Year 7 Cambridge Psychology: Key Terminology Memory Guide | Year 7 剑桥心理学：关键术语速记指南

📚 Year 7 Cambridge Psychology: Key Terminology Memory Guide | Year 7 剑桥心理学：关键术语速记指南

Psychology is a fascinating subject that explores the human mind and behaviour. For Year 7 students following the Cambridge curriculum, building a strong vocabulary of key terms is essential. This guide will help you understand and remember important psychology terminology using simple explanations and effective memory techniques.

心理学是一门探索人类思维与行为的迷人学科。对于学习剑桥课程的七年级学生来说，建立牢固的关键词汇基础至关重要。本指南将通过简单的解释和有效的记忆技巧，帮助你理解和记住重要的心理学术语。

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1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？

Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. It covers everything from how we perceive the world to why we feel emotions and how we learn. Understanding the basic terminology helps you think like a psychologist.

心理学是对思维和行为的科学研究。它涵盖从我们如何感知世界到为何产生情绪以及如何学习等一切内容。理解基本术语有助于你像心理学家一样思考。

Key terms: ‘mind’ refers to our thoughts, feelings, and consciousness. ‘Behaviour’ is any observable action. ‘Scientific study’ means psychologists use experiments and observations, not just opinions.

关键术语：’思维’ 指我们的想法、感受和意识。’行为’ 是任何可观察的行动。’科学研究’ 意味着心理学家使用实验和观察，而不仅仅是观点。

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2. Key Memory Terms | 关键记忆术语

Memory is a core topic in Year 7 psychology. Three key processes are encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is like typing information into a computer. Storage is saving that file on the hard drive. Retrieval is opening the file later.

记忆是七年级心理学的核心主题。三个关键过程是编码、存储和提取。编码就像将信息输入电脑。存储就像将文件保存在硬盘上。提取就像稍后打开文件。

A helpful way to remember these three is the acronym ‘ESR’ (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval). Imagine a librarian encoding books into a catalogue, storing them on shelves, and retrieving them when asked. This visual image strengthens memory.

记住这三个过程的一个好方法是首字母缩写 ‘ESR’（编码、存储、提取）。想象一位图书管理员将书籍编码进目录，将它们存储在书架上，并在需要时提取。这个视觉图像能加强记忆。

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3. Short-Term vs Long-Term Memory | 短时记忆与长时记忆

Short-term memory (STM) holds a small amount of information for a brief period, usually around 7 items for about 20 seconds. Long-term memory (LTM) has a vast capacity and can store memories for a lifetime.

短时记忆（STM）在短时间内保存少量信息，通常大约7个项目，持续约20秒。长时记忆（LTM）容量巨大，可以存储终生的记忆。

To distinguish them, think of STM as a sticky note on your desk and LTM as a huge library in your brain. Rehearsal, or repeating information, helps move items from STM to LTM.

要区分它们，可以将短时记忆想象成桌上的便利贴，而长时记忆是大脑中的巨大图书馆。复述，即重复信息，有助于将项目从短时记忆转移到长时记忆。

Feature (特征)	Short-Term Memory (短时记忆)	Long-Term Memory (长时记忆)
Capacity (容量)	7±2 items (7±2个项目)	Unlimited (无限)
Duration (持续时间)	Up to 30 seconds (长达30秒)	Lifetime (终身)
Encoding (编码)	Mainly acoustic (sound) (主要是听觉)	Mainly semantic (meaning) (主要是语义)

This table shows the clear differences. Use the ‘7±2’ rule for STM capacity — most people can hold between five and nine items.

这张表显示了清晰的差异。使用短时记忆容量的 ‘7±2’ 规则 — 大多数人能记住五到九个项目。

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4. Forgetting and Interference | 遗忘与干扰

Forgetting is the inability to retrieve memory. One reason for forgetting is interference, which happens when one memory disrupts another. There are two types: proactive interference (old memories interfere with new ones) and retroactive interference (new memories interfere with old ones).

遗忘是无法提取记忆。遗忘的一个原因是干扰，即一段记忆干扰另一段记忆。有两种类型：前摄干扰（旧记忆干扰新记忆）和倒摄干扰（新记忆干扰旧记忆）。

An easy way to remember: proactive = forward acting (past disrupts present), retroactive = backward acting (present disrupts past). Picture two overlapping waves, one going forward and one backward, crashing into each other.

一个简单的记忆方法：前摄 = 向前作用（过去干扰现在），倒摄 = 向后作用（现在干扰过去）。想象两股重叠的波浪，一股向前，一股向后，相互碰撞。

The forgetting curve, discovered by Hermann Ebbinghaus, shows that most forgetting happens soon after learning if we don’t review. Spaced repetition helps flatten this curve by revisiting material at increasing intervals.

艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线显示，如果不复习，大部分遗忘发生在学习后不久。间隔重复通过每隔一段时间重温材料，有助于拉平这条曲线。

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5. Attention and Perception | 注意与知觉

Attention is focusing on certain stimuli while ignoring others. Perception is how we interpret sensory information to make sense of the world. Selective attention is like a spotlight: it highlights what we focus on and dims the background.

