📚 Year 7 Cambridge Music: Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | 剑桥七年级音乐：词汇术语速记指南
Building a solid music vocabulary is the foundation of confident listening, performing and composing in Year 7 Cambridge Music. This guide helps you memorise key Italian terms, symbols and concepts that appear across the Cambridge Lower Secondary Music curriculum, organised by category and paired with memorable associations.
建立牢固的音乐词汇基础，是在剑桥七年级音乐课程中自信地进行聆听、表演和创作的基石。本指南帮助你记忆关键的意大利术语、符号和概念，它们贯穿剑桥初中音乐课程，按类别整理并配以易记的联想方法。
1. Dynamics: Loud and Soft | 力度：强与弱
Dynamics tell us how loudly or softly to play. Italian terms are the standard, and they often come in graduated pairs. Think of p as “piano” (soft) — imagine playing gently on a quiet piano key.
力度术语指示我们演奏的强与弱。意大利术语是标准术语，通常成对出现并呈阶梯变化。将 p 想象成 “piano”（轻）——就像在安静琴键上轻弹。
- pp (pianissimo) – very soft / 极弱
- p (piano) – soft / 弱
- mp (mezzo-piano) – moderately soft / 中弱
- mf (mezzo-forte) – moderately loud / 中强
- f (forte) – loud / 强
- ff (fortissimo) – very loud / 极强
Gradual changes are indicated by crescendo (cresc.) meaning getting gradually louder, and diminuendo (dim.) or decrescendo meaning getting gradually softer. The wedge-shaped hairpin symbols < and > also mark these swells and fades.
渐变力度用 crescendo（渐强，缩写 cresc.）和 diminuendo（渐弱，缩写 dim.）或 decrescendo 表示。楔形符号 < 和 > 同样表示音量的增大与减弱。
2. Tempo: Speed of the Beat | 速度：节拍快慢
Tempo markings set the speed of the music. Italian words are measured in beats per minute (BPM), but in Year 7 you will often describe them with descriptive terms. Picture a turtle for lento (slow) and a hare for presto (fast).
速度标记规定了音乐的速率。意大利术语有对应的每分钟拍数（BPM），但在七年级阶段，你通常用描述性词语来理解。想象乌龟代表 lento（慢），野兔代表 presto（快）。
| Italian Term / 意大利术语 | Meaning / 含义 |
|---|---|
| Lento, Largo | Very slow / 极慢 |
| Adagio | Slow, leisurely / 缓慢的、从容的 |
| Andante | Walking pace / 步行速度 |
| Moderato | Moderate speed / 中速 |
| Allegro | Fast, lively / 快速的、活泼的 |
| Presto | Very fast / 极快 |
Changes in tempo include accelerando (accel.) – gradually getting faster, and ritardando (rit.) – gradually getting slower. Remember ‘rit.’ is like ‘relaxing the tempo’.
速度变化包括 accelerando（渐快，缩写 accel.）和 ritardando（渐慢，缩写 rit.）。记住 ‘rit.’ 就像 ‘放松速度’。
3. Expression and Articulation | 表情与运音法
Expression marks shape how notes are played or sung. Articulation tells us whether notes should be smooth, detached, accented or held. Visualise legato as a line connecting notes, like a silk ribbon, and staccato as dots bouncing like hailstones.
表情记号塑造音符的演奏或演唱方式。运音法告诉我们音符是连贯的、分离的、重音的还是延长的。想象 legato（连奏）像一根丝带连接音符，而 staccato（断奏）如冰雹般弹跳的圆点。
- Legato – smoothly, notes connected / 圆滑地，音符相连
- Staccato – short and detached, indicated by a dot above or below the note / 短促而分离，音符上方或下方加点
- Accent (>) – emphasise the note, play it louder and stronger / 加重，演奏得更响更强
- Tenuto – hold the note for its full value, a short line above or below the note / 保持音符完整时值，音符上下加短线
- Slur – a curved line grouping different pitches to be played smoothly in one breath or bow / 圆滑线，连接不同音高，一气呵成
- Tie – a curved line joining two notes of the same pitch to combine their lengths / 延音线，连接同音高音符以相加时值
Expression terms like dolce (sweetly), cantabile (in a singing style) and espressivo (expressively) add character. Associate ‘dolce’ with ‘dolce vita’ – sweet life.
