📚 Year 7 Cambridge Music: Quick-Memorise Glossary of Musical Terms | 剑桥七年级音乐：音乐词汇术语速记指南
Starting Year 7 Music can feel like learning a new language. Words like piano, allegro and crescendo appear everywhere, and they are mostly in Italian. This guide will help you group these terms into clear categories and remember them easily using simple memory tricks. By the end, you will feel confident reading a score and talking about what you hear.
进入七年级音乐课堂，就像在学习一门新语言。piano、allegro、crescendo 这些词随处可见，而且大多是意大利语。这篇指南会帮你把这些术语分门别类，并用简单的记忆小窍门牢牢记住。读完以后，你会更自信地读谱并用正确的术语描述听到的音乐。
1. Dynamics – How Loud or Soft | 力度术语——多强多弱
Dynamics tell the performer how loudly or softly to play. The two foundation words are piano (soft) and forte (loud). Add an ‘m’ for mezzo, meaning ‘moderately’, and you get mezzo-piano (moderately soft) and mezzo-forte (moderately loud). To remember, think of a p as a whisper and an f as a shout. The Italian ‘issimo’ means ‘very’, so pianissimo (pp) is very soft and fortissimo (ff) is very loud.
力度术语告诉演奏者该用多大音量。两个根基词是 piano（弱）和 forte（强）。加上表示“中等”的 mezzo，就有了 mezzo-piano（中弱）和 mezzo-forte（中强）。记忆时可以想象 p 是耳语，f 是大喊。意大利语里的 ‘issimo’ 表示“非常”，所以 pianissimo（pp）是很弱，fortissimo（ff）是很强。
Gradual changes are shown by the words crescendo (getting louder) and diminuendo or decrescendo (getting softer). Visualise a hairpin opening up < for crescendo and closing down > for diminuendo, just like the symbols written in your score. Think ‘cresc’ equals ‘increase’, and ‘dim’ equals ‘diminish’.
逐渐变化的力度用 crescendo（渐强）和 diminuendo 或 decrescendo（渐弱）表示。把渐强记号 < 想象成声音向外撑开，渐弱记号 > 则是声音向内收拢。cresc 可以联想“increase”（增加），dim 联想“diminish”（减小）。
A sudden strong accent is a sforzando (sfz), meaning a sharp, strong attack on a single note. Remember ‘sforzando’ as a ‘surprise force’ that jumps out suddenly.
突然的重音叫 sforzando（sfz），表示一个音需要突然强力地奏出。可以把 sforzando 记成“突然发力”，就像一个出其不意的强音跳出来。
2. Tempo – How Fast or Slow | 速度术语——多快多慢
Tempo marks are written above the music to set the speed. The most common slow tempo is largo (broad and slow). Picture a large, slow-moving elephant – ‘largo’ and ‘large’ look similar. Adagio means slow and leisurely; think of ‘a-dag-io’ as ‘at ease, slowly’. Andante is a walking pace – the word itself means ‘walking’ in Italian, so imagine strolling steadily.
速度标记写在乐谱上方，确定快慢。最常见的慢速是 largo（宽广而缓慢）。想象一头大而慢的大象，largo 和 large 形似，都带着“大而慢”的感觉。Adagio 意为缓慢从容，可以记作“慢悠悠地”。Andante 是行板的步行速度，词本身在意大利语里就是“走路”，想象安稳散步的节奏。
Moderate speeds include moderato (moderately) and allegretto (a little lively, but not too fast). For fast tempos, allegro means cheerful and fast – think ‘allegro’ like ‘a leg race’, full of energy. Vivace is lively and brisk, while presto means very fast. Link ‘presto’ to a ‘presto magician’ who does tricks in a flash. Accelerando (accel.) tells you to gradually get faster, like a car pressing the accelerator.
