📚 Year 7 CAIE Sociology: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | 7年级CAIE社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering sociology begins with a firm grip on its vocabulary. This guide is designed for Year 7 learners following the CAIE framework. It brings together core terms, simple definitions and quick memory prompts to help you feel confident in lessons, homework and topic tests.
掌握社会学要从熟记专业词汇开始。这本指南专为遵循CAIE课程的7年级学生编写，汇集了核心术语、简单的定义和快捷的记忆提示，帮助你在课堂、作业和单元测验中自信应对。
1. Society and Socialisation | 社会与社会化
Society: A large group of people who live in the same area and share a common culture. Think of it as a giant club with unwritten rules everyone follows. Memory tip: ‘Society’ comes from the Latin word for ‘companion’ – picture a circle of companions.
社会：生活在同一地区并拥有共同文化的一大群人。把它想象成一个大家都遵守不成文规则的大型俱乐部。记忆法：’社会’一词源于拉丁语’同伴’——想象一圈同伴围坐在一起。
Socialisation: The lifelong process of learning the norms, values and behaviours expected in a society. It is how we learn to fit in. Memory tip: Break it into ‘social’ + ‘isation’ – turning someone into a social being.
社会化：终身学习社会所期望的规范、价值观和行为的过程，也就是我们学会融入的方式。记忆法：拆成’社会’ + ‘化’——使人变得’社会化’。
Primary socialisation: The first stage of learning, usually within the family, where young children pick up language, basic manners and emotional responses. Memory tip: ‘Primary’ = first school is at home.
初级社会化：社会化的第一阶段，通常在家庭中进行，幼儿在此阶段学会语言、基本礼仪和情感反应。记忆法：’初级’ = 第一所学校在家里。
Secondary socialisation: The later stage that happens outside the family – through schools, peer groups, media and workplaces. Memory tip: ‘Secondary’ comes second, like secondary school.
次级社会化：发生在家庭之外的后期阶段——通过学校、同伴群体、媒体和工作场所进行。记忆法：’次级’就像中学，排在家庭之后。
2. Culture and Identity | 文化与身份认同
Culture: The whole way of life of a group of people, including their language, beliefs, customs, fashion and food. Think of it as an ‘invisible backpack’ everyone carries. Memory tip: ‘Culture’ sounds like ‘cultivate’ – we grow it together.
文化：一个群体的整体生活方式，包括语言、信仰、习俗、时尚和饮食。把它看作每个人随身携带的’隐形背包’。记忆法：’文化’的英文 culture 与 cultivate（耕耘）相近——文化是共同耕耘出来的。
Subculture: A smaller group within a larger culture that has its own distinct norms and values, for example skaters or gamers. Memory tip: ‘Sub’ means under – a mini-culture under the big umbrella.
亚文化：大文化中拥有自己独特规范和价值观的较小群体，例如滑板族或游戏玩家。记忆法：’亚’表示次级——大伞下的小文化。
Identity: How we see ourselves and how others see us. It is shaped by our culture, roles and experiences. Memory tip: Think of your identity as a personal name badge made up of many labels (daughter, student, friend).
身份认同：我们如何看待自己以及他人如何看待我们。它由文化、角色和经历塑造。记忆法：把你的身份看成一张姓名贴，贴上有许多标签（女儿、学生、朋友）。
Cultural diversity: The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society. It brings different foods, festivals and perspectives. Memory tip: ‘Diversity’ = different + verse = many voices.
文化多样性：一个社会中存在多种文化或种族群体。它带来了不同的食物、节日和观点。记忆法：’多样性’ (diversity) 可看作 ‘different voices’——不同的声音。
3. Norms, Values and Social Control | 规范、价值观与社会控制
Norms: The unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a group or society. For example, queuing in a line. Memory tip: ‘Norm’ reminds you of ‘normal’ – what everyone sees as normal behaviour.
规范：在群体或社会中被认为可接受的不成文行为规则，例如排队等候。记忆法：’规范’ (norm) 联想 ‘正常’ (normal) ——大家都认为是正常的行为。
Values: The beliefs or principles that a society sees as important, such as honesty, respect and equality. They guide our choices. Memory tip: ‘Values’ = what we value most.
价值观：社会认为重要的信念或原则，如诚实、尊重和平等。它们引导我们的选择。记忆法：’价值观’就是我们认为最有价值的东西。
Social control: The ways a society tries to make people follow its norms and values. It can be formal (laws, police) or informal (peer pressure, gossip). Memory tip: Think of it as society’s ‘remote control’ that keeps order.
