📚 Year 7 Cambridge Geography: Key Knowledge Review | Year 7 剑桥地理：核心知识点梳理
In Year 7, Cambridge Geography takes you from your immediate surroundings to the whole planet – equipping you with the skills to read maps, understand natural hazards, explore rivers and coasts, and make sense of the ways people live and work. This article pulls together the core knowledge you need, presented in clear topic sections.
在七年级，剑桥地理课程将带你从身边环境走向整个地球 —— 让你掌握阅读地图的技能，理解自然灾害，探索河流与海岸，并理解人们生活与工作的方式。本文按清晰的主题章节梳理了所有你需要掌握的核心知识点。
1. Map Skills | 地图技能
Maps are the geographer’s most essential tool. Before you can analyse landscapes or predict hazards, you must know how to locate places accurately using compass directions, scale, and grid references. To give a full 6-figure grid reference, you first locate the easting (the numbers along the bottom) and then the northing (the numbers up the side). ‘Along the corridor and up the stairs’ helps you remember the order.
地图是地理学家最基本的工具。在分析景观或预测灾害之前，你必须学会用罗盘方向、比例尺和网格坐标精确定位地点。使用六位数网格坐标时，先读取横坐标（底部的数字），再读取纵坐标（侧边的数字）。”先横后纵”的口诀可以帮助你记住顺序。
You also work with symbols, contour lines, latitude and longitude. Contours connect points of equal height; when they are close together, the slope is steep, while widely spaced contours indicate a gentle slope. Latitude lines run east–west, but they measure distance north or south of the Equator, and longitude lines run north–south, measuring distance east or west of the Prime Meridian.
你还需要掌握图例符号、等高线以及经纬度。等高线连接高度相同的点；等高线密集表示坡度陡，稀疏则表示坡度平缓。纬线沿东西方向延伸，但用于度量赤道以北或以南的距离；经线沿南北方向延伸，度量本初子午线以东或以西的距离。
| Term / 术语 | Meaning / 含义 |
|---|---|
| 4-figure grid reference | Gives a grid square (e.g. 1632), where 16 is the easting, 32 is the northing / 给出一个方格（例如 1632），16 为横坐标，32 为纵坐标 |
| 6-figure grid reference | Pinpoints a specific location within the square by imagining it divided into tenths (e.g. 165325) / 将方格想象为十等分，从而精确定位点（例如 165325） |
| Scale / 比例尺 | The relationship between a distance on the map and the same distance on the ground, shown as a ratio (1:25 000), a scale bar, or a written statement / 地图上的距离与实地距离之比，可用比式（1:25 000）、线段比例尺或文字说明表示 |
2. Tectonic Hazards: Earthquakes and Volcanoes | 构造灾害：地震与火山
The Earth’s crust is broken into massive slabs called tectonic plates, which float on the semi-molten mantle. Their movement causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, especially along plate boundaries. At a constructive boundary, plates move apart (e.g. the Mid-Atlantic Ridge), allowing magma to rise and create new crust. At a destructive boundary, an oceanic plate slides beneath a continental plate – subduction – generating powerful earthquakes and explosive volcanoes.
地球的地壳碎裂成巨大的板块，漂浮在半熔融态的地幔之上。板块运动引发了地震和火山喷发，尤其是在板块边界。在建设性边界，两个板块彼此分离（如大西洋中脊），岩浆上升并形成新的地壳。在破坏性边界，一个大洋板块俯冲到大陆板块之下 —— 即俯冲作用 —— 引发强烈地震和爆炸式火山喷发。
Conservative boundaries where plates slide past each other, like the San Andreas Fault, produce earthquakes but not volcanoes. The point inside the Earth where an earthquake starts is the focus, and the point on the surface directly above it is the epicentre. Seismic waves radiate outward; their energy is measured on the Richter scale (magnitude) and their effects on the Mercalli scale (intensity).
在保守边界，板块相互滑过（如圣安德烈亚斯断层），只产生地震而没有火山。地震发生在地下的点称为震源，其正上方地表点称为震中。地震波向外辐射，其能量用里氏震级度量，其破坏程度用麦加利震度表示。
Volcanoes can be shield (gentle slopes, runny lava) or composite (steep sides, sticky lava and explosive eruptions). Examples include Mauna Loa (shield) and Mount Fuji (composite). Understanding these hazards helps communities prepare with early warning systems and earthquake-resistant buildings.