表情术语如 dolce（甜美地）、cantabile（如歌地）和 espressivo（富有表情地）增添音乐性格。联想 ‘dolce’ 与 ‘dolce vita’（甜蜜生活）。
4. Pitch and Clefs | 音高与谱号
Pitch is how high or low a sound is. The staff (or stave) has five lines and four spaces. Clefs assign specific pitches to those lines and spaces. Think of the treble clef as the ‘high voices clef’ – its curl circles the G line (2nd line).
音高指声音的高低。五线谱有五条线和四个间。谱号给这些线和间分配特定的音高。将高音谱号看作 ‘高声部谱号’——它的螺旋围绕 G 线（第二线）。
- Treble Clef (G clef): for higher-pitched instruments and right hand of piano. Note names on lines: E, G, B, D, F (Every Good Boy Deserves Food). Spaces: F, A, C, E (spells FACE).
- 高音谱号（G 谱号）：用于高音乐器和钢琴右手。线上音名：E, G, B, D, F（可用 Every Good Boy Deserves Food 记忆）。间内音名：F, A, C, E（拼出 FACE）。
- Bass Clef (F clef): for low-pitched instruments and left hand of piano. Note names on lines: G, B, D, F, A (Good Boys Deserve Food Always). Spaces: A, C, E, G (All Cows Eat Grass).
- 低音谱号（F 谱号）：用于低音乐器和钢琴左手。线上音名：G, B, D, F, A（Good Boys Deserve Food Always）。间内音名：A, C, E, G（All Cows Eat Grass）。
Ledger lines are short lines added above or below the staff to extend the range. Middle C sits on a ledger line between the two staves in piano music.
加线 是加在五线谱上方或下方的短线，用于扩展音域。中央 C 位于钢琴谱两个谱表之间的加线上。
5. Rhythm and Metre | 节奏与节拍
Rhythm is the pattern of long and short sounds and silences. The metre is the underlying pulse organised into bars. Time signatures tell us how many beats per bar and what note value gets one beat.
节奏是长短声音与静默的组合模式。节拍是组织在小节中的基本脉动。拍号指示每小节有多少拍，以及何种音符为一拍。
| Symbol / 符号 | British Name / 英式名称 | Duration in 4/4 / 4/4 拍时长 |
|---|---|---|
| 𝅝 | Semibreve / 全音符 | 4 beats |
| 𝅗𝅥 | Minim / 二分音符 | 2 beats |
| 𝅘𝅥 | Crotchet / 四分音符 | 1 beat |
| 𝅘𝅥𝅮 | Quaver / 八分音符 | ½ beat |
| 𝅘𝅥𝅯 | Semiquaver / 十六分音符 | ¼ beat |
Corresponding rests have the same duration: semibreve rest (hanging under the 4th line), minim rest (on top of the 3rd line), crotchet rest (a squiggle), quaver rest (a hook), semiquaver rest (double hook).
相应的休止符具有相同时值：全休止符（挂在第四线下）、二分休止符（放在第三线上）、四分休止符（波浪形）、八分休止符（一个钩）、十六分休止符（双钩）。
Common time signatures: 2/4 (two crotchet beats), 3/4 (three crotchet beats, waltz feel), 4/4 (four crotchet beats, ‘C’ for common time). The top number tells beats per bar; the bottom number tells the note value for one beat (4 = crotchet).
常见拍号：2/4（两拍）、3/4（三拍，华尔兹感）、4/4（四拍，C 表示 common time）。上方数字表示每小节拍数；下方数字表示以何种音符为一拍（4 代表四分音符）。
6. Notes on the Keyboard and Sharps/Flats | 键盘上的音与升号降号
The keyboard pattern of white and black keys helps us learn semitones, whole tones, sharps and flats. A semitone is the smallest step; a tone is two semitones. Sharp (♯) raises a pitch by a semitone, flat (♭) lowers it by a semitone, and natural (♮) cancels a sharp or flat.