中等速度有 moderato（中板）和 allegretto（小快板，稍活泼但不过快）。快速中，allegro 意为欢快的快板，可以把 allegro 想象成“a leg race”（一场赛跑），充满活力。Vivace 是活泼的，presto 则是急板，非常快，联想魔术师瞬间完成戏法。 Accelerando（accel.）表示逐渐加快，就像踩下油门逐渐提速。
The opposite direction is ritardando (rit.) or rallentando (rall.), both meaning gradually getting slower. Remember ‘rit.’ as ‘retard’ in French – delay. A tempo tells you to return to the original speed after a change.
反向变化是 ritardando（rit.）或 rallentando（rall.），都表示逐渐放慢。rit. 可联想“延迟”一词。 A tempo 则让演奏者在速度变化后回到原来的速度。
3. Articulation – How Notes Are Played | 奏法术语——音符如何演奏
Articulation shapes each individual note. Legato means smooth and connected; the melody glides like a silk ribbon. Staccato (marked with a dot above or below the note) means short and detached. Think ‘staccato’ sounds like ‘detached-o’, and the dot makes the note jump off the page.
奏法决定了每个音符的发声形状。Legato（连奏）要求圆滑连贯，旋律像丝带一样流动。Staccato（断奏，音符上方或下方带点）要求短促断开。legato 可以联想“连”，staccato 则记成“断奏断开来”，那个小圆点让音符弹跳起来。
Tenuto (a short line under or over a note) means held for its full value or slightly emphasised. Imagine pressing into the note and giving it weight. Accent (>) demands a stronger attack at the start of the note. Marcato (^) is even more marked and accented.
Tenuto（保持音，音符上方或下方加短横线）表示把音符时值奏满或稍加强调，想象手指按住音符，给它一点重量。Accent（重音记号 >）要求在音头特别有力。 Marcato（^）则是更加强烈的强调。
Pizzicato (pizz.) tells string players to pluck the strings instead of using the bow. The word sounds like ‘pick’, as in picking a string. Arco tells them to return to using the bow.
Pizzicato（pizz.，拨奏）让弦乐演奏者用手指拨弦，而不是用弓。pizz 听起来就像“pick”（拨挑）。 Arco 则提醒演奏者重新用弓拉奏。
4. Pitch and Melody – High and Low | 音高与旋律
Pitch is how high or low a note sounds. A melody moves by step (conjunct motion – moving to the next door note) or by leap (disjunct motion – jumping over several notes). A melody that stays mainly within a narrow range is scalic, while one full of jumps is angular.
音高 是指音符的高或低。旋律可以通过 级进（conjunct motion，像走到隔壁邻居家）或 跳进（disjunct motion，跳过多个音）来移动。如果旋律主要保持在窄范围内，就是 音阶式 的；充满跳跃的旋律则称为 棱角式 的。
A phrase is a musical sentence, usually ending with a cadence (a resting point). Think of a phrase as a breath you take when singing. Sequence is when a melodic pattern is repeated at a higher or lower pitch, like climbing the same shape on different stairs.
乐句 是音乐的句子，通常在 终止式（停顿点）处结束。可以把乐句想象成唱歌时的一次换气。模进 是指旋律模式在更高或更低的音高上重复，就像把同一块图案搬到不同台阶上。
Sharp (♯) raises a note by a semitone, flat (♭) lowers it by a semitone, and natural (♮) cancels a previous sharp or flat. Remember: sharp points up, flat looks squashed down.
升号（♯）升高半音，降号（♭）降低半音，还原号（♮）取消之前的升降。升号的斜线往上指，降号的肚子往下垂，很容易记忆。
5. Rhythm and Metre – The Beat and Its Patterns | 节奏与节拍
Beat is the steady pulse you tap your foot to. Rhythm is the pattern of long and short sounds placed over the beat. Metre groups beats into bars with a time signature. The top number of a time signature tells you how many beats are in each bar, and the bottom number tells you what type of note counts as one beat.