火山可分为盾状火山（坡度平缓、熔岩流动性强）和复合火山（陡坡、黏滞熔岩及爆发式喷发）。示例包括冒纳罗亚（盾状）和富士山（复合）。了解这些灾害有助于社区通过预警系统和抗震建筑做好防备。
3. Rivers and Their Processes | 河流及其过程
Rivers shape the land through three main processes: erosion, transportation and deposition. Erosion breaks down and removes material: hydraulic action (force of water), abrasion (rocks scraping the bed), attrition (rocks knocking together and becoming smoother) and solution (dissolving of minerals). Transported material is called the river’s load, and it moves by traction (large boulders rolled along the bed), saltation (smaller stones bounced), suspension (fine particles carried in the water) and solution (dissolved minerals).
河流通过三种主要过程塑造地貌：侵蚀、搬运和沉积。侵蚀破碎并移走物质：水力作用（水的冲击力）、磨蚀（岩石刮擦河床）、磨圆（石块相互碰撞变光滑）和溶蚀（矿物溶解）。被搬运的物质称为河流的载荷，其运动方式包括推移（大石块沿河床滚动）、跃移（小石子跳跃前进）、悬移（细颗粒在水中悬浮）和溶运（溶解的矿物质）。
In the upper course, steep gradients produce V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs and waterfalls. A waterfall forms where harder rock sits on top of softer rock; the soft rock is undercut, creating a plunge pool. In the middle course, meanders begin to develop. Erosion on the outside of a bend forms a river cliff, while deposition on the inside builds a gentle slip-off slope. When a meander is cut off, an oxbow lake is left behind. In the lower course, the river deposits fine silt to create floodplains, levees and deltas.
在上游，陡峭的坡降形成 V 形谷、交错山嘴和瀑布。瀑布形成于硬岩层覆盖在软岩层之上的地方；软岩被掏空，形成跌水潭。中游阶段，曲流开始发育。水流在弯道外侧侵蚀形成河流崖，在内侧堆积形成缓坡点坝。当曲流颈部被截断，便留下牛轭湖。下游阶段，河流沉积细粒泥沙，形成泛滥平原、天然堤和三角洲。
4. Coastal Landscapes and Change | 海岸地貌与变化
Waves are the main agent of coastal change. Constructive waves build up beaches with a strong swash and weak backwash, while destructive waves erode the coast with a weak swash and powerful backwash. Coastal erosion produces stunning landforms: when waves attack a weakness in a headland, a cave forms. Continued erosion can create an arch, and when the arch collapses, a stack stands isolated. Further erosion reduces the stack to a stump.
波浪是海岸变化的主要营力。建设性波浪具有强劲的冲流和微弱的回流，能堆积海滩；破坏性波浪则具有微弱的冲流和强劲的回流，侵蚀海岸。海岸侵蚀造就了壮丽的地貌：波浪冲击岬角的薄弱处形成海蚀洞，持续侵蚀可形成海蚀拱，拱坍塌后留下独立的海蚀柱，进一步侵蚀则将柱削磨为海蚀岩丘。
Longshore drift moves sediment along the coast. Waves usually approach the shoreline at an angle, swash carries material up the beach, and gravity pulls the backwash straight down. Over time, this zigzag movement transports sand and pebbles along the coast, creating depositional features such as beaches, spits and bars. A spit is a narrow ridge of sand or shingle attached to the land at one end, often curved by a secondary wind and current. A bar can form across a bay, cutting off a lagoon.
沿岸流使沉积物沿海岸搬运。波浪通常斜向冲向海岸，冲流将物质推上沙滩，回流则因重力而垂直流下。久而久之，这种锯齿状运动将沙石沿海岸输送，形成海积地貌，如海滩、沙嘴和沙坝。沙嘴是一端连接陆地、另一端伸入海中的狭长沙砾脊，常因次生风和海流作用而弯曲。沙坝可横跨海湾，隔离出潟湖。
5. Weather, Climate and Biomes | 天气、气候与生物群落
Weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions – temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, wind speed and humidity – while climate is the average of these conditions measured over at least 30 years. Meteorologists use instruments such as the rain gauge, thermometer, barometer, anemometer and wind vane. A climate graph combines monthly average temperature (line graph) with monthly average rainfall (bar chart) to give a snapshot of a place’s climate.