键盘上白键与黑键的排列帮助我们学习半音、全音、升号和降号。半音是最小音程步距；全音是两个半音。升号（♯）将音升高半音，降号（♭）降低半音，还原记号（♮）取消升或降。
Spot the black keys in groups of two and three. C is the white key immediately to the left of the two-black-key group. From C, the white key names repeat: C D E F G A B. Sharps and flats: C♯ is the first black key to the right of C; D♭ is the same key but a different name (enharmonic equivalent).
观察黑键以两个和三个成组。C 是在两个黑键组紧左边的白键。从 C 开始白键名称重复：C D E F G A B。升号和降号：C♯ 是 C 右侧第一个黑键；D♭ 是同一键但不同名称（等音）。
7. Intervals: Distance Between Notes | 音程：音符间的距离
An interval is the distance in pitch between two notes, counted by the number of letter names they span. A 2nd is stepwise; a 3rd skips one letter; an octave spans eight letters (e.g., C to the next C).
音程是两个音之间的音高距离，按它们跨越的音名字母数来计算。二度是级进；三度跳过一个字母；八度跨越八个字母（例如，C 到下一个 C）。
- Melodic interval: notes sound one after another (horizontal).
- 旋律音程：音符先后发声（横向）。
- Harmonic interval: notes sound at the same time (vertical).
- 和声音程：音符同时发声（纵向）。
Focus on the quality of basic intervals: a major 2nd is a whole tone (C–D); a minor 2nd is a semitone (E–F). A perfect 5th (e.g., C–G) sounds consonant and stable, often used in fanfares.
重点关注基本音程的性质：大二度 是全音（C–D）；小二度 是半音（E–F）。纯五度（如 C–G）听起来协和稳定，常用于号角旋律。
8. Chords and Harmony Basics | 和弦与和声基础
A chord is two or more notes sounding together. The most common is the triad, a stack of two 3rds. In C major, the tonic triad is C–E–G. Roman numerals label chords (I, IV, V) in a key.
和弦是两个或多个音同时发响。最常见的是三和弦，即两个三度音程的叠加。在 C 大调中，主三和弦为 C–E–G。用罗马数字标记调内的和弦（I, IV, V）。
Primary triads (I, IV, V) form the backbone of many simple pieces. I is the tonic (home), IV is the subdominant, V is the dominant (creates tension wanting to return to I). Think of a cadence as musical punctuation: perfect cadence (V–I) sounds final; plagal cadence (IV–I) is the ‘Amen’ ending.
正三和弦（I, IV, V）构成许多简单乐曲的骨架。I 是主和弦（家），IV 是下属和弦，V 是属和弦（制造渴望回到 I 的张力）。将终止式看作音乐的标点：正格终止（V–I）听感圆满收束；变格终止（IV–I）是 ‘阿们’ 的结尾。
9. Instrument Families and Timbre | 乐器家族与音色
Timbre (pronounced ‘tam-ber’) is the unique quality of a sound that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another. The orchestra is grouped into four families: strings, woodwinds, brass and percussion. Instruments can also be classified by how they produce sound.
音色（发音为 ‘tam-ber’）是区分不同乐器或人声的独特声音品质。管弦乐队分为四个家族：弦乐、木管、铜管和打击乐。乐器也可按声源进行分类。
| Family / 家族 | Main Instruments / 主要乐器 | Sound Production / 发声方式 |
|---|---|---|
| Strings / 弦乐 | Violin, viola, cello, double bass, harp | Bowed, plucked or struck / 弓拉、拨弦或击弦 |
| Woodwind / 木管 | Flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, saxophone | Air vibrated across an edge or through a reed / 气流吹过边缘或通过簧片振动 |
| Brass / 铜管 | Trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba | Player’s lips buzz into a mouthpiece / 嘴唇嗡嗡振动通过号嘴 |
| Percussion / 打击乐 | Timpani, snare drum, cymbals, xylophone, glockenspiel | Struck, shaken or scraped / 敲击、摇动或刮奏 |
Use descriptive words for timbre: bright, dark, warm, metallic, breathy, mellow. A flute sounds bright and airy; a cello sounds rich and warm.
