Year 7 CAIE Spanish: Quick Reference Formula Sheet | Year 7 CAIE 西班牙语语法速查手册

📚 Year 7 CAIE Spanish: Quick Reference Formula Sheet | Year 7 CAIE 西班牙语语法速查手册

Welcome to your Year 7 CAIE Spanish Quick Reference Formula Sheet. This handbook organises the essential grammar rules, verb patterns and high-frequency vocabulary into easy-to-review ‘formulas’ and tables. Each section works like a theorem: learn the pattern, apply it with confidence, and you will build accurate sentences every time. Use this sheet to revise, complete homework and prepare for class tests.

欢迎使用 Year 7 CAIE 西班牙语速查手册。本手册将核心语法规则、动词变化和高频词汇整理成便于复习的“公式”和表格。每一节就像一条定理：掌握模式，自信应用，你就能造出正确的句子。可用它来复习、写作业和准备课堂测验。

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1. Nouns: Gender and Number | 名词：性与数

All Spanish nouns have a grammatical gender: masculine or feminine. This is a fixed characteristic that determines the articles and adjectives used with the noun. Learning the gender together with the noun is essential.

所有西班牙语名词都有语法性别：阳性或阴性。性别是固定的，它决定了与名词搭配的冠词和形容词形式。学习名词时必须同时记住它的性别。

Most nouns ending in -o are masculine. Examples: el libro (the book), el chico (the boy), el teléfono (the telephone).

大多数以 -o 结尾的名词是阳性。例如：el libro（书）、el chico（男孩）、el teléfono（电话）。

Most nouns ending in -a are feminine. Examples: la casa (the house), la chica (the girl), la mesa (the table).

大多数以 -a 结尾的名词是阴性。例如：la casa（房子）、la chica（女孩）、la mesa（桌子）。

Other common masculine endings include -e, -l, -r, -n, -s (but be careful, some are feminine). Feminine endings often include -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad. Always check the article in your vocabulary list.

其他常见阳性词尾有 -e、-l、-r、-n、-s（需要注意例外）。阴性词尾常见 -ción、-sión、-dad、-tad。词汇表里始终查看冠词确认。

To make a noun plural, add -s if it ends in a vowel, and -es if it ends in a consonant. Example: libro → libros, pared → paredes. Note that the plural also changes the article: el → los, la → las.

名词变复数时，如果以元音结尾则加 -s，以辅音结尾则加 -es。例如：libro → libros，pared → paredes。注意复数也会改变冠词：el → los，la → las。

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2. Definite and Indefinite Articles | 定冠词与不定冠词

Articles must agree in gender and number with the noun they accompany. This agreement is a fundamental ‘matching formula’ in Spanish.

冠词必须与所修饰名词的性和数保持一致。这种一致关系是西班牙语中最基本的“匹配公式”。

The definite articles (‘the’) are: el (masculine singular), la (feminine singular), los (masculine plural), las (feminine plural).

定冠词（相当于英语的“the”）有：el（阳性单数）、la（阴性单数）、los（阳性复数）、las（阴性复数）。

The indefinite articles (‘a, an, some’) are: un (masculine singular), una (feminine singular), unos (masculine plural), unas (feminine plural). Use unos/unas to mean ‘some’ or ‘a few’.

不定冠词（相当于“一个/一些”）有：un（阳性单数）、una（阴性单数）、unos（阳性复数）、unas（阴性复数）。unos/unas 可表示“一些”。

Example pairs: el chico / un chico; la chica / una chica; los libros / unos libros; las mesas / unas mesas.

搭配示例：el chico / un chico（那个男孩 / 一个男孩）；la chica / una chica（那个女孩 / 一个女孩）；los libros / unos libros（那些书 / 一些书）；las mesas / unas mesas（那些桌子 / 一些桌子）。

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3. Adjective Agreement | 形容词性数一致

Adjectives in Spanish change their ending to match the gender and number of the noun they describe. This is like adjusting a formula’s variable: the adjective ending depends on the noun it hooks onto.

西班牙语形容词的词尾会根据所修饰名词的性和数而变化。就像调整一个公式的变量：形容词词尾取决于与之搭配的名词。

Adjectives that end in -o in the masculine singular form change to -a for feminine, add -s for masculine plural and -as for feminine plural. Example: alto (m. sg.) → alta (f. sg.) → altos (m. pl.) → altas (f. pl.).

