📚 Year 7 CAIE Psychology: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | Year 7 CAIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to the exciting world of psychology! In Year 7 CAIE Psychology, you will begin to understand how the human mind works, why we feel and behave in certain ways, and how researchers uncover these secrets. A strong vocabulary is your first tool – knowing key terms helps you think like a psychologist and express your ideas clearly. This guide not only introduces you to essential terminology but also gives you clever memorisation tricks, stories, and visual clues to make every word stick. Let us turn tricky terms into unforgettable friends!
欢迎来到激动人心的心理学世界！在 Year 7 CAIE 心理学课程中，你将开始了解人类心智如何运作，我们为何会有某些感受与行为，以及研究者如何揭开这些秘密。扎实的词汇是你的第一个工具——掌握关键术语能帮助你像心理学家一样思考，清晰地表达自己的想法。本指南不仅为你介绍必要的术语，还会提供巧妙的记忆窍门、小故事和视觉线索，让你把每个单词牢牢记住。让我们把难懂的术语变成难忘的朋友吧！
1. Scientific Method & Research Terms | 科学方法与研究术语
Hypothesis – A testable prediction or educated guess about the relationship between variables. Think of it as ‘Hypo-thesis’: ‘hypo’ means under, so a hypothesis is an idea that is still under investigation. Mnemonic: “Hippos Predict” – imagine a hippo splashing to guess the outcome.
假设——一种关于变量之间关系的可检验预测或有根据的猜测。把它想成 “Hypo-thesis”：’hypo’ 意为在下面，假设就是一个仍在探究中的想法。记忆法：”河马做预测”——想象一只河马拍水猜测实验结果。
Independent Variable (IV) – The factor the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates. Remember: IV = “I Vary”. The independent variable is the one that stands alone and you control it.
自变量 (IV)——研究者故意改变或操纵的因素。记住：IV = “我改变”。自变量是独自站立、由你控制的变量。
Dependent Variable (DV) – The factor that is measured; it ‘depends’ on the independent variable. Mnemonic: DV = “Data that Varies”. The dependent variable is the outcome you record.
因变量 (DV)——被测量的因素；它”依赖”于自变量。记忆法：DV = “变动的数据”。因变量是你记录的结果。
Control Group – A group that does not receive the experimental treatment; it provides a baseline for comparison. Picture a ‘controlled’ environment where all conditions stay the same, like a calm control room.
控制组——不接受实验处理的小组；它为比较提供了基线。想象一个”被控制的”环境，所有条件保持不变，就像一个平静的控制室。
Confounding Variable – An unwanted extra variable that might affect the DV and confuse the results. Mnemonic: “Confounding = Confusing”. You must keep it constant or eliminate it, like blocking extra noise.
混淆变量——一种可能影响因变量并混淆结果的多余变量。记忆法：”混淆变量 = 让人困惑”。你必须让它保持恒定或消除它，就像阻断多余的噪音。
Operationalisation – Defining variables in clear, measurable terms. If you are testing ‘memory’, you need to state how you will measure it (e.g., number of words recalled). Think: ‘Making the concept operational, like starting a machine.’
操作化定义——用清晰、可测量的术语定义变量。如果你要测试”记忆力”，就要说明如何测量（如回忆出的单词数量）。想一想：”让概念可操作，就像启动一台机器。”
Validity – Whether a test truly measures what it claims to measure. Mnemonic: “Valid = Actually hitting the target”. A valid anxiety questionnaire should truly capture anxiety, not just tiredness.
效度——一项测试是否真正测量了它声称要测量的东西。记忆法：”效度 = 实际击中靶心”。一份有效的焦虑问卷应真正测量焦虑，而不只是疲劳。
Reliability – The consistency of a measure. If you take a personality test twice, you should get similar scores. Mnemonic: “Reliable = Repeatable results”. Imagine a reliable friend who always keeps their promises.
信度——测量的一致性。如果你做两次人格测验，得分应当相似。记忆法：”信度 = 可重复的结果”。想象一位可靠的朋友，总是遵守承诺。
2. Learning & Behaviour Terms | 学习与行为术语
Classical Conditioning – Learning through association, famously shown by Ivan Pavlov’s dogs. A neutral stimulus (a bell) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) until the neutral stimulus alone triggers a conditioned response (salivation). Mnemonic: “Pavlov Pairs Pooches with Plates”.
经典条件作用——通过联想进行学习，最著名的例子是巴甫洛夫的狗。一个中性刺激（铃声）与非条件刺激（食物）多次配对后，中性刺激单独便能引发条件反应（唾液分泌）。记忆法：”巴甫洛夫给小狗配对餐盘”。
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – Something that naturally and automatically triggers a response, without any learning. In Pavlov’s experiment, the food was the UCS. Tip: “Unconditioned = Unlearned; Stimulus = Something that Starts a reaction.”
