📚 Year 7 CAIE Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 7 CAIE 科学：词汇术语速记指南
A solid grasp of scientific vocabulary is the key to success in Year 7 CAIE Science. Terminology helps you understand questions, describe experiments and explain concepts clearly. This guide provides a comprehensive collection of essential terms across physics, chemistry, biology and enquiry skills, together with memory strategies to help you learn them quickly and use them confidently.
扎实掌握科学词汇是 Year 7 CAIE 科学成功的关键。术语能帮助你理解题目、准确描述实验并清晰解释概念。本指南汇集了物理、化学、生物和探究技能方面的核心术语，并配有记忆策略，帮助你快速记忆并自信地运用它们。
1. Scientific Enquiry Terms | 科学探究术语
Hypothesis — A testable statement that predicts what might happen in an experiment. It is often written as ‘If… then…’ based on prior knowledge.
假设——一个可检验的陈述，根据已有知识对实验结果做出预测。通常写成“如果……那么……”的形式。
Prediction — A statement about what you think will happen, based on a hypothesis. It is more specific than a hypothesis.
预测——根据假设对你认为会发生的事情做出的说明。它比假设更具体。
Observation — Information collected using the senses or instruments. An observation can be qualitative (colour, texture) or quantitative (a measured value like 25 cm).
观察——通过感官或仪器收集的信息。观察可以是定性的（如颜色、质地）或定量的（如 25 cm 的测量值）。
Inference — A conclusion you reach based on observations and prior knowledge. For example, if a plant wilts, you might infer it lacks water.
推断——根据观察和已有知识得出的结论。例如，如果植物枯萎，你可以推断它缺水。
Conclusion — A summary that explains what the results show and whether they support the original hypothesis.
结论——对实验结果的总结，说明结果是否支持最初的假设。
Evaluation — Assessing the reliability and validity of the method and data, including possible errors or improvements.
评估——对方法和数据的可靠性与有效性进行评价，包括可能的误差或改进建议。
2. Laboratory Equipment and Safety | 实验器材与安全
Bunsen burner — A gas burner used to heat substances. The air hole controls the flame: an open hole gives a hot blue flame, while a closed hole gives a luminous yellow flame.
本生灯——一种用于加热的气体燃烧器。气孔控制火焰：气孔打开产生炽热蓝焰，关闭则产生明亮黄焰。
Beaker — A cylindrical glass container used for mixing, heating liquids and approximate volume measurements.
烧杯——圆柱形玻璃容器，用于混合、加热液体及粗略的体积测量。
Measuring cylinder — A tall, narrow container marked with a scale for measuring liquid volume accurately. Always read at eye level from the bottom of the meniscus.
量筒——细高且有刻度的容器，用于精确测量液体体积。读数时眼睛应与液面凹面底部水平。
Conical flask — A flask with a flat bottom and a narrow neck, used for swirling liquids without spilling and for titrations in later years.
锥形瓶——平底细颈烧瓶，用于振荡液体而不溢出，也可用于后续学年的滴定实验。
Microscope — An instrument that magnifies tiny objects using lenses. The coarse focusing knob moves the stage; the fine knob sharpens the image.
显微镜——使用透镜放大微小物体的仪器。粗准焦螺旋移动载物台；细准焦螺旋使图像清晰。
Safety goggles — Must be worn to protect eyes from chemical splashes, heat and fragments during experiments.
护目镜——在实验过程中必须佩戴，以防化学飞溅、热源和碎屑伤害眼睛。
Hazard symbols: Flammable (fire symbol), Corrosive (test tube damaging skin symbol), Toxic (skull and crossbones), Irritant (exclamation mark). Always handle chemicals with care and wash hands after practical work.
危险符号：易燃（火焰标志）、腐蚀性（试管损伤皮肤标志）、有毒（骷髅交叉骨标志）、刺激性（感叹号）。使用时始终小心操作化学品，实验后洗手。
3. Physics Vocabulary | 物理学词汇
Force — A push or pull that can change an object’s speed, direction or shape. The unit of force is the newton (N).
力——一种推或拉，可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。力的单位是牛顿（N）。
Mass — The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). Mass does not change with location.
质量——物体所含物质的多少，以千克（kg）为单位。质量不随位置变化。
Weight — The force of gravity acting on an object’s mass. It depends on gravitational field strength and is measured in newtons (N). On Earth, weight (N) ≈ mass (kg) × 10.
重量——作用在物体质量上的重力。它依赖于引力场强度，以牛顿（N）为单位。在地球上，重量（N）≈ 质量（kg）× 10。
Friction — A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be helpful (grips on shoes) or a nuisance (engine wear).
摩擦力——阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。它可以是有益的（鞋底有抓地力），也可以带来困扰（发动机磨损）。
Air resistance — A type of friction that acts on objects moving through air. It increases with speed.
空气阻力——一种作用于在空气中运动物体的摩擦力。它随速度增加而增大。
Speed — The rate at which an object moves. The relationship is shown as:
speed = distance ÷ time
速度——物体运动的快慢。其关系表示为：速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间。
Unit of speed is metres per second (m/s) or kilometres per hour (km/h).