以 -o 结尾的阳性单数形容词，变阴性时将 -o 改为 -a，阳性复数加 -s，阴性复数变为 -as。例如：alto（高的，阳性单数）→ alta → altos → altas。

Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant usually have the same form for masculine and feminine singular, and add -s or -es for plural. Example: inteligente → inteligentes; fácil → fáciles.

以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词通常单数阴阳同形，复数加 -s 或 -es。例如：inteligente（聪明的）→ inteligentes，fácil（容易的）→ fáciles。

Always place the adjective after the noun in most descriptive phrases: un libro interesante, una casa blanca.

在大多数描写性短语中，形容词放在名词之后：un libro interesante（一本有趣的书），una casa blanca（一栋白色的房子）。

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4. Subject Pronouns | 主语代词

Subject pronouns tell you who is performing the action. They are often omitted in Spanish because the verb ending already indicates the subject, but you must know them to select the correct verb form.

主语代词表示动作的执行者。西班牙语中常省略主语代词，因为动词变位已指明人称，但必须掌握它们才能选择正确的动词形式。

Singular	Plural
yo (I)	nosotros/nosotras (we)
tú (you, informal)	vosotros/vosotras (you all, informal, Spain)
él (he), ella (she), usted (you, formal)	ellos (they m.), ellas (they f.), ustedes (you all, formal/Latin America)

Use nosotras and vosotras only when the group is all female. The masculine forms are used for mixed groups.

只有在全为女性的群体时才使用 nosotras 和 vosotras。混合群体用阳性形式。

In Latin America, ustedes replaces vosotros/as for all plural ‘you’ situations. In Spain, vosotros/as is the informal plural ‘you’.

在拉丁美洲，ustedes 用于所有的复数“你们”，替代 vosotros/as。在西班牙，vosotros/as 是非正式复数“你们”。

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5. Present Tense of Regular -AR, -ER, -IR Verbs | 规则动词现在时变位

The present tense in Spanish is built by removing the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and adding the correct set of endings for each subject. Think of this as three ‘conjugation formulas’.

西班牙语现在时的构成方法是去掉不定式词尾（-ar、-er、-ir），然后为每个人称添加对应的一组词尾。可以视为三套“变位公式”。

-AR verbs (e.g., hablar – to speak): yo hablo, tú hablas, él/ella/usted habla, nosotros/as hablamos, vosotros/as habláis, ellos/ellas/ustedes hablan.

-AR 动词（例如 hablar – 说话）：yo hablo, tú hablas, él/ella/usted habla, nosotros/as hablamos, vosotros/as habláis, ellos/ellas/ustedes hablan.

-ER verbs (e.g., comer – to eat): yo como, tú comes, él/ella/usted come, nosotros/as comemos, vosotros/as coméis, ellos/ellas/ustedes comen.

-ER 动词（例如 comer – 吃）：yo como, tú comes, él/ella/usted come, nosotros/as comemos, vosotros/as coméis, ellos/ellas/ustedes comen.

-IR verbs (e.g., vivir – to live): yo vivo, tú vives, él/ella/usted vive, nosotros/as vivimos, vosotros/as vivís, ellos/ellas/ustedes viven.

-IR 动词（例如 vivir – 居住）：yo vivo, tú vives, él/ella/usted vive, nosotros/as vivimos, vosotros/as vivís, ellos/ellas/ustedes viven.

Notice the pattern: -ar endings: -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an. -er endings: -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en. -ir endings: -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en. The only difference between -er and -ir is in the ‘we’ and ‘you all’ forms.

注意变位规律：-ar 动词词尾是 -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an。-er 动词词尾：-o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en。-ir 动词词尾：-o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en。-er 与 -ir 的唯一区别在于“我们”和“你们”形式。

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6. Key Irregular Verbs: SER, ESTAR, TENER, IR | 关键不规则动词

Some of the most frequent Spanish verbs do not follow the regular patterns. You must memorise their present-tense forms as you would a special theorem. The verbs ser (to be), estar (to be), tener (to have) and ir (to go) are indispensable.

