📚 Year 7 Cambridge Philosophy: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | Year 7 Cambridge 哲学：暑期预习与衔接课程
Welcome to the fascinating world of philosophy! This summer bridging course is designed to help you transition into Year 7 Cambridge Philosophy with confidence. You will explore big questions about knowledge, reality, ethics, and reasoning. Philosophy trains your mind to think clearly, argue respectfully, and question assumptions. By the end of this course, you will have a strong foundation for classroom discussions and written reflections.
欢迎来到迷人的哲学世界！这个暑期衔接课程旨在帮助你自信地过渡到Year 7剑桥哲学的学习。你将探索关于知识、现实、伦理和推理的大问题。哲学训练你的头脑清晰思考、尊重他人地进行争论，并质疑假设。通过本课程，你将为课堂讨论和书面反思打下坚实基础。
1. Welcome to Philosophy | 欢迎来到哲学
What is philosophy? The word comes from Greek: ‘philo’ (love) and ‘sophia’ (wisdom). Philosophy is the love of wisdom. It involves asking deep questions about life, the universe, and everything. Unlike science, which tests ideas through experiments, philosophy uses reasoning and critical thinking to examine ideas and beliefs.
什么是哲学？这个词来源于希腊语：“philo”（爱）和“sophia”（智慧）。哲学就是爱智慧。它涉及对生命、宇宙和一切事物提出深刻问题。与科学通过实验验证想法不同，哲学运用推理和批判性思维来审视观念和信念。
Philosophers do not simply accept things at face value; they examine reasons and evidence. Philosophy helps us distinguish between good arguments and poor ones. It also teaches us to recognise when a question is loaded, when a fact needs justification, or when a claim is purely subjective.
哲学家不会只看表面就接受事物；他们审视理由和证据。哲学帮助我们区分好的论证和坏的论证。它还教会我们识别什么时候问题带有偏见，什么时候事实需要证明，或者什么时候一个说法完全是主观的。
During Year 7, you will practise ‘doing’ philosophy rather than just memorising facts. You will engage in dialogues, create thought experiments, and reflect on your own thinking. This active approach will sharpen your analytical skills and nurture intellectual courage.
在Year 7，你将练习“做”哲学，而不仅仅是记忆事实。你将参与对话、创造思想实验并反思自己的思考。这种主动参与的方法会磨砺你的分析能力，培养理智上的勇气。
2. What is a Philosophical Question? | 什么是哲学问题？
Not every question is philosophical. A question like ‘What is the time?’ is empirical, while ‘What is time?’ is philosophical. Philosophical questions are open, debatable, and often cannot be answered by simply looking up information. They invite reflection, analysis, and multiple perspectives.
并非所有问题都是哲学问题。像“现在几点？”是经验性问题，而“什么是时间？”是哲学问题。哲学问题是开放的、可争辩的，通常不能仅仅通过查阅信息来回答。它们引人深思、需要分析并允许多种视角。
For example, consider these questions: ‘Is it ever right to lie?’ ‘Do we have free will?’ ‘What makes something beautiful?’ ‘What does it mean to be a friend?’ These questions spark debates that have lasted centuries and remain relevant in our daily lives.
例如，想一想这些问题：“撒谎有可能是对的吗？”“我们有自由意志吗？”“是什么让事物变得美？”“做朋友是什么意思？”这些问题引发了延续几个世纪的争论，并且依然与我们的日常生活相关。
By learning to identify philosophical questions, you will sharpen your curiosity and analytical skills. In class, you will sort questions into philosophical, factual, and conceptual types, learning which require evidence, which depend on definitions, and which invite deep reflection.
通过学习识别哲学问题，你会提高好奇心和思维能力。在课堂上，你将把问题分为哲学性的、事实性的和概念性的，学习哪些需要证据，哪些取决于定义，哪些引发深度反思。
3. The Toolbox of Reason | 理性工具箱
Reason is the philosopher’s main tool. Reason involves logical thinking: forming arguments, spotting fallacies, and evaluating evidence. An argument in philosophy is not a quarrel but a structured set of statements where some (premises) support another (conclusion).
理性是哲学家的主要工具。理性涉及逻辑思维：形成论证、识别谬误和评估证据。在哲学中，论证不是争吵，而是一组结构化的陈述，其中一些（前提）支持另一个（结论）。
A simple argument: ‘All humans are mortal. Socrates is human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.’ This is an ironclad deductive argument. If the premises are true, the conclusion must follow. We will also explore inductive arguments, where premises make a conclusion probable, such as ‘The sun has risen every day, so it will rise tomorrow.’
一个简单的论证：“所有人都会死。苏格拉底是人。因此，苏格拉底会死。”这是一个无懈可击的演绎论证。如果前提为真，结论必然成立。我们还将探讨归纳论证，即前提使结论很可能成立，例如“太阳每天升起，所以明天太阳也会升起。”
Careful reasoning helps us avoid common mistakes like jumping to conclusions, appealing to emotions instead of facts, or attacking a person instead of their argument (ad hominem). You will learn to identify and name several logical fallacies.
