📚 Year 7 Cambridge English: Quick Reference Handbook of Rules and Formulas | 剑桥七年级英语：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your go-to revision guide for Year 7 Cambridge English. This handbook distils the essential building blocks of language and literature into clear, formula-like rules. By thinking of grammar, punctuation and writing techniques as formulas you can apply, you will build accuracy and confidence in every piece of work. Keep this reference close when you read, write or proofread.
欢迎使用这本为剑桥七年级英语量身打造的速查手册。我们将语言与文学的核心模块提炼成清晰的公式化规则。当你把语法、标点和写作技巧看作可以随时套用的公式，你的每一次作业都会更准确、更自信。无论是阅读、写作还是自查，请把这份参考放在手边。
1. Parts of Speech Formula | 词性公式
Every word in a sentence belongs to a category that determines its function. Learn these formulas to identify and use the eight key parts of speech correctly.
句子中的每个词都属于一个决定其功能的类别。记住以下公式，准确识别并使用八种基本词性。
Noun (N) = a naming word for a person, place, thing or idea. Example: bravery, city, Ahmed.
名词 (N) = 命名词，表示人、地点、事物或概念。例如：勇敢、城市、艾哈迈德。
Verb (V) = an action or state word. Example: jump, is, think.
动词 (V) = 动作或状态词。例如：跳、是、思考。
Adjective (Adj) = describes a noun. Example: blue, gentle, huge.
形容词 (Adj) = 修饰名词。例如：蓝色的、温柔的、巨大的。
Adverb (Adv) = describes a verb, adjective or another adverb (often ends in -ly). Example: quickly, very, well.
副词 (Adv) = 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词（常以 -ly 结尾）。例如：快速地、非常、好地。
Word Function Formula: N naming → V action/state → Adj describing N → Adv describing V/Adj
词功能公式：名词命名 → 动词动作/状态 → 形容词修饰名词 → 副词修饰动词/形容词
2. Sentence Structure Rules | 句子结构规则
A complete sentence must have a subject and a predicate. Use these foundational formulas to avoid fragments and run-ons.
一个完整的句子必须有主语和谓语。用这些基础公式避免残缺句和连写句。
Formula 1: Simple Sentence = Subject + Verb (S+V). Birds fly.
公式一：简单句 = 主语 + 动词 (S+V)。鸟飞。
Formula 2: S + V + Object (SVO). Laila read the book.
公式二：主语 + 动词 + 宾语 (SVO)。莱拉读了那本书。
Formula 3: S + V + Complement (SVC) where the complement tells us more about the subject. The sky is blue.
公式三：主语 + 动词 + 补语 (SVC)，补语补充说明主语。天空是蓝色的。
Minimum Complete Sentence Test: Does it have a ‘who/what’ and a ‘what happens’? = S + V
最小完整句检验：是否有“谁/什么”和“发生了什么”？= 主语 + 动词
3. Tense Formulas: Simple, Progressive and Perfect | 时态公式：一般、进行与完成
Tenses show time. The following formulas help you build the most common tense forms without confusion. Use V₁ for base form, V₂ for past simple, V-ing for present participle, V₃ for past participle.
时态表示时间。以下公式帮助你准确构建最常用的时态。用 V₁ 表示原形，V₂ 表示过去式，V-ing 表示现在分词，V₃ 表示过去分词。
Present Simple: S + V₁ (he/she/it: S + V₁+s/es). They walk. She walks.
一般现在时：主语 + V₁ (他/她/它：主语 + V₁+s/es)。他们走。她走。
Past Simple: S + V₂. He walked. I sang.
一般过去时：主语 + V₂。他走了。我唱了。
Present Progressive: S + am/is/are + V-ing. We are running.
现在进行时：主语 + am/is/are + V-ing。我们正在跑步。
Present Perfect: S + have/has + V₃. She has finished.
现在完成时：主语 + have/has + V₃。她已经完成了。
Past Perfect: S + had + V₃ (action before another past)
过去完成时：主语 + had + V₃ (在过去某一时间之前的动作)
4. Punctuation Rules: The Traffic Signals | 标点规则：文字的信号灯
Punctuation marks guide the reader. Learn each rule as a formula for where to place the mark and what it does.
标点符号为读者导航。把每条规则当作放置标记和作用说明的公式来学习。
Full Stop (.) = end of a statement. Formula: Complete Sentence + .
句号 (.) = 陈述句结尾。公式：完整句子 + .
Comma (,) = separates items in a list; marks a pause before independent clauses joined by conjunctions. List: item₁, item₂, and item₃. Clause: I ate, and I left.