社会控制：社会设法让人们遵守其规范和价值观的方式，可分为正式（法律、警察）和非正式（同伴压力、闲话）。记忆法：把它当作社会的’遥控器’，维持秩序。
Deviance: Behaviour that breaks the norms or rules of a society. It is not always criminal; talking loudly in a library can be deviant. Memory tip: ‘Deviance’ comes from ‘deviate’ – going off the expected path.
越轨：违反社会规范或规则的行为。它不一定是犯罪；在图书馆大声说话也可能算越轨。记忆法：’越轨’ (deviance) 源于’偏离’ (deviate)，即脱离预定路线。
Sanctions: Rewards or punishments used to encourage conformity to norms. A smile is a positive sanction; detention is a negative one. Memory tip: ‘Sanction’ sounds like ‘sanctioned’ – something is officially approved or punished.
制裁：用来鼓励遵守规范的奖励或惩罚。微笑是正面制裁；留校是负面制裁。记忆法：’制裁’就是某种被正式批准或惩罚的行为。
4. Roles, Status and Institutions | 角色、地位与制度
Role: The expected pattern of behaviour attached to a position in society, for example the role of a teacher or a student. Memory tip: Think of an actor playing a ‘role’ – society writes the script.
角色：社会中某个位置所附带的行为模式，例如教师或学生的角色。记忆法：想象演员扮演一个’角色’——社会编写了剧本。
Status: The social position a person holds. It can be ascribed (born with, e.g. princess) or achieved (earned, e.g. team captain). Memory tip: ‘Ascribed’ sounds like ‘A scripted’ – already written; ‘achieved’ you reach for it.
地位：一个人拥有的社会位置，可以是先赋的（与生俱来，如公主）或自致的（后天争取，如球队队长）。记忆法：’先赋’如同’a scripted’——剧本已写好；’自致’是靠自己努力获得 (achieve)。
Institution: A long-lasting structure in society that organises a key area of social life, such as the family, education system or government. Memory tip: ‘Institution’ includes the word ‘institute’ – a place of learning, just one type.
制度：社会中长期存在的结构，它组织着社会生活的关键领域，如家庭、教育体系或政府。记忆法：制度 (institution) 包含’机构’ (institute) ——但宿舍也是制度。
Peer group: A group of people of similar age and status who share interests. Peer group influence is a key part of secondary socialisation. Memory tip: ‘Peer’ comes from Latin for ‘equal’ – your equals.
同伴群体：年龄和地位相近、有共同兴趣的一群人。同伴影响是次级社会化的重要部分。记忆法：’peer’ 源自拉丁语’平等’——和你平等的人。
5. Power, Authority and the State | 权力、权威与国家
Power: The ability to make others do something they might not otherwise do, even if they resist. It can come from force, wealth or persuasion. Memory tip: Think of a ‘power’ button – it controls the machine.
权力：让他人做他们原本可能不做的事情的能力，即使他们抵抗。权力可以来自武力、财富或说服。记忆法：想象一个’电源’按钮——它控制着机器。
Authority: Legitimate power that people accept as right, such as a teacher or a police officer. It is power with consent. Memory tip: ‘Author’ity – an author has the right to write the rules.
权威：人们认为正当而接受的合法权力，例如教师或警察。权威是得到同意的权力。记忆法：authority 里有’作者’ (author) ——作者有权制定规则。
Government: The group of people who make and enforce laws for a country. It is an institution. Memory tip: ‘Govern’ means to steer a ship – the government steers the country.
政府：为一国制定和执行法律的群体，是一种制度。记忆法：’govern’ 意思是掌舵——政府为国家掌舵。
Law: A formal rule made by the government and enforced by courts and police. Laws are written and apply to everyone. Memory tip: Laws are like ‘lawn’ – they set the boundaries you must stay within.
法律：由政府制定、法院和警察执行的正式规则。法律是成文的，适用于所有人。记忆法：laws 像 lawn（草坪），划定了你不能越过的边界。
6. Social Stratification and Class | 社会分层与阶级
Social stratification: The way society is divided into layers (strata) based on wealth, power and status. It is like a ladder with people on different rungs. Memory tip: ‘Strat’ comes from ‘stratum’ – layers of rock, just like layers in society.