非条件刺激 (UCS)——某种无需学习就能自然、自动引发反应的东西。在巴甫洛夫的实验中，食物就是非条件刺激。窍门：”非条件 = 未经学习的；刺激 = 引发反应的开始。”
Unconditioned Response (UCR) – The natural, automatic reaction to the UCS, such as salivating when seeing food. UCR is the ‘Unlearned Reflex’.
非条件反应 (UCR)——对非条件刺激的自然、自动反应，例如看见食物分泌唾液。UCR 就是”未经学习的反射”。
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with the UCS, now triggers a learned response. The bell became the CS. Mnemonic: “CS = Conditioned (learned) Signal”.
条件刺激 (CS)——原本是中性的刺激，因与非条件刺激建立联系后，现在能引发习得的反应。铃声变成了条件刺激。记忆法：”CS = 条件化的（习得的）信号”。
Conditioned Response (CR) – The learned response to the conditioned stimulus alone. In the dogs, salivating at the sound of the bell is the CR. Remember: “CR comes after CS”.
条件反应 (CR)——仅对条件刺激产生的习得反应。在狗的实验中，听到铃声分泌唾液就是条件反应。记住：”CR 在 CS 之后出现”。
Operant Conditioning – Learning through consequences: actions followed by reinforcement are strengthened, and those followed by punishment are weakened. B.F. Skinner’s box showed how rats learn to press a lever for food. Mnemonic: “Operant operates on the environment to get an outcome.”
操作条件作用——通过后果进行学习：得到强化的行为会被加强，得到惩罚的行为会被削弱。斯金纳箱展示了老鼠如何学会按压杠杆获取食物。记忆法：”操作性意味着对环境进行操作以获得结果。”
Reinforcement – Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour. Positive reinforcement adds something pleasant (e.g., praise). Negative reinforcement removes something unpleasant (e.g., turning off a loud alarm). Trick: “Negative does NOT mean bad; it means subtraction.”
强化——任何能增加行为发生概率的后果。正强化给予令人愉快的东西（如表扬）。负强化消除令人不快的东西（如关掉刺耳的闹钟）。窍门：”负性不意味着糟糕；它意味着减去。”
Punishment – A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour. Positive punishment adds an unpleasant stimulus (scolding), while negative punishment takes away a pleasant stimulus (losing iPad time). Story: “Punishment pushes the behaviour down.”
惩罚——降低行为发生概率的后果。正惩罚施加不愉快的刺激（责备），负惩罚则移除愉快的刺激（失去玩平板电脑的时间）。故事：”惩罚把行为压下去了。”
Extinction – The gradual disappearance of a learned behaviour when reinforcement is stopped. If the bell rings but no food appears, the dog eventually stops salivating. Imagine a dino-snore: ‘Extinct like dinosaurs’.
消退——当强化停止时，习得行为逐渐消失的过程。如果铃声不断响起但没有食物，狗最终不再分泌唾液。想象打呼噜的恐龙：”像恐龙一样灭绝”。
Social Learning Theory – Learning by observing and imitating others, especially role models. Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment showed children copying aggressive actions. Mnemonic: “Mirror, Model, Repeat.”
社会学习理论——通过观察和模仿他人，尤其是榜样来进行学习。班杜拉的波波玩偶实验表明儿童会模仿攻击性行为。记忆法：”镜子、榜样、重复。”
3. Memory & Cognition Terms | 记忆与认知术语
Encoding – The process of converting sensory information into a form that can be stored in memory. It is like typing a document into a computer. Visual, acoustic, and semantic encoding are three main types. Mnemonic: “Entering data into your mind’s hard drive.”
编码——将感觉信息转换为可以储存到记忆中的形式的过程。就像把文档输入电脑。视觉编码、听觉编码和语义编码是三种主要类型。记忆法：”把数据输入你的心智硬盘。”
Storage – Maintaining information over time. Psychologists often talk about the multi-store model: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Think of a library with books on shelves.
储存——长时间保持信息。心理学家常提及多储存模型：感觉记忆、短时记忆和长时记忆。想象一个把书本放在书架上的图书馆。
Retrieval – Accessing stored information when you need it. Free recall, cued recall, and recognition are retrieval methods. Problem: “It’s on the tip of my tongue!” That is a retrieval failure. Recall = ‘re-call’ the info back.
提取——在需要时访问储存的信息。自由回忆、线索回忆和再认都是提取方法。问题：”话就在嘴边！”那就是提取失败。Recall 就是”再呼唤”信息回来。
Short-Term Memory (STM) – A temporary memory store that holds about 7±2 items for roughly 15-30 seconds without rehearsal. Mnemonic: “The Magic Number 7 (like a phone number)”.
短时记忆 (STM)——一个暂时的记忆仓库，在不复述的情况下能容纳大约7±2个组块，保持约15-30秒。记忆法：”神奇数字7（就像电话号码）。”
Long-Term Memory (LTM) – The permanent and limitless storehouse of knowledge, skills, and experiences. It includes episodic (events), semantic (facts), and procedural (how to) memories. Picture a vast, deep ocean of memories.