逗号 (,) = 分隔列表项；在用连词连接的独立分句前表示停顿。列表：项目₁，项目₂，和项目₃。分句：我吃了，然后我离开了。
Apostrophe for possession: Noun + ‘s (singular); Plural noun ending in s + ‘. girl’s book, girls’ books.
所有格撇号：名词 + ‘s (单数)；以 s 结尾的复数名词 + ‘。女孩的书，女孩们的书。
Apostrophe for contraction: two words combined with omitted letters → word₁’word₂. do not → don’t.
缩约撇号：两个词合并省略字母 → 词₁’词₂。do not → don’t。
5. Subject-Verb Agreement Rule | 主谓一致规则
A singular subject must have a singular verb form; a plural subject must have a plural verb form. This rule is non-negotiable even when phrases come between the subject and the verb.
单数主语必须用单数动词形式；复数主语必须用复数动词形式。即使主语和动词之间插入了其他短语，这一规则也绝不妥协。
Formula: Singular S → V₁+s/es in present; Plural S → V₁ (base form). The bouquet of flowers is beautiful. The students are ready.
公式：单数主语 → 现在时 V₁+s/es；复数主语 → V₁ (原形)。那束花很美。学生们准备好了。
Watch out for tricky subjects: Everyone, someone, nobody behave as singular. Everyone has a ticket.
注意容易出错的主语：everyone, someone, nobody 都按单数处理。每个人都有票。
With compound subjects joined by ‘and’, use plural; joined by ‘or/nor’, the verb agrees with the nearer subject. Neither the teacher nor the students were late.
用“and”连接的并列主语，动词用复数；用“or/nor”连接时，动词与最近的主语一致。老师和学生都没有迟到。
6. Comparatives and Superlatives Formulas | 比较级与最高级公式
Use these formulas to compare two or more things. The structure depends on the number of syllables in the adjective or adverb.
用这些公式比较两者或三者以上。结构取决于形容词或副词的音节数。
One-syllable adjective: Adj + -er (comparative) → Adj + -est (superlative). fast → faster → fastest.
单音节形容词：Adj + -er (比较级) → Adj + -est (最高级)。fast → faster → fastest。
Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y: Adj (replace y with i) + -er → + -est. happy → happier → happiest.
以 -y 结尾的双音节形容词：Adj (变 y 为 i ) + -er → + -est。happy → happier → happiest。
Longer adjectives (2+ syllables not ending in -y): more + Adj → most + Adj. beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful.
较长的形容词（两个及以上音节且不以 -y 结尾）：more + Adj → most + Adj。beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful。
Irregular patterns must be memorised: good → better → best; bad → worse → worst
不规则变化必须熟记：good → better → best; bad → worse → worst
7. Direct Speech Punctuation Formula | 直接引语标点公式
When you write the exact words someone says, you must follow a strict punctuation pattern. Think of it as a template with slots for speech marks, commas and capital letters.
当你写下某人所说的原话时，必须遵循严格的标点模式。把它想象成一个带有引号、逗号和大写字母插槽的模板。
Formula: Open speech marks → Capital letter for first spoken word → Spoken words → Punctuation (. , ! ?) → Close speech marks → speech verb (said, asked) in lower case if following.
公式：开引号 → 首字母大写 → 说的话 → 标点(. , ! ?) → 闭引号 → 若后接引述动词(said, asked)则小写。
Example: “I love reading,” she said.
例子：“我爱阅读，”她说。
If the speech verb comes first, the formula changes slightly: Speech verb + comma → Open speech marks → Capital letter → Words → Final punctuation → Close speech marks. She said, “Let’s go.”
如果引述动词在前，公式略有变化：引述动词 + 逗号 → 开引号 → 首字母大写 → 话 → 结束标点 → 闭引号。她说：“我们走吧。”
8. Paragraph Structure Formula: PEEL | 段落结构公式：PEEL
A well-organised paragraph is your best argumentative tool. The PEEL formula ensures every paragraph has a clear point and good development.
一个结构清晰的段落是你最好的论证工具。PEEL 公式确保每个段落都有明确的观点和充分的展开。
- Point: State your main idea clearly in one sentence.
- Evidence: Give a specific example, quotation or fact.
- Explanation: Explain how your evidence supports the point.
- Link: Connect the paragraph back to the question or forward to the next idea.
- Point (观点)：用一句话清晰表达主要观点。
- Evidence (证据)：给出具体例子、引文或事实。
- Explanation (解释)：解释你的证据如何支撑观点。
- Link (衔接)：将段落与题目或下一个观点连接起来。
Strong analytical paragraph = P → E → E → L
强分析段落 = 观点 → 证据 → 解释 → 衔接
9. Literary Devices: Simile, Metaphor and Personification | 文学修辞手法：明喻、暗喻与拟人
Writers create imagery by making comparisons. Recognise the formulas behind these devices so you can spot them and use them in your own writing.