节拍 是你用脚打的稳恒脉动。节奏 是在拍子上安排的长短音组合。节拍 用拍号把拍子分组。拍号的上方数字表示每小节有几拍，下方数字表示以哪种音符为一拍。
Common note values: a semibreve (whole note) lasts 4 beats, a minim (half note) lasts 2 beats, a crotchet (quarter note) lasts 1 beat, a quaver (eighth note) lasts ½ beat, and a semiquaver (sixteenth note) lasts ¼ beat. Think of a crotchet as a ‘quarter’ of a semibreve. Dotted notes add half their value again; a dotted minim equals 3 beats (2 + 1).
常用音符时值：全音符（semibreve）4 拍，二分音符（minim）2 拍，四分音符（crotchet）1 拍，八分音符（quaver）½ 拍，十六分音符（semiquaver）¼ 拍。把 crotchet 当成全音符的 quarter（四分之一），就容易换算。附点音符延长原有时值的一半；附点二分音符等于 3 拍（2+1）。
Syncopation places stress on a normally weak beat or between beats, giving a ‘off-beat’ feel. Think of it as a rhythm that trips you up on purpose. Anacrusis is an upbeat – the note or notes that come before the first full bar.
切分音 把重音放在通常弱拍的拍点或拍子之间，产生“反拍”感。想象一下节奏故意让你打绊子。 弱起（anacrusis）是第一个完整小节前的那个或那几个音，也叫上拍。
6. Texture – Layers of Sound | 织体——声音的层次
Texture describes how many layers of sound are heard and how they interact. Monophonic means a single melodic line alone; no harmony, no accompaniment. Remember ‘mono’ = one. Homophonic texture consists of a main melody supported by chords – this is the most common texture in pop songs and hymns. Think ‘homo’ = same, because all parts move together in the same rhythm.
织体描述有多少层声音以及它们如何互动。单音织体 只有一条旋律线，没有和声或伴奏。mono 就是“单一”。主调织体 由一条主旋律与和弦伴奏构成——这是流行曲和圣诗中最常见的织体。可以记成“主旋律为主，其余和声为辅”。
Polyphonic texture weaves two or more independent melodies together at the same time. ‘Poly’ means many. When voices copy each other closely, it is called imitative polyphony, like a round (‘Frère Jacques’). Heterophonic texture occurs when two performers play the same melody but with small differences at the same time.
复调织体 同时编织两条或更多独立旋律。poly 表示“多”。当声部之间密切模仿时就称为 模仿式复调，比如轮唱《两只老虎》。支声织体 是两个演奏者同时演奏同一旋律但各有细微变化。
A melody and accompaniment texture is a kind of homophony where a clear tune stands in front of a background. Unison means all performers play or sing exactly the same notes at the same pitch; the sound becomes a single powerful line.
旋律加伴奏 是主调织体的一种，清晰的旋律浮在背景前方。齐奏/齐唱 是所有演奏者唱奏完全相同的音高，声音合为一条强劲的线。
7. Form and Structure – The Blueprint of Music | 曲式与结构——音乐的蓝图
Form is the overall plan of a piece. Binary form (AB) has two distinct sections, often each repeated. Ternary form (ABA) presents a section, a contrasting section, then a return of the first. Think of a sandwich: bread, filling, bread. Rondo form (ABACA) keeps returning to a main theme (A) between contrasting episodes.
曲式是整首作品的布局。二段体（AB）有两个对比乐段，通常各自反复。三段体（ABA）先呈示一段，中间对比，再回到第一段，像三明治：面包、馅料、面包。回旋曲式（ABACA）在对比段落之间不断回到主部主题 A。
Theme and variations takes a melody and changes it in different ways – altering rhythm, harmony, tempo or instrumentation while keeping the core recognisable. Strophic form uses the same music for each verse of a song, common in hymns and folk songs.