一些最高频的西班牙语动词不遵循规则变化。必须像记忆特殊定理一样记住它们的现在时形式。动词 ser（是）、estar（在/状态）、tener（有）和 ir（去）不可或缺。

Subject	SER	ESTAR	TENER	IR
yo	soy	estoy	tengo	voy
tú	eres	estás	tienes	vas
él/ella/usted	es	está	tiene	va
nosotros/as	somos	estamos	tenemos	vamos
vosotros/as	sois	estáis	tenéis	vais
ellos/ellas/ustedes	son	están	tienen	van

SER vs ESTAR: Use ser for permanent characteristics, identity, origin, time and dates. Use estar for temporary conditions, locations, emotions and the present progressive.

SER 与 ESTAR 区别：ser 用于永久特征、身份、来源、时间、日期；estar 用于临时状态、位置、情绪和进行时态。

TENER is used to express age (tengo doce años – I am twelve years old) and possession. IR followed by a + infinitive expresses the near future: Voy a estudiar (I am going to study).

TENER 可表达年龄（tengo doce años 我十二岁）和拥有。IR 加 a + 不定式表示最近将来：Voy a estudiar（我要去学习）。

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7. Forming Simple Sentences | 简单句结构

A basic Spanish sentence often follows the order Subject + Verb + Complement, but the subject can be dropped. The verb conjugation already signals the person.

西班牙语基本句常遵循主语 + 动词 + 补语的顺序，但主语可省略，因为动词变位已体现人称。

To make a sentence negative, place no directly before the verb. This is one of the simplest and most powerful formulas: No + conjugated verb.

变否定句时，将 no 直接放在动词前。这是最简单也最强大的公式：No + 变位动词。

Example: (Yo) leo un libro. → No leo un libro. (I read a book. → I do not read a book.)

示例：(Yo) leo un libro. → No leo un libro.（我读一本书。→ 我不读书。）

To form a yes/no question, you can simply raise your intonation in speech, or invert the subject and verb. In writing, use the inverted question mark ¿ at the start.

构成一般疑问句时，口语中只需提高语调，或者将主语与动词倒装。书写时句首必须加倒问号 ¿。

Example: ¿Tú hablas español? or simply ¿Hablas español? (Do you speak Spanish?)

示例：¿Tú hablas español? 或简化为 ¿Hablas español?（你说西班牙语吗？）

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8. Question Words and Asking Questions | 疑问词与提问

Question words are the building blocks for information questions. Remember to always place an accent on them and use the opening question mark.

疑问词是构成信息疑问句的基础。一定要在疑问词上加重音符号，并使用开头的倒问号。

Question Word	Meaning	Example
¿Qué?	What?	¿Qué comes? (What do you eat?)
¿Quién? / ¿Quiénes?	Who? (singular/plural)	¿Quién es? (Who is it?)
¿Cómo?	How?	¿Cómo estás? (How are you?)
¿Dónde?	Where?	¿Dónde vives? (Where do you live?)
¿Cuándo?	When?	¿Cuándo es el examen? (When is the exam?)
¿Por qué?	Why?	¿Por qué estudias español? (Why do you study Spanish?)
¿Cuál? / ¿Cuáles?	Which? / Which ones?	¿Cuál es tu color favorito? (Which is your favourite colour?)

Notice that ¿cuál? is often used before the verb ‘ser’ when choosing from a group, while ¿qué? is used to ask for a definition. This distinction is a useful mini-formula.

注意 ¿cuál? 常用于在群体中选择且后接动词“ser”，而 ¿qué? 用于询问定义。这个区分是一条实用的小公式。

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9. Numbers 1–100 and Telling Time | 数字 1–100 与时间表达

Numbers are essential for dates, times, ages and quantities. Learn the pattern and you can count far beyond 100 using a recurring formula.

数字是表达日期、时间、年龄和数量的基础。掌握规律后，你可以用一套循环公式数到 100 以上。

0–15: cero, uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez, once, doce, trece, catorce, quince. 16–19: dieciséis, diecisiete, dieciocho, diecinueve. 20: veinte. 21–29: veintiuno, veintidós, etc. 30: treinta. 31–39: treinta y uno, treinta y dos… 40: cuarenta; 50: cincuenta; 60: sesenta; 70: setenta; 80: ochenta; 90: noventa; 100: cien (or ciento before another number).

0–15：cero, uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez, once, doce, trece, catorce, quince。16–19：dieciséis, diecisiete,

Published by TutorHao | Year 7 西班牙语 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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