作者通过比较创造意象。识别这些手法背后的公式，以便你能在阅读中发现它们，并在写作中加以运用。
Simile formula: X is like Y (using ‘like’ or ‘as’). The night was as black as coal.
明喻公式：X 像 Y (使用“像”或“如同”)。夜晚像煤一样黑。
Metaphor formula: X is Y (direct comparison without ‘like’ or ‘as’). Her smile is sunshine.
暗喻公式：X 是 Y (不使用“像”的直接比较)。她的微笑是阳光。
Personification formula: Non-human object + human action or feeling. The wind whispered through the trees.
拟人公式：非人事物 + 人的动作或情感。风在树丛中低语。
Extended metaphors appear across a whole paragraph. Keep the comparison consistent: Extended metaphor = main comparison + linked smaller comparisons.
扩展暗喻贯穿整个段落。保持比较的一致性：扩展暗喻 = 主要比较 + 关联的次要比较。
10. Key Spelling Rules | 关键拼写规则
English spelling follows patterns that become much easier when you learn them as rules. Memorise these formulas to avoid common errors.
英语拼写遵循一定的模式，当你把它们作为规则学习时会容易得多。记住这些公式，避免常见错误。
‘i’ before ‘e’ except after ‘c’, when the sound is ‘ee’. believe, receive. Exceptions: seize, weird.
“i 在 e 前，除非前面有 c”，前提是发长音 ee。believe, receive。特例：seize, weird。
Doubling consonants for short vowels: 1-syllable word with single vowel + single consonant → double consonant + -ing/-ed. hop → hopped, hopping; hope → hoped, hoping (silent ‘e’ rule prevents doubling).
短元音双写辅音规则：单音节词，单元音 + 单辅音 → 双写辅音 + -ing/-ed。hop → hopped, hopping；hope → hoped, hoping（不发音的 e 规则阻止双写）。
Drop the silent ‘e’ when adding a vowel suffix: word ends in silent e + vowel suffix → drop e + suffix. make → making; love → loving.
加元音后缀时去掉不发音的 e：词尾不发音的 e + 元音后缀 → 去掉 e + 后缀。make → making; love → loving。
11. Reading Comprehension Strategies: SKIM and SCAN Formulas | 阅读理解策略：SKIM 和 SCAN 公式
Effective readers adjust their speed. Use these two reading formulas to find information quickly or to grasp the main idea.
高效的读者会调整阅读速度。使用这两个阅读公式快速查找信息或把握主旨。
SKIM for the main idea: Read title → first sentence of each paragraph → last paragraph → glance at visuals. Ask: What is the overall message?
略读获取大意：读标题 → 每段第一句 → 最后一段 → 浏览图表。问：整体信息是什么？
SCAN for specific detail: Know your keyword → Move eyes quickly down the page → Stop only at the keyword. Don’t read every word.
寻读查找具体细节：确定关键词 → 眼睛快速扫过页面 → 只在关键词处停下。不要逐字阅读。
When answering questions, use the PQF formula: Point (key word from question) → Quote (evidence) → Full sentence. Why is the character upset? The character is upset because “tears streamed down her face.”
答题时使用PQF 公式：Point (题目关键词) → Quote (引用) → Full sentence (完整句)。她为什么难过？角色难过是因为“泪水从她脸上流下”。
12. Writing Style and Tone: Formal vs Informal | 写作风格与语气：正式与非正式
Your choice of words and sentence structures sets the tone. Apply the style formula that suits your audience and purpose.
你对词语和句子结构的选择决定了语气。根据读者和写作目的应用相应的风格公式。
Informal writing formula: Contractions + simple vocabulary + personal pronouns + casual expressions. Hey, I can’t believe you’re here! It’s awesome.
非正式写作公式：缩约形式 + 简单词汇 + 人称代词 + 随意表达。嘿，真不敢相信你在这儿！太棒了。
Formal writing formula: No contractions + precise vocabulary + third person or formal ‘one’ + complex sentences. It is quite remarkable that you have arrived; the situation is indeed pleasing.
正式写作公式：无缩约 + 精确词汇 + 第三人称或正式用语 + 复杂句。您的到来实为可喜，令人相当赞叹。
In a formal academic essay, avoid ‘I think’ and use hedging formula: It could be argued that…; This suggests that…; One might conclude that…
在正式学术论文中，避免“我认为”，使用委婉表达公式：可以说……；这表明……；或许可得出结论……
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