📚 Year 7 Cambridge Geography: Summer Prep & Bridging Course | Year 7 剑桥地理：暑期预习与衔接课程
Starting secondary school geography is an exciting step. The Cambridge Year 7 curriculum builds a foundation in understanding our planet, its landscapes, and how people interact with their environment. This summer bridging guide introduces key topics and skills you will meet in your first term, helping you feel prepared and curious. From map reading to weather, from rivers to settlements, every section offers a gentle start to the subject. Use this resource to look up new words, try simple activities, and ask questions before the school year begins.
进入中学阶段的地理学习是令人兴奋的一步。剑桥 Year 7 课程为理解我们的星球、地貌以及人与环境的互动打下基础。这份暑期衔接指南介绍了你会在第一学期遇到的关键主题和技能，帮助你做好准备并保持好奇心。从地图阅读到天气，从河流到聚落，每一节都为你提供一个温和的起点。在学年开始前，利用这份材料查查新词汇、尝试简单的活动并提出问题吧。
1. Why Study Geography? | 为什么学习地理？
Geography is the study of Earth’s surface and the people who live on it. It helps us understand why places look different, how natural hazards happen, and how we can live more sustainably. You will learn to think like a geographer – asking questions, investigating patterns, and making connections between the natural world and human society.
地理学是对地球表面及其居民的研究。它帮助我们理解为什么不同地方看起来不一样、自然灾害如何发生，以及如何更可持续地生活。你将学会像地理学家一样思考——提出问题、调查模式，并在自然世界和人类社会之间建立联系。
In Year 7, you will explore both physical geography, such as mountains and rivers, and human geography, such as cities and farming. You will also develop important skills like map reading, graph analysis, and field sketching. These skills are useful far beyond the classroom – from navigating with a phone map to understanding news about climate change.
在 Year 7，你将探索自然地理（如山脉、河流）和人文地理（如城市、农业）。你还将培养重要技能，如阅读地图、分析图表和绘制实地速写。这些技能在课堂之外也大有用处——无论是用手机地图导航还是理解气候变化新闻。
2. The Three Strands of Geography | 地理学的三大分支
In the Cambridge lower secondary curriculum, geography is often divided into three core strands: physical geography, human geography, and environmental geography. Physical geography looks at natural features – landforms, weather, climate, and ecosystems. Human geography focuses on people – where and how we live, work, and use resources. Environmental geography bridges the two, studying how people affect the planet and how we can manage our impact.
在剑桥初中课程中，地理通常分为三个核心分支：自然地理、人文地理和环境地理。自然地理研究自然特征——地貌、天气、气候和生态系统。人文地理关注人类——我们住在哪里、如何生活、工作以及如何使用资源。环境地理将两者连接起来，研究人类如何影响地球以及我们如何管理这种影响。
These three strands often overlap. For example, when you study a river flooding, you might look at the physical causes (heavy rain, steep slopes), the human impacts (damaged homes), and the environmental management (building flood defences). Thinking in this connected way is a key habit of a good geographer.
这三大分支常常重叠。例如，当你研究河流泛滥时，你可能会考察自然原因（暴雨、陡坡）、人文影响（房屋受损）和环境管理（修建防洪设施）。以这种关联的方式思考是优秀地理学家的关键习惯。
3. Mastering Map Skills: Directions and Compass Points | 掌握地图技能：方向与罗盘方位
One of the first skills you will practise is using compass directions. You need to know the four cardinal points – North, South, East, and West – and the intercardinal points – Northeast (NE), Southeast (SE), Southwest (SW), and Northwest (NW). A useful phrase to remember clockwise order is ‘Never Eat Shredded Wheat’, where the first letters stand for North, East, South, West.