天气描述短时的大气状况 —— 温度、降水、云量、风速和湿度等；而气候则是至少 30 年的平均状况。气象学家使用雨量器、温度计、气压计、风速计和风向标等仪器。气候图将月均气温（折线图）与月均降水量（柱状图）结合起来，快速展示一个地方的气候特征。
Climate zones are largely determined by latitude. The equatorial zone (0°–10°) is hot and wet all year, supporting lush tropical rainforests. The tropical zone (10°–25°) has a distinct wet and dry season, with savannah grasslands. Temperate zones (30°–60°) have four seasons, while the polar zones (60°–90°) are cold and dry with tundra and ice caps. Biomes are large ecosystems defined by climate and vegetation, such as rainforests, deserts, grasslands, taiga and tundra.
气候带主要取决于纬度。赤道带（0°–10°）终年炎热潮湿，孕育了茂密的热带雨林。热带带（10°–25°）有明显的干湿季，以稀树草原为主。温带（30°–60°）有四季变化，而寒带（60°–90°）寒冷干燥，分布着苔原和冰盖。生物群落是由气候和植被决定的大尺度生态系统，如雨林、沙漠、草原、针叶林和苔原。
6. Ecosystems: Tropical Rainforests and Hot Deserts | 生态系统：热带雨林与炎热沙漠
Tropical rainforests lie close to the Equator, where rainfall exceeds 2000 mm per year and temperatures range from 25 °C to 30 °C. The nutrient cycle is rapid – most nutrients are held in the living vegetation, not the soil. The forest has four layers: emergent trees towering above the canopy, a dense canopy that captures most sunlight, an understory of smaller trees, and a dark forest floor. Animals and plants have adaptations like buttress roots for support, drip-tip leaves to shed heavy rain, and bright colours for attracting mates or warning predators.
热带雨林分布在赤道附近，年降水量超过 2000 毫米，气温在 25 °C–30 °C 之间。养分循环很快 —— 绝大部分养分储存在活体植被中，而非土壤。雨林分为四层：突出于林冠之上的露生层、茂密截留阳光的林冠层、由较矮树木组成的下木层，以及阴暗的森林地表层。动植物拥有适应特征，如板根提供支撑、滴水叶尖排走暴雨，鲜艳体色用于吸引配偶或警告天敌。
Hot deserts (e.g. the Sahara) receive less than 250 mm of rainfall annually, with extreme temperature ranges between day and night. Soils are thin and salty because evaporation draws minerals to the surface. Plants like cacti are succulent (store water), have spines to reduce water loss and protect against herbivores, and shallow but wide-spreading roots to capture rare rainfall. Animals such as the fennec fox have large ears to dissipate heat and are often nocturnal, avoiding daytime heat.
炎热沙漠（如撒哈拉）年降水量不足 250 毫米，昼夜温差极大。土壤薄而含盐，因为蒸发把矿物质带到地表。植物如仙人掌为肉质植物（储水），具刺以减少水分损失并抵御植食动物，根系浅而广布以捕捉稀少的降雨。动物如耳廓狐有巨大的耳朵散热，且多为夜行性，避开白昼高温。
7. Population and Settlement | 人口与定居
Population density describes the number of people per square kilometre, while population distribution shows where people live. Physical factors such as flat terrain, fertile soil, reliable water supply and a mild climate encourage high densities; extreme climates, steep slopes and poor soils push densities down. Human factors like good transport links, job opportunities and political stability also attract settlement.
人口密度指每平方千米的人口数量，而人口分布则显示人们居住的地点。平坦的地形、肥沃的土壤、可靠的水源和温和的气候等自然因素鼓励高密度聚居；极端气候、陡坡和贫瘠的土壤则使密度降低。良好的交通、就业机会和政治稳定等人文因素同样吸引人口集聚。
A population pyramid is a bar chart showing the age and sex structure of a population. A wide base indicates a high birth rate (typical of developing countries), while a narrower base suggests an ageing population (typical of developed countries). Pyramid shapes help governments plan schools, hospitals and pension systems. Migration – the movement of people – can be voluntary (for work or study) or forced (due to war, persecution or disaster). Push factors drive people away from their origin, while pull factors attract them to a destination.