用描述性词语形容音色：明亮、暗淡、温暖、金属感、气息感、柔和。长笛听感明亮空灵；大提琴听感丰满温暖。
10. Form and Structure | 曲式与结构
Form is the plan of a piece of music – how sections are ordered and repeated. Understanding form helps you follow the musical journey. Binary form has two contrasting sections (A B). Ternary form has three: A B A, where A returns.
曲式是音乐作品的布局——各段落的顺序与重复方式。理解曲式有助于跟随音乐旅程。二段体有两个对比乐段（A B）。三段体有三部分：A B A，A 段回归。
In Year 7 you will also meet rondo form (A B A C A) where a main theme keeps returning, and theme and variations where a melody is repeated with changes in rhythm, harmony or instrumentation.
在七年级你还会遇到 回旋曲式（A B A C A），主部主题不断回归，以及 主题与变奏，旋律在节奏、和声或配器上变化重复。
Phrase structure: a phrase is a musical sentence, often 4 or 8 bars long, ending with a cadence. Call and response is a two-phrase structure where the second phrase answers the first.
乐句结构：乐句是音乐的句子，常为 4 或 8 小节，并以终止式结束。呼唤与应答是一种双乐句结构，第二句回应第一句。
11. Musical Textures | 音乐织体
Texture describes how many layers of sound are heard at once and how they relate. Monophonic texture has a single unaccompanied melodic line – like one person singing ‘Happy Birthday’ alone.
织体描述同时听到的声音层数及其相互关系。单音织体 只有一个无伴奏旋律线——如同一人清唱‘生日快乐’。
Homophonic texture has a melody with chordal accompaniment; most pop songs and hymns use this. Polyphonic texture weaves two or more independent melodies together (counterpoint). A round like ‘Frère Jacques’ is polyphonic when voices enter at different times.
主调织体 有一条旋律配以和弦伴奏；大多数流行歌曲和赞美诗使用这种织体。复调织体 将两条或多条独立旋律交织在一起（对位法）。轮唱曲如《两只老虎》在不同声部交错进入时，即是复调织体。
Unison (everyone plays/sings the same notes at the same pitch or octave) and octaves are also important texture terms. Listening for texture helps you describe what you hear.
齐奏/齐唱（所有人同时奏唱相同音高或八度）和八度 也是重要的织体术语。聆听织体有助于描述所听音乐。
12. Memory Tricks and Quick Review | 记忆技巧与快速回顾
Use acronyms and associations: FACE for treble clef spaces; Every Good Boy Deserves Food for treble lines. For sharps order: Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle (F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯). For flats: Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles’s Father (B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭).
使用首字母缩略词和联想：FACE 记高音谱号间内音名；Every Good Boy Deserves Food 记高音谱线。升记号顺序：Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle（F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯）。降记号顺序反过来：Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles’s Father（B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭）。
Flashcards with the Italian term on one side and English meaning on the other are excellent for quick drills. Draw simple symbols and label them. Listen to short excerpts and identify the dynamics, tempo and texture you hear. Practice speaking the Italian terms aloud.
一面写意大利术语、另一面写英文释义的闪卡非常适合快速训练。画出简单符号并标注。聆听短音乐片段，识别所听力度、速度和织体。朗读意大利术语以强化记忆。
The best way to memorise music vocabulary is to use it: describe a piece you are playing, conduct to show metre changes, and compose a short melody marking in articulation and dynamics. Your musical vocabulary will grow naturally with every new piece.
记忆音乐词汇的最佳方式是运用：描述你正在演奏的乐曲，通过指挥体现节拍变化，并在创作短旋律时添上运音法和力度记号。每学一首新曲子，你的音乐词汇就会自然增长。
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