你将首先练习的技能之一就是使用罗盘方向。你需要知道四个基本方位——北、南、东、西——以及间的方位——东北（NE）、东南（SE）、西南（SW）和西北（NW）。一个记住顺时针顺序的实用口诀是 ‘Never Eat Shredded Wheat’，其首字母分别代表 North、East、South、West。
On an Ordnance Survey map, you might be asked to give the direction from one place to another. For instance, if a church is northeast of a school, you would say ‘the church lies to the northeast of the school.’ Always measure from the starting point. Practise by looking at a map of your local area and describing the direction of parks, stations, or rivers from your home.
在 Ordnance Survey 地图上，你可能会被要求说出从一个地方到另一个地方的方向。例如，如果教堂位于学校的东北方，你会说 ‘the church lies to the northeast of the school.’ 一定要从起点开始测量。可以看看你当地的地区地图，描述公园、车站或河流相对于你家的方向来练习。
4. Understanding Scale and Distance | 理解比例尺与距离
Scale shows the relationship between a distance on a map and the actual distance on the ground. A scale of 1:25,000 means that 1 cm on the map represents 25,000 cm (or 250 m) in real life. You will use a ruler and the scale bar to work out straight‑line distances. Later, you might use a piece of string to measure curved distances, such as the length of a winding river.
比例尺表示地图上的距离与地面实际距离之间的关系。比例尺为 1:25,000 意味着地图上的 1 厘米代表实际 25,000 厘米（即 250 米）。你将使用尺子和比例尺条来计算直线距离。之后，你可能会用一根绳子测量曲线距离，比如蜿蜒河流的长度。
An easy summer activity is to print a simple map of your neighbourhood with a scale. Measure the distance between two landmarks in centimetres, then convert using the scale. Ask yourself: How far is it from the library to the playground? This builds confidence before you tackle large‑scale maps in class.
一个简单的暑期活动是打印一张带比例尺的你所在社区的简易地图。以厘米为单位测量两个地标之间的距离，然后根据比例尺换算。问问自己：从图书馆到游乐场有多远？这能在你课堂学习大比例尺地图之前建立信心。
5. Interpreting Height: Contours and Spot Heights | 解读高程：等高线与高程点
Maps use special symbols to show the height and shape of the land. Spot heights are black dots with a number telling you the exact height of that point in metres. Contour lines are thin brown lines that join places of equal height. When contour lines are close together, the slope is steep. When they are far apart, the land is gently sloping or flat.
地图使用特殊符号来显示陆地的海拔和形状。高程点是带有数字的黑点，告诉你该点精确的米制海拔高度。等高线是连接海拔相同地点的棕色细线。当等高线密集时，坡度较陡；当它们相距较远时，地势平缓或平坦。
Practise reading contour patterns by looking for ‘V’ shapes. In a river valley, contour lines often form a ‘V’ pointing uphill, showing where a stream has cut into the land. Try drawing a simple hill with concentric contour rings and label a spot height at the summit. Understanding these symbols early makes outdoor fieldwork much more meaningful.
通过寻找“V”形来练习阅读等高线模式。在河谷中，等高线常常形成指向山上的“V”形，表明溪流切割地面的位置。试着画出有同心等高线环的简单山丘，并在山顶标注高程点。尽早理解这些符号将使户外实地考察更有意义。
6. Introduction to Plate Tectonics | 板块构造入门
Did you know Earth’s outer shell is broken into huge pieces called tectonic plates? These plates float on the semi‑liquid mantle below and move a few centimetres each year. Their movements cause earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the creation of mountain ranges. The boundaries where plates meet can be constructive (moving apart), destructive (one plate sinking under another), or conservative (sliding past each other).
你知道吗，地球的外壳分裂成巨大的板块，称为构造板块？这些板块漂浮在半液态的地幔之上，每年移动几厘米。它们的运动导致了地震、火山爆发和山脉的形成。板块相遇的边界可以是建设性的（彼此分离）、破坏性的（一块板块俯冲到另一块之下）或保守的（彼此滑动擦过）。
In Year 7, you will link these ideas to real‑world examples, such as the Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean. You do not need to memorise all the plate names yet, but it is helpful to know that the Earth is a dynamic planet. Watch an animation of plate movements online – it makes the theory come alive.