人口金字塔是显示人口年龄和性别结构的条形图。底部宽大表示高出生率（常见于发展中国家），底部较窄则意味着人口老龄化（常见于发达国家）。金字塔形状帮助政府规划学校、医院和养老系统。人口迁移 —— 人们的移动 —— 可以是自愿的（工作或学习），也可以是强迫的（战争、迫害或灾难）。推力因素迫使人们离开原住地，拉力因素则吸引他们前往目的地。
8. Settlement Patterns and Urban Models | 聚落形态与城市模型
Settlements start with a site – the actual land on which a settlement is built – and a situation – its relationship to the surrounding area, such as being at a bridging point or near a natural harbour. Settlement hierarchy ranks settlements from a single farm or hamlet up to a conurbation or megacity, based on size, population and the range of services provided. Higher-order settlements like cities have hospitals, universities and large shopping centres, whereas lower-order villages may only have a post office or a small convenience shop.
聚落始于地点 —— 聚落实际占据的土地，以及位置 —— 它与周围区域的关系，如位于过河点或邻近天然港湾。聚落等级体系根据规模、人口及所提供服务的范围，将单个农场或小村一直排到集合城市或巨型城市。高等级聚落如城市拥有医院、大学和大型购物中心，而低等级村庄可能只有一个邮局或小便利店。
Settlement patterns can be nucleated (clustered around a central point), linear (along a road, river or valley) or dispersed (isolated farms). Urban land use is often explained by the Burgess concentric zone model, where the Central Business District (CBD) is surrounded by inner city (older housing and industry), then suburbs (newer housing), and finally the rural–urban fringe. In real cities, transport lines often distort the rings into wedges, so the Hoyt sector model may fit better.
聚落形态可以是核心式（围绕中心点聚集）、线型（沿道路、河流或河谷排列）或分散式（孤立的农庄）。城市土地利用常用伯吉斯的同心圆模型解释：中央商务区（CBD）被内城（老旧住房与工业）环绕，接着是郊区（较新住房），最后是城乡交界带。在现实城市中，交通线路常将同心圆拉伸为楔形，因而霍伊特的扇形模型可能更贴合实际。
9. Economic Activities: Farming, Industry and Tourism | 经济活动：农业、工业与旅游业
All jobs can be classified into four sectors: primary (extracting raw materials, e.g. farming, fishing, mining), secondary (manufacturing and processing, e.g. car assembly, food processing), tertiary (providing services, e.g. teaching, retail, transport) and quaternary (knowledge-based activities, e.g. research and IT). As a country develops, more people move from primary jobs to secondary and then tertiary and quaternary.
所有工作都可归入四个产业部门：第一产业（获取原材料，如农业、渔业、采矿），第二产业（制造与加工，如汽车组装、食品加工），第三产业（提供服务，如教育、零售、运输）和第四产业（知识密集型活动，如研发和 IT）。随着国家发展，越来越多的人从第一产业转向第二产业，再转向第三产业和第四产业。
Farming systems range from subsistence – where farmers grow only enough food for their families, using simple tools and shifting cultivation (slash-and-burn) in tropical areas – to commercial farming, which produces crops or livestock for sale using high inputs of machinery, fertiliser and irrigation. The three main types are arable (crops), pastoral (rearing animals) and mixed (both). Industry location is influenced by factors such as raw materials, energy, labour, transport and the market. In recent decades, many industries have relocated to emerging economies where labour costs are lower.
农业系统从自给自足 —— 农民仅种植足够家庭食用的粮食，在热带地区使用简单工具并实行轮垦（刀耕火种）—— 到商业化农业，后者依靠机械、化肥和灌溉的高投入生产用于销售的作物或牲畜。三大主要类型为种植业（作物）、畜牧业（饲养动物）和混合农业（两者兼有）。工业区位受原料、能源、劳动力、交通和市场等因素影响。近几十年来，许多工业迁往劳动力成本更低的新兴经济体。
Tourism is now the world’s largest tertiary sector industry. Mass tourism brings income and jobs but can damage the environment, put pressure on water and waste systems, and erode local cultures. Sustainable tourism aims to minimise negative impacts and ensure that local communities benefit, for example by employing local guides, using renewable energy and limiting visitor numbers in fragile environments.
旅游业现已成为全球最大的第三产业。大众旅游带来收入和就业，但可能破坏环境，对供水与废物系统造成压力，并侵蚀本地文化。可持续旅游旨在最小化负面影响，确保当地社区受益，例如雇佣当地向导、使用可再生能源以及在脆弱环境中限制游客数量。
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