长时记忆 (LTM)——永久的、容量无限的知识、技能和经验仓库。包括情景记忆（事件）、语义记忆（事实）和程序性记忆（如何做）。想象一片广阔深沉的记忆海洋。
Rehearsal – Consciously repeating information to extend its stay in short-term memory or transfer it to long-term memory. Maintenance rehearsal is simple repetition; elaborative rehearsal links new info to existing knowledge. Like a theatre rehearsal: you repeat lines until they stick.
复述——有意识地重复信息，以延长它在短时记忆中的停留或将其转入长时记忆。维持性复述是简单重复；精细复述将新信息与已有知识联系。就像剧场排练：反复念台词直到记住。
Schema – A mental framework or organised pattern of thought that helps us interpret incoming information. For example, your ‘restaurant schema’ includes ordering, eating, and paying. Schemas can cause us to fill in gaps with expectations. Mnemonic: “Schema = a sketch map in your head.”
图式——一种心智框架或有组织的思维模式，帮助我们解释进入的信息。例如，你的”餐厅图式”包括点餐、就餐和买单。图式会让我们用期望填补空白。记忆法：”图式 = 头脑中的草图。”
4. Sensation & Perception Terms | 感觉与知觉术语
Sensation – The process by which our sensory receptors detect physical energy from the environment and convert it into neural signals. It is the raw data entering through eyes, ears, skin, nose, and tongue. “Sensation = Senses Activating.”
感觉——我们的感官接收器检测环境中的物理能量并将其转化为神经信号的过程。是通过眼、耳、皮肤、鼻、舌进入的原始数据。”感觉 = 感官激活。”
Perception – The brain’s interpretation and organisation of sensory information, giving it meaning. You sense light waves, but you perceive a rainbow. Mnemonic: “Perception = Your brain’s ‘picture’ of the world.”
知觉——大脑对感觉信息的解释和组织，赋予其意义。你感觉到光波，但知觉到的是彩虹。记忆法：”知觉 = 大脑绘制的世界’图像’。”
Absolute Threshold – The minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time. For hearing, it might be the tick of a watch at 6 metres. Think “the absolute minimum that you can just notice.”
绝对阈限——能在50%的次数中检测到刺激所需的最低刺激量。对于听觉，可能是在6米外听到手表的滴答声。想一想”你刚好能注意到的绝对最低值”。
Difference Threshold (Just Noticeable Difference – JND) – The smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected. If you are holding a 100 g weight, how much more must be added before you notice the change? Mnemonic: “A difference you can just notice.”
差别阈限（最小可觉差 – JND）——能察觉到的刺激最小变化量。如果你拿着100克的重物，需要再添加多少你才会注意到变化？记忆法：”刚好能察觉的差异。”
Selective Attention – Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus while filtering out others. This is why you can talk to a friend in a noisy party but not notice a gorilla crossing the screen. The “cocktail party effect” is a classic example.
选择性注意——将意识聚焦于某一特定刺激，同时过滤掉其他信息。这就是为什么你可以在嘈杂的派对上和朋友交谈，却没注意到屏幕上经过的大猩猩。”鸡尾酒会效应”是经典例子。
Perceptual Set – A predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way, influenced by expectations, context, emotions, and culture. Seeing a face in the clouds is driven by your perceptual set. Mnemonic: “Your mind is set to see.”
知觉定势——以特定方式感知事物的倾向或准备状态，受到期望、情境、情绪和文化的影响。在云中看到人脸就是知觉定势在起作用。记忆法：”你的心智已经设定好去看。”
Illusion – A distortion of the senses, revealing how perception differs from physical reality. The Müller-Lyer illusion (arrows making lines look different lengths) teaches us that the brain can be tricked. Simply: “It’s not real, it’s an Illusion.”
错觉——感觉的扭曲，揭示了知觉与物理现实之间的差异。缪勒-莱耶错觉（箭头使线段看起来长度不同）告诉我们大脑会被欺骗。简单记为：”这不是真的，是错觉。”
5. Emotion & Motivation Terms | 情绪与动机术语
Emotion – A complex psychological state involving subjective experience, physiological arousal, and behavioural expression. Psychologists often list basic emotions: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust. Mnemonic: “E-motion = Energy in Motion.”
情绪——一种复杂的心理状态，涉及主观体验、生理唤起和行为表达。心理学家常列出基本情绪：快乐、悲伤、恐惧、愤怒、惊讶和厌恶。记忆法：”情绪 = 运动中的能量。”
Motivation – The internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy to be continually interested and committed to a goal. It’s the ‘why’ behind your actions. Think: “Motive + Action = Motivation.”
动机——激发欲望和能量，使人持续对目标保持兴趣和投入的内部与外部因素。它是行为背后的”为什么”。想一想：”动机 + 行动 = 动机。”
Drive-Reduction Theory – The idea that a physiological need (like hunger) creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates us to reduce the need (eating). The body seeks homeostasis – a balanced internal state. Mnemonic: “A drive pushes you to turn down
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