Year 7 CAIE German: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Guide | 德语公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 7 CAIE German: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Guide | 德语公式定理速查手册

Welcome to your ultimate quick reference for Year 7 CAIE German! This handbook transforms essential German grammar and sentence patterns into easy-to-remember formulas. Whether you are revising for an exam or building a strong foundation, these “formulas” will help you construct accurate sentences confidently. Each section pairs a key rule with examples, explained in both English and Chinese so you can grasp the logic behind the language.

欢迎使用 Year 7 CAIE 德语的终极速查手册! 这本手册将核心德语语法和句型转化为易于记忆的公式。无论你是在备考还是夯实基础,这些“公式”都能帮你自信地写出正确句子。每个部分都将关键规则与实例配对,并提供中英双语解释,让你真正理解语言背后的逻辑。


1. The Present Tense Conjugation Formula | 现在时动词变位公式

English: In German, regular verbs follow a fixed pattern in the present tense. The formula is: verb stem + personal ending. The stem is the infinitive minus -en (e.g. spielenspiel-). Then add the endings: ich -e, du -st, er/sie/es -t, wir -en, ihr -t, sie/Sie -en.

中文: 在德语中,规则动词现在时遵循固定模式。公式是:动词词干 + 人称词尾。词干是动词原形去掉 -en(例如 spielenspiel-)。然后加上词尾:ich -e, du -st, er/sie/es -t, wir -en, ihr -t, sie/Sie -en

  • Ich spiele Tennis. (I play tennis.)
  • Du spielst Tennis. (You play tennis.)
  • Er spielt Tennis. (He plays tennis.)
  • Wir spielen Tennis. (We play tennis.)

2. The Verb “sein” (to be) – Irregular Formula | 动词“sein”的不规则公式

English: Sein is the most important irregular verb. Its present tense forms are: ich bin, du bist, er/sie/es ist, wir sind, ihr seid, sie/Sie sind. Think of it as a special formula that must be memorised – no stem-and-ending pattern applies.

中文: Sein 是最重要的不规则动词。它的现在时形式是:ich bin, du bist, er/sie/es ist, wir sind, ihr seid, sie/Sie sind。这要当作一个特殊公式来记忆——不适用词干加词尾的规律。

  • Ich bin müde. (I am tired.)
  • Du bist mein Freund. (You are my friend.)
  • Wir sind in der Schule. (We are at school.)

3. The Verb “haben” (to have) – Irregular Formula | 动词“haben”的不规则公式

English: Haben is another essential irregular verb. Its present tense forms: ich habe, du hast, er/sie/es hat, wir haben, ihr habt, sie/Sie haben. Notice the b disappears in du hast and er hat – a mini-formula you must learn.

中文: Haben 是另一个关键的不规则动词。它的现在时形式:ich habe, du hast, er/sie/es hat, wir haben, ihr habt, sie/Sie haben。注意 du haster hatb 消失了——这是一个必须掌握的小公式。

  • Ich habe ein Buch. (I have a book.)
  • Du hast eine Schwester. (You have a sister.)
  • Er hat keine Zeit. (He has no time.)

4. Basic Word Order Formula (Main Clause) | 基本语序公式(主句)

English: In a simple German main clause, the finite verb (the conjugated verb) must be the second idea – not necessarily the second word, but the second element. The formula is: Subject + Verb + Other information, or Adverb/Time expression + Verb + Subject + … when something else starts the sentence. This is called “V2” (verb second) rule.

中文: 在简单德语主句中,限定动词(变位动词)必须是第二个成分——不一定是第二个单词,但必须是第二个要素。公式是:主语 + 动词 + 其他信息,或者当其他成分开头时:副词/时间状语 + 动词 + 主语 + …。这叫“动词第二”原则。

  • Ich gehe heute ins Kino. (I am going to the cinema today.) – Subject first.
  • Heute gehe ich ins Kino. (Today I am going to the cinema.) – Time expression first, verb still second.

5. The Noun Gender Formula: der, die, das | 名词性属公式:der, die, das

English: Every German noun has a gender: masculine (der), feminine (die), or neuter (das). While there are no absolute rules, certain word endings give clues: -e often feminine, -er often masculine, -chen/-lein always neuter. Always learn a noun with its article, as Gender = Article is a fixed formula.

中文: 每个德语名词都有自己的性别:阳性(der)、阴性(die)或中性(das)。虽然没有绝对规则,但某些词尾能提供线索:以 -e 结尾多为阴性,以 -er 结尾多为阳性,以 -chen/-lein 结尾总是中性。学习名词时务必记住其冠词,因为 性别 = 冠词 是一个固定公式。

  • der Tisch (the table) – masculine
  • die Lampe (the lamp) – feminine
  • das Buch (the book) – neuter

6. The Indefinite Article Formula: ein, eine, ein | 不定冠词公式:ein, eine, ein

English: The indefinite article a/an in German matches the noun’s gender. Masculine and neuter nouns use ein, feminine nouns use eine. In front of nouns, this follows the formula: ein (m/n) / eine (f) + Noun.

