📚 Year 7 CAIE Science: Cross-topic Integrated Question Practice | 跨学科综合题型训练
Integrated questions in the CAIE Year 7 Science curriculum often combine ideas from biology, chemistry, and physics, along with mathematical skills. This type of practice helps you think like a real scientist, connecting concepts to solve problems and strengthening your overall understanding.
CAIE 七年级科学课程中的综合题型常将生物、化学、物理等不同学科的思想与数学技能结合在一起。这类训练能帮助你像真正的科学家一样思考，联结各种概念来解决问题，并加深对知识的整体理解。
1. Understanding Integrated Questions | 理解综合题型
Integrated questions ask you to link more than one topic area. For example, a question might ask you to describe the energy changes when a person digests food and then uses that energy to run. You would need to know about chemical reactions in digestion (biology/chemistry) and the transfer of chemical energy to kinetic energy (physics).
综合题要求你将多个主题领域联系起来。例如，题目可能要求你描述一个人消化食物然后运用能量跑步时的能量变化。你需要了解消化过程中的化学反应（生物/化学）以及化学能转化为动能（物理）。
Try this: ‘Explain why bread contains stored energy from the Sun, and how your body uses it.’ Think about photosynthesis, food chains, and respiration.
试一试：“解释为什么面包中含有来自太阳的储存能量，以及你的身体如何利用它。”想一想光合作用、食物链和呼吸作用。
2. Physics Meets Chemistry: Matter and Energy | 物理与化学的结合：物质与能量
States of matter and particle theory are central to both chemistry and physics. When a substance changes state, its particles gain or lose energy. This can be described using the particle model and the physics of energy transfer.
物质的状态和粒子理论是化学和物理的核心。物质状态变化时，粒子获得或失去能量。这可以用粒子模型和物理中的能量传递来描述。
Consider this question: ‘A beaker of water is heated on a Bunsen burner. Describe the changes in particle arrangement and movement as the water boils. Explain why the temperature stays at 100°C during boiling, even though heat is still supplied.’
考虑这道题：“用本生灯加热一杯水。描述水沸腾时粒子的排列和运动变化。解释为什么在沸腾过程中温度保持在100°C，即使仍在加热。”
When water boils, liquid particles escape as a gas. The temperature remains constant because the supplied energy is used to overcome the attractive forces between particles, allowing them to move freely in the gas state. No extra energy raises the temperature until all liquid has changed to gas.
水沸腾时，液态粒子逃脱成为气体。温度保持恒定，因为供给的能量用于克服粒子间的吸引力，使它们可以像气体一样自由移动。在所有液体都变成气体之前，多余的能量不会提升温度。
3. Biology and Chemistry: Photosynthesis and Respiration | 生物与化学的结合：光合作用与呼吸
Photosynthesis and respiration are key processes that link biology and chemistry. The equations involve chemical changes and energy transfers. The word equations are:
光合作用和呼吸作用是将生物学与化学联系起来的关键过程。这两个方程式涉及化学变化和能量转移。它们的文字方程式如下：
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen (in the presence of light & chlorophyll)
二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气（需光照和叶绿素）
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy released)
葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 释放能量）
Exercise: ‘A snail and a water plant are placed together in a sealed, transparent container under a bright light. Explain how the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide will change over a 24-hour period. Refer to both photosynthesis and respiration.’
练习：’一只蜗牛和一株水生植物被一起放在一个密封的透明容器中，置于明亮光线下。解释在24小时内氧气和二氧化碳的浓度将如何变化。请参考光合作用和呼吸作用。’
During the day, the plant photosynthesises, taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen; both the plant and snail respire, using oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. Overall, oxygen levels may rise and carbon dioxide fall. At night, only respiration occurs, so oxygen decreases and carbon dioxide increases.
白天，植物进行光合作用，吸收二氧化碳并释放氧气；植物和蜗牛都进行呼吸作用，消耗氧气并释放二氧化碳。总体上，氧气浓度可能上升，二氧化碳浓度下降。夜晚，只有呼吸作用发生，因此氧气减少，二氧化碳增加。
4. Physics in Biology: Forces and Motion in Organisms | 物理与生物的交叉：力与运动在生物体中的应用
Many biological structures and behaviours can be explained using physics. For example, a bird’s wing shape creates lift, a fish’s streamlined body reduces drag, and the human skeleton acts as a system of levers.
许多生物结构和行为可以用物理学来解释。例如，鸟的翅膀形状产生升力，鱼的流线型身体减少阻力，人体骨骼则像一个杠杆系统。
Birds have hollow, lightweight bones to reduce weight, making it easier to overcome gravity. The curved top of the wing makes air travel faster, lowering pressure, so higher pressure underneath pushes the wing up (a simple idea of Bernoulli’s principle).