仔细的推理有助于我们避免常见错误，比如妄下结论、诉诸情感而非事实，或者攻击个人而非其论证（人身攻击谬误）。你将学习识别并命名若干种逻辑谬误。
In Year 7 philosophy, you will practise building clear, logical arguments and also critiquing them fairly. You will be encouraged to ask: ‘Is this conclusion supported by the premises?’ and ‘Are there any hidden assumptions?’
在Year 7哲学中，你将练习构建清晰、合乎逻辑的论证并公正地对其进行批判。你会被鼓励去问：“这个结论是否得到了前提的支持？”以及“是否存在隐藏的假设？”
4. Thought Experiments | 思想实验
Thought experiments are imaginary scenarios that help us test ideas and principles. Philosophers use them to explore complex issues by simplifying them into stories. They challenge our intuitions and reveal hidden assumptions.
思想实验是虚构的情景，用来帮助我们检验观念和原则。哲学家利用它们将复杂问题简化为故事来进行探讨。它们挑战我们的直觉，揭示隐藏的假设。
Consider the Ship of Theseus: If you replace every plank and part of the ship over time, is it still the same ship? This puzzle explores identity and change. Another famous example is the Trolley Problem: a runaway trolley will kill five people unless you pull a lever to divert it onto a track where it will kill one person. Is it morally right to pull the lever?
想一想忒修斯之船：如果你随时间更换了船上的所有木板和部件，它还是原来那艘船吗？这个谜题探讨了同一性和变化。另一个著名例子是电车难题：一辆失控的电车即将撞死五个人，除非你拉动一个操纵杆让它转向另一条轨道，只撞死一个人。拉动操纵杆在道德上是正确的吗？
You may also encounter the ‘Brain in a Vat’ thought experiment: imagine your brain is kept alive in a vat and fed experiences by a supercomputer. How could you prove that this is not your reality? This pushes epistemological questions about certainty and perception.
你还可能遇到“缸中之脑”思想实验：想象你的大脑被保留在一个缸中存活，并由一台超级计算机输入各种体验。你如何证明这不是你的真实处境？这提出了关于确定性和感知的认识论问题。
In Year 7, you will not only analyse classic thought experiments but also create your own to explore ethical, metaphysical, and personal identity puzzles. This creative process is at the heart of philosophical inquiry.
在Year 7，你不仅要分析经典的思想实验，还要创造自己的思想实验来探索伦理、形而上学和个人同一性的难题。这个创造过程是哲学探究的核心。
5. Epistemology: How Do We Know? | 认识论：我们如何知道？
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge. How do we know what we think we know? What are the sources of knowledge? Common sources include perception (our senses), reason, testimony (what others tell us), memory, and introspection.
认识论是哲学中研究知识的分支。我们如何知道我们自以为了解的事物？知识的来源有哪些？常见的来源包括感知（我们的感官）、理性、证词（他人告知的内容）、记忆和内省。
The French philosopher Descartes famously doubted everything he could to find a secure foundation for knowledge. He wondered if an evil demon could be deceiving him about the external world. His conclusion ‘I think, therefore I am’ (Cogito, ergo sum) became a starting point for modern philosophy.
法国哲学家笛卡尔以怀疑一切著称，以便为知识找到可靠的基础。他怀疑是否有一个邪恶的魔鬼在欺骗他关于外部世界的认知。他的结论“我思故我在”成为了现代哲学的起点。
A traditional definition of knowledge is ‘justified true belief’. If you guess the result of a coin toss, you have a true belief but not knowledge because it lacks justification. But philosophers have challenged even this definition with tricky counterexamples, such as the Gettier cases.
知识的一个传统定义是“被证成的真信念”。如果你猜中抛硬币的结果，你有一个真信念，但不是知识，因为缺乏证成。但哲学家们甚至通过棘手的反例（如盖提尔案例）挑战了这个定义。
By studying epistemology, you will become aware of the limits of your own knowledge and the importance of evidence. You will ask questions like ‘Can we trust our senses?’ and ‘Is our confidence in science justified?’ This leads to healthy intellectual humility.
通过学习认识论，你会意识到自己知识的局限和证据的重要性。你会问这样的问题：“我们能信任自己的感官吗？”以及“我们对科学的信心是否有道理？”这会带来理智上的谦逊。
6. Ethics: Right, Wrong, and Fairness | 伦理学：对与错、公平
Ethics, or moral philosophy, examines what is right and wrong, good and bad. It helps us think critically about our duties, our character, and the consequences of our actions. Three major approaches are virtue ethics, deontology, and utilitarianism.
伦理学，或称道德哲学，审视什么是对与错、好与坏。它帮助我们批判性地思考义务、品格以及行为的后果。三大主要进路是德性伦理学、义务论和功利主义。
Utilitarianism, associated with Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, proposes that the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number. For example, if telling a small lie would increase overall happiness for many, a utilitarian might approve it.