速度的单位是米每秒（m/s）或千米每小时（km/h）。
Energy — The ability to do work. Forms include kinetic (movement), thermal (heat), light, sound, electrical, elastic potential, gravitational potential and chemical energy.
能量——做功的能力。形式包括动能、热能、光能、声能、电能、弹性势能、重力势能和化学能。
Energy transfer — Energy moves from one store to another but is never created or destroyed (conservation of energy).
能量转移——能量从一个储存传递到另一个储存，但既不会凭空产生也不会凭空消失（能量守恒）。
Circuit — A complete loop that allows electricity to flow. It must have a power source, wires and one or more components (bulbs, buzzers).
电路——允许电流流动的完整回路。必须包含电源、导线和一个或多个用电器（灯泡、蜂鸣器）。
Conductor — A material that allows electric current to pass through easily (e.g., copper, silver).
导体——允许电流容易通过的材料（如铜、银）。
Insulator — A material that does not allow electric current to pass through easily (e.g., plastic, rubber).
绝缘体——不易让电流通过的材料（如塑料、橡胶）。
4. Chemistry Vocabulary | 化学词汇
Solid — State of matter with fixed shape and volume; particles are closely packed in a regular pattern and vibrate in position.
固体——形状和体积固定的物质状态；粒子紧密排列成规则结构，在原位振动。
Liquid — State of matter with fixed volume but takes the shape of its container; particles are close together but can move past each other.
液体——体积固定但形状随容器而变的物质状态；粒子紧密但可以相互滑动。
Gas — State of matter with no fixed shape or volume; particles are far apart, moving quickly in all directions.
气体——无固定形状和体积的物质状态；粒子相距很远，朝各个方向快速运动。
Melting — Change from solid to liquid at the melting point. Freezing is the reverse process.
熔化——在熔点时固体变为液体。凝固是相反的过程。
Boiling — Change from liquid to gas throughout the liquid at the boiling point. Evaporation happens only at the surface at any temperature.
沸腾——在沸点时整个液体内部变为气体。蒸发可在任何温度下仅发生在液体表面。
Atom — The smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties. All substances are made of atoms.
原子——保持元素化学性质的最小粒子。一切物质都由原子构成。
Element — A pure substance made of only one type of atom. Examples: oxygen (O), iron (Fe), hydrogen (H).
元素——仅由一种原子组成的纯物质。例如：氧（O）、铁（Fe）、氢（H）。
Compound — A substance formed when two or more different elements chemically bond. Water (H₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are compounds.
化合物——由两种或多种不同元素通过化学键结合而成的物质。水（H₂O）和二氧化碳（CO₂）是化合物。
Molecule — A group of atoms bonded together. It can be an element (O₂) or a compound (CO₂).
分子——键合在一起的原子集团。可以是单质（O₂）或化合物（CO₂）。
Mixture — Two or more substances mixed together but not chemically combined. They can be separated by physical methods.
混合物——由两种或多种物质混合而成，但未发生化学结合。可用物理方法分离。
Solution — A mixture where a solute dissolves in a solvent, forming a clear mixture. Soluble substances dissolve; insoluble ones do not.
溶液——溶质溶解在溶剂中形成的透明混合物。可溶物质会溶解，不溶物质则不会。
pH scale — A measure of how acidic or alkaline a solution is, from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly alkaline), with 7 as neutral.
pH 标度——衡量溶液酸碱性程度的量度，范围从 0（强酸性）到 14（强碱性），7 为中性。
Neutralisation — A reaction between an acid and an alkali that produces salt and water. The pH moves towards 7.
中和反应——酸和碱反应生成盐和水，pH 值趋向 7。
5. Biology Vocabulary | 生物学词汇
Cell — The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Most plant and animal cells range from 10 to 100 micrometres in size.
细胞——所有生物体基本的结构和功能单位。多数动植物细胞大小在 10 到 100 微米之间。
Cell membrane — A thin layer that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.
细胞膜——包裹细胞的薄层，控制物质进出。
Cytoplasm — A jelly-like substance where chemical reactions take place. It fills the cell and supports organelles.
细胞质——发生化学反应的胶状物质，填充细胞并支撑细胞器。
Nucleus — Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities. It acts like the ‘brain’ of the cell.
细胞核——含有遗传物质（DNA），控制细胞活动，相当于细胞的“大脑”。
Cell wall — A rigid outer layer in plant cells made of cellulose, providing support and shape. Not present in animal cells.
细胞壁——植物细胞中由纤维素构成的坚硬外层，提供支撑和形态。动物细胞没有。
Chloroplast — An organelle containing chlorophyll that captures light energy for photosynthesis. Found only in plant cells and some algae.
叶绿体——含有叶绿素的细胞器，捕捉光能进行光合作用。仅存在于植物细胞和某些藻类中。
Mitochondria — Rod-shaped structures that release energy during respiration. Often called the ‘powerhouses’ of the cell.
线粒体——呼吸作用中释放能量的棒状结构，常被称为细胞的“发电站”。
Classification — Grouping organisms based on shared characteristics. The five-kingdom system includes animals, plants, fungi, protists and bacteria.