中文: 德语中表示“一个”的不定冠词需与名词性别匹配。阳性和中性名词用 ein,阴性名词用 eine。公式为:ein(阳性/中性)/ eine(阴性) + 名词

  • ein Mann (a man) – masculine
  • eine Frau (a woman) – feminine
  • ein Kind (a child) – neuter

7. The Accusative Case Formula (Direct Object) | 第四格宾格公式(直接宾语)

English: The accusative case marks the direct object of a sentence. Only masculine nouns change their article: der becomes den, and ein becomes einen. Feminine, neuter, and plural articles stay the same. Formula: Subject + Verb + (den/einen) Direct Object (m.) / same article (f./n./pl.).

中文: 宾格标记句子中的直接宾语。仅阳性名词的冠词发生变化:der 变为 denein 变为 einen。阴性、中性和复数冠词保持不变。公式:主语 + 动词 + (den/einen)直接宾语(阳)/ 原冠词(阴/中/复)

  • Ich sehe den Mann. (I see the man.)
  • Ich sehe einen Mann. (I see a man.)
  • Ich sehe die Frau. (I see the woman.)
  • Ich sehe das Kind. (I see the child.)

8. The Negative Formula with “nicht” | 否定公式:nicht 的用法

English: To negate a whole sentence or a verb, place nicht at the end of the sentence. If you want to negate a specific element (an adjective, adverb, or noun with article), place nicht directly before it. General formula: Verb + … + nicht (sentence negation) / nicht + word/phrase (specific negation).

中文: 否定整个句子或动词时,把 nicht 放在句末。若要否定特定成分(形容词、副词或带冠词的名词),则将 nicht 直接放在该成分前。总公式:动词 + … + nicht(否定全句) / nicht + 词/短语(否定特定成分)

  • Ich verstehe nicht. (I don’t understand.) – sentence negation.
  • Das ist nicht gut. (That is not good.) – negating adjective.
  • Ich habe nicht viel Zeit. (I don’t have much time.) – negating adverb.

9. The Question Formation Formula (Yes/No Questions) | 一般疑问句公式

English: To form a yes/no question in German, put the conjugated verb at the very beginning of the sentence. The subject follows immediately. Formula: Verb + Subject + Rest of sentence?

中文: 要构成德语一般疑问句,把变位动词放在句首,主语紧随其后。公式:动词 + 主语 + 句子其余部分?

  • Spielst du Fußball? (Do you play football?)
  • Habt ihr Hausaufgaben? (Do you have homework?)
  • Ist er zu Hause? (Is he at home?)

10. The W-Question Formula | 特殊疑问句公式

English: W-questions use question words like wer (who), was (what), wo (where), wann (when), warum (why), wie (how). The formula is: Question word + Verb + Subject + …? The verb remains in second position (after the question word).

中文: W-问句使用疑问词,如 wer(谁)、was(什么)、wo(哪里)、wann(什么时候)、warum(为什么)、wie(怎样)。公式为:疑问词 + 动词 + 主语 + …? 动词依然在第二位(疑問詞之后)。

  • Wo wohnst du? (Where do you live?)
  • Was machst du? (What are you doing?)
  • Wann beginnt der Film? (When does the film start?)

11. The Modal Verb Sandwich Formula | 情态动词三明治公式

English: Modal verbs like können (can), müssen (must), wollen (want), dürfen (may) modify a main verb. The modal verb is conjugated and placed in second position, while the main verb goes to the end in its infinitive form. Formula: Subject + Modal Verb + … + Infinitive Main Verb at the end.

中文: 情态动词如 können(能够)、müssen(必须)、wollen(想要)、dürfen(可以)修饰主动词。情态动词变位并放在第二位,主动词以原形放在句末。公式:主语 + 情态动词 + … + 原形主动词(句末)。

  • Ich kann gut schwimmen. (I can swim well.)
  • Wir müssen jetzt gehen. (We must go now.)
  • Ihr wollt Pizza essen. (You want to eat pizza.)

12. The Possessive Adjective Formula | 物主形容词公式

English: Possessive adjectives (mein, dein, sein, ihr, etc.) follow the same pattern as the indefinite article ein. They take -e for feminine and for masculine/neuter nominative. Formula: Possessive base + (e) for feminine / no addition for masculine/neuter + Noun.

中文: 物主形容词(meindeinseinihr 等)遵循与不定冠词 ein 相同的模式。在阴性名词前加 -e,阳性和中性名词前不加。公式:物主词干 + (e) 用于阴性 / 阳性和中性不加 + 名词。

English Masculine Feminine Neuter
my mein Vater meine Mutter mein Buch
your (informal) dein Vater deine Mutter dein Buch
his sein Vater seine Mutter sein Buch

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