在 Year 7，你会把这些概念与现实世界的例子联系起来，比如环绕太平洋的火环。你暂时不需要记住所有板块的名称，但了解地球是一个动态的星球会很有帮助。可以在网上观看板块运动的动画——它会让理论变得生动起来。
7. The Water Cycle and Rivers | 水循环与河流
Water is constantly moving between the sea, air, and land. The water cycle includes evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection. When rain falls on hills, some water flows over the land as surface runoff, some soaks into the ground, and some is taken up by plants. This constant recycling of water shapes our landscapes and sustains life.
水不停地在海洋、空气和陆地之间移动。水循环包括蒸发、凝结、降水和汇集。当雨水落在山上时，一部分水以地表径流的形式流过地面，一部分渗入地下，一部分被植物吸收。这种持续不断的水循环塑造了我们的地貌并维持着生命。
Rivers are a major topic in Year 7. You will learn about the long profile of a river from source to mouth. In the upper course, the river is narrow and fast, eroding downwards. In the middle course, it begins to meander, and in the lower course it is wide and slow, depositing material. Key features include waterfalls, meanders, and floodplains. Drawing labelled diagrams of these features is excellent exam practice.
河流是 Year 7 的一个重要主题。你将学习河流从源头到河口的纵剖面。在上游，河道狭窄流速快，向下侵蚀。在中游，河流开始蜿蜒曲流，在下游则变得宽阔缓慢，发生沉积。关键特征包括瀑布、曲流和河漫滩。绘制这些特征的标注示意图是极好的应试练习。
8. What is Weather and Climate? | 天气与气候是什么？
Weather describes the day‑to‑day conditions of the atmosphere – temperature, rainfall, wind speed, and cloud cover. Climate is the average weather of a place measured over a long period, usually 30 years. A simple way to remember the difference is: ‘Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get.’
天气描述的是大气的日常状况——温度、降雨量、风速和云量。气候是一个地方长期（通常是 30 年）观测到的平均天气。一个简单的记忆方法是：“气候是你预期的，天气是你实际遇到的。”
In Year 7, you will learn to read weather instruments and construct a climate graph, which combines a line graph of temperature with a bar chart of rainfall. You will also explore different climate zones, such as equatorial, desert, and temperate. If you have a thermometer at home, try recording the temperature at the same time each day for a week. This hands‑on task brings the concept of data collection to life.
在 Year 7，你将学习读取气象仪器并绘制气候图，这种图将温度折线图与降水量柱状图结合在一起。你还将探索不同的气候带，如赤道气候、沙漠气候和温带气候。如果你家里有温度计，可以试着每天在同一时间记录温度，持续一周。这个动手任务会让数据收集的概念变得生动起来。
9. Exploring Settlement Types | 探索聚落类型
A settlement is a place where people live. Settlements vary in size from a single farm to a mega city. Geographers study the site (the actual land a settlement is built on) and the situation (its relationship with the surrounding area). Early settlers chose sites with flat land, a water supply, and defensive advantages. Today, economic factors play a huge role in where towns and cities grow.
聚落是人们居住的地方。聚落的规模不等，从单个农场到巨型城市都有。地理学家研究地点（聚落实际建在的土地）和区位（它与周围地区的关系）。早期定居者选择地势平坦、有水源并具备防御优势的地点。今天，经济因素在城镇和城市的发展中起着巨大作用。
You will also study settlement hierarchy and functions. A hamlet may have just a few houses, while a town offers services like a post office or supermarket. Cities have specialist functions such as universities and hospitals. Observing your own town can be a useful revision task: list the services you see and decide where it sits in the hierarchy.