主题与变奏 取一个旋律，用不同方式改变它——节奏、和声、速度或配器——但保持原形可辨。分节歌 每段歌词都用相同的旋律，常见于赞美诗和民歌。
A coda is a closing tail section that brings the piece to an end. Introduction sets the mood and prepares the listener. Verse-chorus form alternates storytelling verses with a repeating, memorable chorus.
尾声（coda）是结束时的尾巴段落，让乐曲完整收束。引子 渲染气氛并为听众做准备。主歌—副歌 形式让叙事性的主歌与重复上口的副歌交替出现。
8. Expression and Mood – Feeling the Music | 表情与情绪——感受音乐
Composers use Italian expression marks to suggest character. Dolce means sweetly; imagine a sweet candy. Espressivo (espress.) means expressively, with feeling. Cantabile means in a singing style – make your instrument ‘sing’ like a voice. Maestoso means majestic and grand, like a royal procession.
作曲家使用意大利表情记号来提示音乐性格。Dolce 意为甜美地，联想甜甜的糖果。Espressivo（espress.）表示有表情地、富有感情。Cantabile 是如歌的，让你的乐器像人声一样“歌唱”。Maestoso 意为庄严宏伟，像皇家队列。
Agitato suggests agitation and restlessness; think ‘agitated’. Tranquillo is calm and peaceful, like a quiet lake. Giocoso means playful or merry. Con brio means with vigour and spirit; ‘brio’ sounds like ‘brio’ in English – energy.
Agitato 表示激动不安，记忆时想到“焦躁”。Tranquillo 是平静安宁的，如同宁静的湖面。Giocoso 意为嬉戏、欢快的。Con brio 是有活力、有精神地，brio 本身就有“活力”的意思。
Poco a poco means little by little; for example, poco a poco cresc. means getting louder gradually. Subito means suddenly, as in subito piano – suddenly soft.
Poco a poco 意为一点一点地，例如 poco a poco cresc. 就是逐渐地渐强。Subito 是突然地，subito piano 是突然变弱。
9. Ornaments – Decorating the Notes | 装饰音——给音符加点花
Ornaments are extra notes that decorate the main melody. A trill (tr) is a rapid alternation between the written note and the note above. Imagine a bird trilling rapidly. A mordent is a quick flick: the note, the note above or below, then back to the main note. An upper mordent goes up, a lower mordent goes down.
装饰音是为旋律增添色彩的外加音符。颤音（trill，记作 tr）是主音与上方二度音快速交替，像小鸟快速啼啭。波音（mordent）是快速的波动：主音、上方或下方音、再回到主音。上波音往上波动，下波音往下波动。
A turn is a four-note figure that goes: note above, main note, note below, main note. Think of the melody ‘turning’ around the main note. An acciaccatura is a crushed note, written as a tiny note with a slash through its stem, played as quickly as possible before the main note. The word means ‘crushed’ in Italian.
回音（turn）是四音组：上方音、主音、下方音、主音，旋律绕着主音“转”。碎音（acciaccatura）是一个带斜线的小音符，要尽可能快地奏出后立即进入主音，意大利语意思就是“压碎”。
An appoggiatura is a leaning note, written as a small note without a slash, and it takes half the value of the main note. It ‘leans’ on the main note, creating expressive tension. Remember ‘appoggiatura’ sounds like ‘a podgy tour’, but think ‘leaning’.
倚音（appoggiatura）是没有斜线的小音符，占据主音一半时值，倚靠在主音上形成表情张力。可以联想“倚靠”这个词。
10. Instruments and Ensembles – Who Is Playing | 乐器与合奏
The Western orchestra is divided into four families: strings (violin, viola, cello, double bass), woodwind (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon), brass (trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba) and percussion (timpani, snare drum, xylophone). A symphony orchestra includes all families, while a chamber orchestra is a smaller version.