社会分层：社会根据财富、权力和地位划分为不同层级的方式。它就像一部梯子，人们站在不同的阶梯上。记忆法：strat 来自’地层’ (stratum) ——社会的层级如同岩层。
Social class: A group of people who share a similar economic position, often measured by income, occupation and education. Common labels are upper, middle and working class. Memory tip: Think of ‘classroom’ – different groups sorted by certain features.
社会阶级：经济地位相似的一群人，通常以收入、职业和教育程度衡量。常见标签有上层、中层和工人阶级。记忆法：联想’教室’ (classroom) ——按某些特征划分的不同组别。
Wealth: The total value of money and possessions a person owns. It differs from income, which is earnings over time. Memory tip: ‘Wealth’ has ‘health’ in it – not the same, but both can grow over time.
财富：一个人拥有的金钱和财产的总价值。它不同于收入，收入是一段时间内的所得。记忆法：wealth 包含 ‘health’（健康），两者都需要积累。
Poverty: The state of being extremely poor, lacking basic resources for a decent standard of living. Sociologists study relative poverty and absolute poverty. Memory tip: Imagine ‘no pour’ – nothing to pour into your cup.
贫困：极度贫穷的状态，缺乏体面生活所需的基本资源。社会学家研究相对贫困和绝对贫困。记忆法：poverty 听起来像’poor 体’，或想象杯中无物可倒 (no pour)。
7. Gender and Gender Roles | 性别与性别角色
Gender: The social and cultural expectations linked to being male or female, as opposed to biological sex. Different societies can have different ideas of gender. Memory tip: ‘Gender’ is what society ‘gen-erates’ about males and females.
性别：与男性或女性相关的社会文化期望，与生理性别相对。不同社会对性别的看法可能不同。记忆法：gender 与 generate（产生）相似——社会对男性女性生成了一套想法。
Gender role: The behaviours, tasks and responsibilities a society considers appropriate for men and women. For example, some cultures expect women to be main caregivers. Memory tip: A ‘role’ is a script – a gender role is a script written for a specific gender.
性别角色：社会认为适合男性和女性的行为、任务和责任。例如，某些文化期望女性担任主要照顾者。记忆法：角色 (role) 是剧本，性别角色就是为特定性别编写的剧本。
Sexism: Discrimination or prejudice based on a person’s sex or gender, often limiting opportunities. Memory tip: ‘Sexism’ is like ‘racism’ but based on sex.
性别歧视：基于某人生理性别或社会性别的歧视或偏见，常常限制机会。记忆法：’sexism’ 就像’种族主义’ (racism)，但基于性别。
Femininity and masculinity: The qualities, attributes and behaviours that a culture associates with being female (femininity) or male (masculinity). These ideas can change over time. Memory tip: ‘Feminine’ links to ‘female’; ‘masculine’ links to ‘male’.
女性气质与男性气质：某种文化中与女性（女性气质）或男性（男性气质）相关的品质、属性和行为。这些观念会随时间改变。记忆法：’feminine’ 联系 female，’masculine’ 联系 male。
8. Ethnicity, Race and Diversity | 族群、种族与多样性
Ethnicity: A shared culture, language, history and traditions that give a group a sense of identity. It is about belonging, not biology. Memory tip: ‘Ethnic’ is like ‘ethnic food’ – a taste of a shared heritage.
族群：赋予群体身份认同感的共享文化、语言、历史和传统。它与归属感有关，而非生物学。记忆法：联想’民族风味’ (ethnic food)，是共享遗产的味道。
Race: A social category based on perceived physical differences, such as skin colour. Sociologists argue race is a social construction, not a pure biological fact. Memory tip: ‘Race’ can be remembered by ‘face’ – people often judge by appearance.
种族：基于感知到的身体差异（如肤色）的一种社会类别。社会学家认为种族是一种社会建构，而非纯粹的生物学事实。记忆法：race 与 face（脸）押韵——人们常凭外表判断。
Prejudice: A negative pre-judgement about a person or group without knowing them fully. It is often based on stereotypes. Memory tip: ‘Pre-‘ means before; ‘judice’ sounds like ‘judge’ – judging before you know.
偏见：在不完全了解一个人或群体的情况下做出的负面预判。它常基于刻板印象。记忆法：pre- 表示’之前’，judice 像 judge（判断）——在了解之前就做判断。
Discrimination: Actions or behaviours that treat people unfairly because of their group membership. While prejudice is a thought, discrimination is a deed. Memory tip: ‘Discrimination’ = dis (not) + crimination (like criminal) – treating someone as not worthy.