鸟类有空心、轻质的骨骼以减轻重量，更容易克服重力。翅膀上方的弯曲使空气移动得更快，从而减小压力，于是下方较高的压力将翅膀向上推（伯努利原理的简单表述）。
Now answer: ‘Explain how a penguin’s flipper shape helps it swim fast. Refer to water resistance and streamlined shapes.’ A penguin’s flipper has a streamlined, tapered form that reduces water resistance. This allows the penguin to push through water with less drag, so it can use its energy efficiently to move quickly.
现在回答：’解释企鹅鳍的形状如何帮助它快速游泳。联系水阻力和流线型形状。’ 企鹅的鳍具有流线型且逐渐变细的形状，可减小水的阻力。这使得企鹅能以减少的阻力在水中行进，从而高效利用能量快速移动。
5. Data Interpretation and Graphs | 数据解释与图表
Integrated questions often include tables of data or graphs that you must interpret. These could combine measurements of temperature over time, heart rate during exercise, or growth of a plant. You need to read trends and link them to scientific concepts.
综合题常常包含需要你解读的数据表或图表。它们可以结合温度随时间变化的测量数据、运动时的心率数据或植物生长数据。你需要读懂趋势并将它们与科学概念联系起来。
Example table: Temperature of a cooling cup of tea. Time (min): 0, 80°C; 2, 68°C; 4, 58°C; 6, 50°C; 8, 44°C. Plot a cooling curve and explain the shape.
示例表格：一杯茶在冷却过程中的温度。时间（分钟）：0，80°C；2，68°C；4，58°C；6，50°C；8，44°C。绘制冷却曲线并解释其形状。
The temperature drops quickly at first because the difference in temperature between the tea and the surrounding air is large, so energy is transferred faster. Over time, the difference decreases, so the rate of cooling slows down. This links to the particle model: fast-moving particles in the hot tea transfer energy to slower-moving air particles.
一开始温度下降较快，因为茶与周围空气的温差大，能量传递较快。随着时间推移，温差减小，冷却速率减慢。这与粒子模型联系起来：热茶中快速运动的粒子将能量传递给运动较慢的空气粒子。
6. Experimental Design and Control of Variables | 实验设计与变量控制
You may be asked to plan an experiment that connects different topics. Always identify the independent variable (what you change), dependent variable (what you measure), and control variables (what you keep the same).
你可能会被要求设计一个连接不同主题的实验。一定要识别出自变量（你改变的量）、因变量（你测量的量）和控制变量（你保持不变的量）。
Example: Investigate how the amount of fertiliser affects the growth of seedlings. This combines biology (plant growth) with chemistry (nutrients). Plan: Keep the same amount of water, light intensity, type of soil, and number of seeds. Change the mass of fertiliser added to each pot. Measure the height of the plants after two weeks. Record results in a table and draw a bar chart.
示例：研究肥料量如何影响幼苗的生长。这结合了生物学（植物生长）和化学（营养物质）。计划：保持水量、光照强度、土壤类型和种子数量相同。改变每盆中加入的肥料质量。两周后测量植物的高度。将结果记录在表中并绘制条形图。
Control variables ensure that any effect you observe is due only to the fertiliser, not other factors. This is a fundamental idea in scientific investigations and often appears in cross-topic questions.
控制变量确保你观察到的任何效应都仅由肥料造成，而不是其他因素。这是科学探究的基本思想，经常出现在跨主题的问题中。
7. Maths in Science: Ratios and Calculations | 数学在科学中的应用：比例与计算
Many calculations cross topic boundaries. You might calculate the speed of a moving animal (biology/physics) or the concentration of a salt solution (chemistry). Learn the formulae:
许多计算会跨越主题界限。你可能会计算动物的运动速度（生物/物理）或盐溶液的浓度（化学）。请学习以下公式：
speed = distance ÷ time
速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间
density = mass ÷ volume
密度 = 质量 ÷ 体积
concentration = mass of solute ÷ volume of solvent
浓度 = 溶质质量 ÷ 溶液体积
Now try: ‘A cube of metal has a mass of 300 g and each side is 3 cm. Calculate its volume and density. Will it sink in water (density 1 g/cm³)? Then, predict what happens to the spacing of its particles when heated.’
现在试一试：“一块金属立方体的质量为300 g，每边长为3 cm。计算其体积和密度。它会沉入水中（水的密度为1 g/cm³）吗？然后预测当加热时其粒子间距会发生什么变化。”
Volume = 3 cm × 3 cm × 3 cm = 27 cm³. Density = mass ÷ volume = 300 g ÷ 27 cm³ ≈ 11.1 g/cm³. It is denser than water, so it sinks. When heated, the metal particles gain energy, vibrate more, and move slightly apart, causing the metal to expand.
体积 = 3 cm × 3 cm × 3 cm = 27 cm³。密度 = 质量 ÷ 体积 = 300 g ÷ 27 cm³ ≈ 11.1 g/cm³。它比水的密度
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