西方管弦乐队分成四个家族：弦乐（小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、低音提琴），木管（长笛、双簧管、单簧管、大管），铜管（小号、法国号、长号、大号）和 打击乐（定音鼓、小军鼓、木琴）。交响乐团 包含所有家族，室内乐团 规模较小。
A choir can be mixed (soprano, alto, tenor, bass – SATB). Unaccompanied singing is called a cappella. Solo means one performer; duet, two; trio, three; quartet, four. A concerto features a soloist (or group of soloists) with an orchestra, often in three movements.
合唱团 常划分为混声四部：女高音、女低音、男高音、男低音（SATB）。无伴奏的歌唱叫做 a cappella。Solo 是独奏/独唱，duet 二重，trio 三重，quartet 四重。协奏曲 由独奏者（或独奏组）与管弦乐队竞奏，通常有三个乐章。
Instruments may play with mute (con sordino) to soften and change the tone colour. Percussion includes both pitched (timpani, glockenspiel) and unpitched (snare drum, cymbals). Remember ‘timpani’ are the big kettle drums you tune.
乐器可以使用 弱音器（con sordino）使音色变柔和。打击乐中包括有固定音高的（定音鼓、钟琴）和无固定音高的（小军鼓、钹）。记住 ‘timpani’ 就是可以调音的大铜锅鼓。
11. Memory Tricks and Quick Quizzes | 速记技巧和快问快答
The best way to learn these terms is by using them actively. Create flashcards with the Italian word on one side and the English meaning plus a symbol or picture on the other. Group words by category: all dynamics on blue cards, all tempo marks on yellow cards. Say each word aloud as you study – Italian is a phonetic language, so the sound often gives you the meaning.
学习这些术语的最好方式是主动使用它们。制作抽认卡，一面写意大利词，另一面写英文含义并配上一个符号或图画。按类别分组：所有力度词用蓝卡，所有速度词用黄卡。学的时候大声读出来——意大利语是拼读语言，声音往往能帮你记起意思。
Try a quick quiz: what does ‘allegro ma non troppo’ mean? (Fast, but not too much.) What symbol means gradually getting softer? (diminuendo >). If you see ‘pp’ how softly should you play? (Very soft – pianissimo). What family does the French horn belong to? (Brass). Memorise by active recall, not just re-reading.
试试快问快答：’allegro ma non troppo’ 是什么意思？（快，但不过分。）什么记号表示渐弱？（diminuendo >）。看到 ‘pp’ 应该演奏得多弱？（很弱——pianissimo）。法国号属于哪个家族？（铜管）。用主动回忆来记忆，而不是反复浏览。
Listen to short extracts of music and list every term you can apply. A piece that gets faster and faster uses accelerando; a smooth, flowing violin melody uses legato; a sudden very loud chord might be sforzando. Linking sound to word builds deep memory.
听几段音乐短例，列出你能使用的所有术语。速度越来越快是 accelerando；流畅如歌的小提琴旋律是 legato；突如其来的强力和弦可能是 sforzando。把声音和词语联系起来，能建立深层记忆。
12. Final Tips for Your Cambridge Music Journey | 剑桥音乐旅途的终极贴士
Keep a personal music glossary in your notebook; add every new word you meet with a definition and a personal example. Before an assessment, sort the words into a table with columns for ‘Term’, ‘Category’, ‘Meaning’, and ‘Memory Clue’. Revise by covering columns and testing yourself. The more you use these terms when describing music, the more natural they will feel.
在笔记本里建一个个人音乐词汇表；每遇到一个新词，就写下定义并自己配一个例子。考前整理一个表格，列上“术语”、“类别”、“含义”、“记忆线索”。遮住列来自测。你越多用这些术语描述音乐，它们就越会成为你的第二本能。
| Term | 术语 | Category | 类别 | Meaning | 含义 | Memory Clue | 记忆线索 |
|---|---|---|---|
| crescendo | Dynamics | Getting louder | Hairpin opens < |
| andante | Tempo | Walking pace | Strolling steadily |
| staccato | Articulation | Short, detached | Dots bounce off |
| polyphony | Texture | Two+ independent melodies | Many voices weave |
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