歧视：因某人所属群体而对其采取不公平的行为。偏见是一种想法，歧视是一种行为。记忆法：discrimination 可以拆为 dis（不） + crimination（像 criminal 犯罪），把某人当作不够资格对待。
Multiculturalism: A condition in which many different cultural groups live together in one society, and their practices are respected. Memory tip: ‘Multi’ means many; ‘cultural’ + ‘ism’ = many cultures being valued.
多元文化主义：多种文化群体共存于一个社会，且其实践得到尊重的状态。记忆法：’multi’ 表示多；cultural（文化）+ ism 表示多种文化都受重视。
9. Family and Education | 家庭与教育
Family: A group of people related by blood, marriage or adoption who often live together and support each other. Types include nuclear (parents and children) and extended (including grandparents, aunts, etc.). Memory tip: Think of ‘familiar’ – the people you know best.
家庭：由血缘、婚姻或收养关系联系在一起的一群人，通常同住并互相支持。类型包括核心家庭（父母与子女）和扩展家庭（包括祖父母、阿姨等）。记忆法：联想 familiar（熟悉的）——你最熟悉的那群人。
Nuclear family: A two-generation family unit consisting of parents and their dependent children. Memory tip: ‘Nuclear’ as in ‘nucleus’ – the small, central unit.
核心家庭：由父母及其受抚养子女组成的两代家庭单元。记忆法：’nuclear’ 像原子核 (nucleus) ——小而核心的单元。
Extended family: A family structure that includes relatives beyond the nuclear unit, like grandparents, uncles or cousins living together or nearby. Memory tip: ‘Extended’ means stretched out – more branches on the family tree.
扩展家庭：包含核心家庭以外亲属的家庭结构，如祖父母、叔伯或表亲住在一起或附近。记忆法：’extended’ 表示延伸——家族树上更多分叉。
Education (formal): The organised system of learning that takes place in schools, colleges and universities with a set curriculum. It transmits knowledge and norms. Memory tip: Formal education has a ‘form’ – structured lessons, timetables.
教育（正式）：在学校、学院和大学中进行的，有组织的课程体系。它传递知识和规范。记忆法：正式教育有’形式’ ——结构化的课程和时间表。
Informal education: Learning that happens outside formal settings, such as learning values from family or skills from friends. Memory tip: ‘Informal’ = not in a formula, happens naturally.
非正式教育：在正式环境之外发生的学习，如从家庭学习价值观或从朋友学习技能。记忆法：’informal’ 意味着不按公式，自然而然地发生。
Social mobility: The movement of individuals or groups up or down the social hierarchy. Education is often seen as a route to upward social mobility. Memory tip: ‘Mobility’ makes you think of ‘mobile’ – you can move positions.
社会流动：个人或群体在社会层级中向上或向下的移动。教育常被视为向上社会流动的途径。记忆法：mobility 让你想到移动 (mobile) ——可以改变位置。
10. Media and Social Change | 媒体与社会变迁
Mass media: Forms of communication that reach a large audience, such as television, newspapers, radio and the internet. They play a big role in secondary socialisation. Memory tip: ‘Mass’ means massive audience; ‘media’ is the middle-man that connects.
大众媒体：能触达大量受众的传播形式，如电视、报纸、广播和互联网。它们在次级社会化中作用巨大。记忆法：’mass’ 表示大规模受众；’media’ 是连接的中介。
Social change: The transformation of culture, institutions and social structures over time. It can be rapid, like the smartphone revolution, or gradual. Memory tip: Picture a ‘change’ of ‘social’ seasons.
社会变迁：文化、制度和社会结构随时间发生的转变。它可能是快速的，如智能手机革命，或是渐进的。记忆法：想象社会的’四季更替’。
Cultural diffusion: The spread of cultural beliefs, practices and items from one society to another, such as food, music or technology. Memory tip: ‘Diffusion’ sounds like ‘different fusion’ – mixing different cultural elements.
文化扩散：文化信仰、习俗和物品（如食物、音乐或技术）从一个社会传播到另一个社会。记忆法：diffusion 像 ‘different fusion’（不同的融合）——不同文化元素的混合。
Globalisation: The increasing interconnectedness of the world through trade, communication and travel, making cultures more linked. Memory tip: Think of a ‘globe’ – the whole world shrinking into a village.
全球化：通过贸易、通讯和旅行，世界日益相互联系，使文化更加紧密相连。记忆法：联想 globe（地球）——整个世界缩小成一个地球村。
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