你还将学习聚落等级体系及其功能。一个小村庄可能只有几栋房子，而一个镇则提供邮局或超市等服务。城市具有大学、医院等专门功能。观察你居住的城镇是一个有用的复习任务：列出你看到的服务设施，并判断它在等级体系中的位置。
10. Population Basics | 人口基础
Human geography explores how populations change over time. Key terms include birth rate, death rate, and migration. When the birth rate is higher than the death rate, the population grows naturally. Migration – people moving into or out of an area – also affects population size. Population density tells us how crowded a place is, calculated as the number of people per square kilometre.
人文地理探索人口如何随时间变化。关键术语包括出生率、死亡率和迁移。当出生率高于死亡率时，人口自然增长。迁移——人们迁入或迁出一个地区——也会影响人口规模。人口密度告诉我们一个地方的拥挤程度，以每平方公里的人口数来计算。
You will look at population pyramids, which are graphs showing the age and gender structure of a country. A wide base on a pyramid suggests a high birth rate and a young population. A narrow base might indicate an ageing population with low birth rates. Discussing these patterns helps you understand world news headlines about resources and urbanisation.
你将学习人口金字塔，这是一种显示一个国家年龄和性别结构的图表。金字塔底部宽大表明出生率高、人口年轻。底部窄小可能表明人口老龄化、出生率低。讨论这些模式能帮助你理解关于资源和城市化的世界新闻标题。
11. Using Photographs and Fieldsketches | 使用照片与实地速写
Geographers use photographs, satellite images, and field sketches to gather information about places. An oblique aerial photo shows a view from an angle, while a vertical aerial photo looks straight down. You need to learn to label what you see and pick out both physical and human features. A field sketch is a quick drawing from a viewpoint, with labels and annotations to explain key features.
地理学家使用照片、卫星图像和实地速写来收集地点的信息。倾斜航拍照片是从一个角度拍摄的画面，而垂直航拍照片则是从上往下俯拍。你需要学会标注你所看到的，并找出自然和人文特征。实地速写是从一个观察点快速绘制的图画，带有标签和注释以解释关键特征。
Practise this skill during the holidays: stand in your garden or a local park and sketch the view in a simple frame. Add labels for buildings, vegetation, land use, and any lines of communication. This exercise trains your eye to see detail and your hand to record it, which is exactly what you will do during fieldwork.
在假期里练习这项技能：站在你的花园或当地公园里，用一个简单的边框勾勒出你所看到的景色。添加标签注明建筑物、植被、土地利用以及任何交通线路。这个练习能训练你的眼睛去发现细节，让你的手去记录细节，而这正是野外实习时要做的。
12. How to Approach a Geographical Enquiry | 如何进行地理探究
Geographical enquiry is the process of investigating a question or issue using evidence. The enquiry route often includes planning, collecting data, presenting findings, analysing results, and drawing conclusions. In Year 7, you might investigate a question like ‘How does the quality of the environment vary around our school?’ and collect data by recording litter, noise, or green spaces.
地理探究是运用证据调查问题或议题的过程。探究路线通常包括计划、收集数据、展示发现、分析结果和得出结论。在 Year 7，你可能会调查一个问题，比如“我们学校周围的环境质量如何变化？”，并通过记录垃圾、噪音或绿地来收集数据。
A good enquiry is driven by curiosity. Before you start, think about what you already know and what you need to find out. During your summer, try asking a simple geographical question about your home area: ‘Which is the most common type of shop on my high street?’ Tally the shops and draw a bar chart. This tiny investigation mirrors the enquiry process and builds your confidence as a young researcher.
一个好的探究是由好奇心驱动的。在开始之前，想想你已经知道了什么，还需要查明什么。在暑假期间，尝试对你的家周围提出一个简单的地理问题：“我所在大街最常见的商店类型是哪一种？”统计商店数量并画一幅柱状图。这个小小的调查反映了探究的过程，并建立起你作为一名年轻研究者的自信。
Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com
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