与边沁和密尔相关的功利主义提出，道德上正确的行为是能为最大多数人带来最大幸福的行为。例如，如果说一个无害的小谎会增加许多人的整体幸福，功利主义者可能会赞同它。
Deontology, championed by Immanuel Kant, argues that certain actions are right or wrong in themselves, regardless of consequences. Lying, for instance, is always wrong because it violates a universal moral rule. This approach emphasises duty and principles.
康德倡导的义务论主张，有些行为本身就是对或错的，无论后果如何。例如，说谎总是错误的，因为它违背了一条普遍的道德法则。这一进路强调责任和原则。
Virtue ethics, inspired by Aristotle, focuses on the character of the moral agent. What makes a person good? Honesty, courage, compassion, and fairness are virtues. Right actions are those that a virtuous person would do. You will explore these perspectives through role-play and real-life scenarios.
受亚里士多德启发的德性伦理学关注道德主体的品格。是什么让一个人成为好人？诚实、勇敢、同情和公平是美德。正确的行为就是有美德的人会做出的行为。你将通过角色扮演和现实生活情境来探索这些视角。
7. Metaphysics: What is Real? | 形而上学：什么是真实的？
Metaphysics investigates the fundamental nature of reality. It asks questions about existence, time, space, causality, and personal identity. Are there things that exist beyond the physical world? Is the universe deterministic, or do we have genuine free will?
形而上学研究现实的基本性质。它提出关于存在、时间、空间、因果关系和个人同一性的问题。是否有超越物理世界的存在？宇宙是决定论的，还是我们拥有真正的自由意志？
Consider the question: Do numbers exist? A Platonist says numbers are abstract objects that exist independently of human minds. A nominalist argues that numbers are simply convenient labels we invent. This debate shows how metaphysics challenges our everyday assumptions.
思考这个问题：数字存在吗？柏拉图主义者认为数字是抽象对象，独立于人类心灵而存在。唯名论者则认为数字只是我们发明的便利标签。这场辩论显示了形而上学如何挑战我们的日常假设。
Plato’s Allegory of the Cave describes prisoners who mistake shadows on a wall for reality. The philosopher, having seen the sun outside, understands that there is a deeper reality. Metaphysics encourages us to look beyond appearances and question the very nature of the world.
柏拉图的洞穴寓言描述了将墙上的影子当作现实的囚徒。哲学家在看到外面的太阳后，明白还有更深的实在。形而上学鼓励我们超越表象，质疑世界的本质。
You will also explore puzzles about time travel, the nature of the self, and whether reality could be a dream. These discussions train you to think in abstract, systematic ways while remaining open to wonder.
你还将探索关于时间旅行、自我的本质以及现实是否可能是一场梦等谜题。这些讨论训练你以抽象、系统的方式进行思考，同时对惊奇保持开放。
8. Philosophy and Everyday Life | 哲学与日常生活
Philosophy is not confined to dusty books; it is alive in daily life. When you decide how to share resources fairly, evaluate a news claim, or reflect on friendship, you are doing philosophy. Ethical issues like digital privacy, animal rights, and climate justice are deeply philosophical.
哲学并不仅限于发霉的书籍；它在日常生活中生机勃勃。当你决定如何公平分享资源、评估一则新闻说法或反思友谊时，你就是在做哲学。数字隐私、动物权利和气候正义等伦理问题具有深刻的哲学性。
In Year 7, you will connect philosophical theories to real-world debates. For instance, should driverless cars be programmed to minimise total harm even if it sacrifices a passenger? This links to our thought experiments and ethical theories. You will learn to justify your views with reasons, not just feelings.
在Year 7，你会将哲学理论与现实世界的辩论联系起来。例如，无人驾驶汽车是否应该被编程为最小化总体伤害，即使这可能牺牲乘客？这与我们的思想实验和伦理理论相连。你将学会用理由而不只是感受来为自己的观点辩护。
Philosophy also improves everyday skills: active listening, asking clarifying questions, and disagreeing respectfully. You will practise structured dialogues called ‘philosophical enquiries’ where you build on others’ ideas and gently challenge assumptions.
哲学还能提高日常技能：积极倾听、提出澄清问题以及有礼貌地表达不同意见。你将练习被称为“哲学探究”的结构化对话，在对话中你在他人的想法基础上发展，并温和地挑战假设。
9. Building a Philosophical Vocabulary | 构建哲学词汇
Having precise words for philosophical concepts allows you to think and communicate more clearly. Below are some key terms you will encounter frequently in Year 7. Learning them now will give you a head start.
用精确的词语表述哲学概念能使你更清晰地思考和交流。下面是一些你在Year 7会经常遇到的关键术语，现在学习它们会让你有个好开头。
| English Term | 中文术语 |
|---|---|
| Argument –
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