📚 Year 7 Cambridge Biology: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas & Theorems | Year 7 剑桥生物：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook provides all the essential formulas, equations, and key principles you need to master Year 7 Cambridge Biology. Use it to revise magnification calculations, important life process equations, cell theory, rate formulas, enzyme models, and much more.
本速查手册为你整理了Year 7剑桥生物课程中所有必备公式、方程式和关键原理，涵盖放大倍数计算、重要生命过程方程式、细胞学说、速率公式、酶模型等内容，助你高效复习。
1. Magnification Formula | 放大倍数公式
Magnification tells you how many times larger an image is compared to the real object. The formula is:
放大倍数表示图像比实物放大了多少倍。公式如下：
Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size
or M = I ÷ A, where both sizes must be in the same unit.
或 M = I ÷ A，计算时两个尺寸单位必须一致。
Example: If the image of a cell measures 2 cm and its actual size is 0.02 cm, then Magnification = 2 ÷ 0.02 = 100 ×.
例如：一个细胞的图像长为2 cm，实际长度为0.02 cm，则放大倍数 = 2 ÷ 0.02 = 100 倍。
2. Total Magnification of a Microscope | 显微镜的总放大倍数
The total magnification of a light microscope is found by multiplying the powers of the eyepiece and objective lenses.
光学显微镜的总放大倍数由目镜倍数乘以物镜倍数得出。
Total magnification = Eyepiece lens magnification × Objective lens magnification
For example, with a 10× eyepiece and a 40× objective, total magnification = 10 × 40 = 400×.
例如，使用10×目镜和40×物镜时，总放大倍数 = 10 × 40 = 400×。
3. Cell Theory | 细胞学说
The cell theory is a fundamental principle in biology. It states three key ideas:
细胞学说是生物学的基本原理，包含三个核心观点：
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All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
所有生物体都由一个或多个细胞组成。
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The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
细胞是生物体结构和功能的基本单位。
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All cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division.
所有细胞都通过细胞分裂来自已有的细胞。
4. Diffusion and Osmosis | 扩散与渗透
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. It is a passive process that does not require energy.
扩散是指粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，沿浓度梯度进行，属于不消耗能量的被动过程。
Osmosis is the special case of diffusion involving water molecules. It is the movement of water from a dilute solution (more water molecules) to a more concentrated solution (fewer water molecules) through a partially permeable membrane.
渗透是扩散的一种特殊情况，指水分子通过部分透性膜从稀溶液（水分子多）向浓溶液（水分子少）移动的过程。
5. Photosynthesis Equation | 光合作用方程式
Photosynthesis is the process plants use to make their own food using light energy. The word equation is:
光合作用是植物利用光能制造自身养分的过程，文字方程式为：
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
This takes place in the presence of light energy and chlorophyll.
该反应需要光能和叶绿素参与。
The balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis is:
光合作用的配平符号方程式为：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
6. Aerobic Respiration Equation |
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