Common types include couplets (AA), alternating rhyme (ABAB), and envelope rhyme (ABBA).
要找出押韵方案，观察每行的最后一个词。给第一个末音标记为“A”。任何与它押韵的行也标记为“A”。下一个新的末音标记为“B”，以此类推。这样形成的模式就是该诗节的押韵方案。常见类型包括对句（AA）、交替韵（ABAB）和抱韵（ABBA）。
Example: ‘The cat sat on the mat (A) / It wore a little hat (A).’ This is a rhyming couplet AA. In a four‑line stanza with ABAB, lines 1 and 3 rhyme, and lines 2 and 4 rhyme. Memorising these patterns helps you discuss the structure of a poem in a CAIE commentary.
示例：“猫坐在垫子上（A）/ 它戴着小帽子（A）。”这是一个对句 AA。在四行诗节 ABAB 中，第 1 行与第 3 行押韵，第 2 行与第 4 行押韵。熟记这些模式有助于你在 CAIE 评论中讨论诗歌的结构。
7. Plot Structure Formula | 情节结构公式
Freytag’s Pyramid: Exposition → Rising Action → Climax → Falling Action → Resolution
弗雷塔格金字塔：展示 → 上升情节 → 高潮 → 下落情节 → 结局
Most narratives follow a five‑stage plot structure. The exposition introduces characters, setting, and the initial situation. Rising action develops the conflict through a series of events that build tension. The climax is the turning point where the conflict reaches its peak. Falling action deals with the consequences of the climax, and the resolution (or denouement) ties up loose ends. This formula acts as a map for any story you read.
大多数叙事都遵循五阶段的情节结构。展示部分介绍人物、背景和初始情境。上升情节通过一系列事件发展冲突，逐步积累紧张感。高潮是转折点，冲突达到顶点。下落情节处理高潮带来的后果，而结局（或尾声）则收束所有线索。这个公式就像一张地图，适用于你读到的任何故事。
When analysing a short story or novel extract, sketch the pyramid and label key moments. For instance, in a typical adventure tale, the exposition shows the hero at home, rising action is the journey full of obstacles, the climax is the final battle, and the resolution returns home changed. This structural awareness is exactly what CAIE examiners look for in a well‑organised response.
在分析短篇小说或小说选段时，画出金字塔并标注关键时刻。例如，在一个典型的冒险故事中，展示部分呈现英雄在家的状态，上升情节是充满障碍的旅程，高潮是终极之战，而结局则是主角带着改变回家。这种结构意识正是 CAIE 考官在有条理的答案中所寻找的。
8. Character Analysis Formula | 人物分析公式
Character trait = STEAL: Speech + Thoughts + Effect on others + Actions + Looks
人物特征 = STEAL：言语 + 思想 + 对他人的影响 + 动作 + 外貌
The STEAL method gives you five ways to infer character. Speech: what the character says and how they say it. Thoughts: what they think (often revealed through narration). Effect on others: how other characters react to them. Actions: what they do. Looks: appearance and body language. By collecting evidence under each heading, you build a complete picture of a character.
STEAL 方法为你提供了推断人物的五种途径。言语：人物说什么以及如何说。思想：他们在想什么（常通过叙述揭示）。对他人的影响：其他人物对他们有何反应。动作：他们做什么。外貌：外表和肢体语言。通过在每个类别下收集证据，你能构建出人物的完整形象。
| STEAL | Guiding Question (English) | 引导问题 |
|---|---|---|
| Speech | What does the character say, and what is their tone? | 人物说了什么？语气如何？ |
| Thoughts | What inner thoughts are revealed? | 揭示了什么内心想法？ |
| Effect on others | How do other characters respond? | 其他人物如何回应？ |
| Actions | What does the character do? | 人物做了什么？ |
| Looks | How is the character described physically? | 人物的外貌描写是怎样的？ |
Use the STEAL formula when you plan a character‑based essay. Pick two or three STEAL categories and present evidence from the text. This systematic approach shows the examiner you can analyse character development, not just describe it.
在构思人物论文时使用 STEAL 公式。挑选两到三个 STEAL 类别，并呈现文本证据。这种系统的方法向考官展示你能分析人物发展，而不仅仅是描述人物。
9. Point of View Formula | 叙事视角公式
Narrative perspective = Pronoun set + Knowledge boundary
叙事视角 = 人称代词 + 知识范围
First‑person point of view uses ‘I’, ‘me’, ‘we’. The narrator is a character inside the story and can only report their own thoughts and observations—this knowledge boundary creates intimacy and suspense. Third‑person limited uses ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘they’; the narrator stands outside the story but focuses on one character’s thoughts and feelings. Third‑person omniscient moves freely into any character’s mind and can reveal events across time and space.
第一人称视角使用“我”、“我们”。叙述者是故事内的一个人物，只能报告自己的思想和观察——这种知识范围创造了亲密感与悬念。第三人称有限视角使用“他”、“她”、“他们”；叙述者站在故事之外，但聚焦于一个人物的思想和感受。第三人称全知视角则能自由进入任何角色的内心，并能揭示跨越时空的事件。
Quick test: scan a passage for pronouns. If you see ‘I’ as the speaker, it is first person. If the narrator knows what multiple characters are thinking in the same paragraph, it is omniscient. In a CAIE response, naming the point of view is not enough; explain the effect: ‘The first‑person narrator makes us trust her account because we experience her fear directly.’
快速检测法：浏览选段中的代词。如果说话者是“我”，那就是第一人称。如果叙述者在同一段中知道多个人物的想法，那就是全知视角。在 CAIE 回答中，仅指出视角是不够的，要解释其效果：“第一人称叙述者让我们相信她的叙述，因为我们直接体验到她的恐惧。”
10. Tone and Mood Formula | 语气与氛围公式
Tone = Author’s attitude (word choice + sentence structure)
语气 = 作者的态度（单词选择 + 句子结构）
Mood = Reader’s emotion (setting + sensory details + atmosphere)
氛围 = 读者的情绪（背景 + 感官细节 + 气氛）
Tone describes the writer’s voice: is it sarcastic, solemn, humorous, or melancholic? You detect tone by examining diction (word choice) and syntax (how sentences are arranged). Mood, by contrast, is the feeling the reader gets—creepy, joyful, tense, or peaceful. Although related, tone belongs to the writer and mood belongs to the audience. Think of tone as the ‘how’ and mood as the ‘what we feel’.
语气描述作者的声音：是讽刺、严肃、幽默还是忧郁？你通过审视措辞（单词选择）和句法（句子如何安排）来察觉语气。而氛围则是读者获得的感受——惊悚、快乐、紧张或安宁。虽然相关，但语气属于作者，氛围属于读者。可以把语气看作“方式”，氛围看作“我们感受到的”。
A scene with short, abrupt sentences and words like ‘gloomy’ and ‘decay’ suggests a grim tone and creates a foreboding mood. CAIE questions
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