分类——根据共同特征将生物分组。五界系统包括动物界、植物界、真菌界、原生生物界和细菌界。
Vertebrate — An animal with a backbone. The five main vertebrate groups are mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.
脊椎动物——有脊椎骨的动物。五大类群是哺乳类、鸟类、爬行类、两栖类和鱼类。
Invertebrate — An animal without a backbone. Examples include insects, spiders, snails and jellyfish.
无脊椎动物——没有脊椎骨的动物。例如昆虫、蜘蛛、蜗牛和水母。
Food chain — A diagram showing how energy passes from one organism to another in an ecosystem. It always starts with a producer (plant).
食物链——显示能量在生态系统中从一个生物传给另一个生物的示意图，总是从生产者（植物）开始。
Producer — An organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis. Consumers eat other organisms for energy.
生产者——通过光合作用制造自身食物的生物。消费者通过摄食其他生物获取能量。
6. Variables and Fair Testing | 变量与公平测试
Independent variable — The factor you deliberately change in an experiment. You choose its values before starting.
自变量——你在实验中故意改变的因素。实验前你选定它的取值。
Dependent variable — The factor you measure or observe. It is the result that may depend on the independent variable.
因变量——你测量或观察的因素。它是可能依赖于自变量的结果。
Control variables — All the other factors that must be kept the same to ensure a fair test. If control variables are not managed, results are unreliable.
控制变量——必须保持不变的所有其他因素，以确保公平测试。若控制变量未处理好，结果不可靠。
Fair test — An investigation where only the independent variable affects the dependent variable. All other conditions are controlled.
公平测试——只有自变量影响因变量的探究，所有其他条件都受到控制。
Repeatability — When you can repeat the experiment and obtain similar results, it increases reliability. Repeating measurements also helps spot anomalies.
可重复性——当你重复实验能得到相似结果时，可靠性就提高了。重复测量也有助于发现异常数据。
Example: If testing how temperature affects the mass of sugar that dissolves in water, the independent variable is water temperature, the dependent variable is mass of sugar dissolved, and control variables include volume of water, type of sugar and stirring method.
示例：检验温度对溶于水的糖质量的影响时，自变量是水温，因变量是溶解的糖质量，控制变量包括水量、糖的种类和搅拌方式。
7. Data Presentation and Graph Terms | 数据展示与图表术语
Table — A structured arrangement of data in rows and columns, usually with clear headings and units.
表格——以行和列构成的数据结构，通常有清晰的标题和单位。
Bar chart — Used to display categorical or discrete data. Bars do not touch and each category is separate.
柱状图——用于展示分类或离散数据。柱体间有空隙，每个类别独立。
Line graph — Used when both variables are continuous, often plotted with points joined by straight lines or a smooth curve. It is excellent for showing trends over time.
线形图——当两个变量都为连续量时使用，通常用点连接直线或平滑曲线。非常适合显示随时间变化的趋势。
x-axis and y-axis — The horizontal axis (x-axis) usually holds the independent variable, while the vertical axis (y-axis) holds the dependent variable. Remember to label both axes and include units.
x 轴与 y 轴——横轴（x 轴）通常放置自变量，纵轴（y 轴）放置因变量。务必标注坐标轴名称和单位。
Scale — The spacing of values on each axis. It should be even and allow the plotted points to fill at least half of the graph paper.
标度——坐标轴上数值的间隔。应均匀分配，并使描点至少占据图纸一半空间。
Mean (average) — The sum of all values divided by the number of values. It helps reduce the impact of random errors.
平均值——所有数值之和除以数值个数。有助于减少随机误差的影响。
Range — The difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set. It gives an idea of the spread of results.
范围——数据组中最大值与最小值之差。可反映结果的分布广窄。
8. Commonly Confused Pairs | 常见易混词对
Many everyday English words have precise scientific meanings. Getting them mixed up can lose marks.
许多日常英语词汇在科学中有精确含义。混淆它们可能导致失分。
| Term | 中文 | Quick Distinction | 快速区分 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mass vs Weight | 质量与重量 | Mass measures amount of stuff; weight is the gravitational force. Mass (kg) stays the same; weight (N) changes with gravity. | 质量衡量物质的多少；重量是重力。质量（kg）不变，重量（N）随引力变化。 |
| Accuracy vs Precision | 准确度与精确度 | Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the true value; precision is how close repeated measurements are to each other. | 准确度是测量值接近真值的程度；精确度是重复测量值彼此接近的程度。 |
| Melting vs Dissolving | 熔化与溶解 | Melting is a change of state (solid to liquid) due to heat; dissolving is a solid (solute) mixing with a liquid (solvent) to form a solution—no new state. | 熔化是加热引起的物态变化（固→液）；溶解是固体（溶质）与液体（溶剂）混合形成溶液——没有状态变化。 |
| Atom vs Molecule | 原子与分子 | An atom is a single particle of an element; a molecule is two or more atoms bonded together (can be same or different elements). | 原子是元素的单个粒子；分子是键合在一起的两个或多个原子（可以是同种或不同种元素）。 |
| Element vs Compound | 元素与化合物 | 更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
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