注意是专注于某些刺激而忽略其他刺激。知觉是我们如何解释感官信息以理解世界。选择性注意就像一个聚光灯：它照亮我们关注的事物，而使背景变暗。

Inattentional blindness occurs when we fail to notice something obvious because our attention is elsewhere. The famous ‘gorilla experiment’ showed that people often miss a person in a gorilla suit when counting basketball passes. This demonstrates how attention shapes perception.

非注意盲视发生在我们因注意力集中在别处而未能注意到明显事物时。著名的 ‘猩猩实验’ 表明，当人们数篮球传球次数时，常常会错过一个穿着猩猩服的人。这证明了注意力如何塑造知觉。

Perceptual constancy enables us to see objects as unchanging despite changes in light, distance, or angle. For instance, a door still looks rectangular even when it opens and its shape on the retina changes.

知觉常性使我们即使光线、距离或角度变化，也能将物体视为不变。例如，一扇门即使打开时视网膜上的形状改变，我们仍然认为它是矩形。

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6. Classical and Operant Conditioning | 经典条件作用与操作性条件作用

Classical conditioning involves learning by association. Ivan Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a bell because they associated it with food. Key terms: unconditioned stimulus (UCS) = food, unconditioned response (UCR) = salivation, neutral stimulus (NS) = bell, conditioned stimulus (CS) = bell after association, conditioned response (CR) = salivation to bell.

经典条件作用涉及通过联想学习。伊万·巴甫洛夫的狗学会听到铃声就分泌唾液，因为它们将铃声与食物联系起来。关键术语：无条件刺激（UCS）= 食物，无条件反应（UCR）= 唾液分泌，中性刺激（NS）= 铃声，条件刺激（CS）= 联想后的铃声，条件反应（CR）= 对铃声的唾液分泌。

Operant conditioning is learning through consequences. B.F. Skinner showed that behaviour can be shaped by reinforcement (increases behaviour) and punishment (decreases behaviour). Positive reinforcement means adding something pleasant, like praise; negative reinforcement means removing something unpleasant, like turning off a loud noise.

操作性条件作用是通过后果学习。B.F. 斯金纳表明行为可以通过强化（增加行为）和惩罚（减少行为）来塑造。正强化意味着添加愉快的事物，例如表扬；负强化意味着移除不愉快的事物，例如关掉响亮的噪音。

A mnemonic: ‘CC’ = Classical Conditioning is about associations; ‘OC’ = Operant Conditioning is about consequences. Remember that negative reinforcement is not punishment — it strengthens behaviour by removing a negative state.

助记符：’CC’ = 经典条件作用关乎联想；’OC’ = 操作性条件作用关乎后果。记住负强化不是惩罚 — 它通过消除负面状态来强化行为。

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7. Emotions and Motivation | 情绪与动机

Emotion is a complex state with physiological, behavioural, and cognitive components. Basic emotions include happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust. The James-Lange theory suggests we first experience physiological arousal and then feel the emotion (e.g., we tremble, therefore we feel afraid).

情绪是一种复杂的状态，具有生理、行为和认知成分。基本情绪包括快乐、悲伤、恐惧、愤怒、惊讶和厌恶。詹姆斯-兰格理论认为我们首先体验到生理唤醒，然后感受到情绪（例如，我们颤抖，因此我们感到害怕）。

Motivation is what drives us to act. Intrinsic motivation comes from within, like doing a puzzle for fun; extrinsic motivation comes from outside rewards, like studying for a prize. The Yerkes-Dodson law states that performance improves with moderate arousal but declines if arousal is too low or too high.

动机是驱使我们行动的因素。内在动机来自内部，例如为了乐趣而解谜；外在动机来自外部奖励，例如为了奖品而学习。耶克斯-多德森定律指出，绩效随中等唤醒提高，但如果唤醒过低或过高则会下降。

Think of arousal like an inverted ‘U’: best performance happens in the middle. Too little arousal (boredom) and too much (anxiety) both hurt performance.

将唤醒想象成一个倒 ‘U’ 形：最佳表现出现在中间位置。唤醒过少（无聊）和过多（焦虑）都会损害表现。

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8. Social Influence Terms | 社会影响术语

In social psychology, ‘conformity’ is changing your behaviour to match the group, as in Asch’s line experiment. ‘Obedience’ is following orders from an authority figure, famously studied by Milgram.

在社会心理学中，’从众’ 是指改变行为以匹配群体，正如阿希线段实验所示。’服从’ 是指遵循权威人物的命令，米尔格拉姆对此进行了著名研究。

Another term is ‘social loafing’, where people put in less effort when working in a group. The opposite is ‘social facilitation’, where performance improves because of the presence of others. Remember: loafing = lazy in a group; facilitation = faster with an audience.

另一个术语是 ‘社会惰化’，指人们在团队中工作时付出的努力更

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